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Article ; Online: Tackling the toxics in plastics packaging.

Muncke, Jane

2021 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) e3000961

Abstract: The widespread use of plastic packaging for storing, transporting, and conveniently preparing or serving foodstuffs is significantly contributing to the global plastic pollution crisis. This has led to many efforts directed toward amending plastic ... ...

Abstract	The widespread use of plastic packaging for storing, transporting, and conveniently preparing or serving foodstuffs is significantly contributing to the global plastic pollution crisis. This has led to many efforts directed toward amending plastic packaging's end of life, such as recycling, or alternative material approaches, like increasingly using paper for food packaging. But these approaches often neglect the critical issue of chemical migration: When contacting foodstuffs, chemicals that are present in packaging transfer into food and thus unwittingly become part of the human diet. Hazardous chemicals, such as endocrine disrupters, carcinogens, or substances that bioaccumulate, are collectively referred to as "chemicals of concern." They can transfer from plastic packaging into food, together with other unknown or toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals. This chemical transfer is scientifically undisputed and makes plastic packaging a known, and avoidable, source of human exposure to synthetic, hazardous, and untested chemicals. Here, I discuss this issue and highlight aspects in need of improvement, namely the way that chemicals present in food packaging are assessed for toxicity. Further, I provide an outlook on how chemical contamination from food packaging could be addressed in the future. Robust innovations must attempt systemic change and tackle the issue of plastic pollution and chemical migration in a way that integrates all existing knowledge.
MeSH term(s)	Carcinogens/toxicity ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; Food Contamination/prevention & control ; Food Packaging/methods ; Food Packaging/trends ; Hazardous Substances/toxicity ; Humans ; Plastics/toxicity ; Product Packaging/methods ; Product Packaging/trends
Chemical Substances	Carcinogens ; Hazardous Substances ; Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.3000961
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Article ; Online: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies.

Phelps, Drake W / Parkinson, Lindsey V / Boucher, Justin M / Muncke, Jane / Geueke, Birgit

Environmental science & technology

2024 Volume 58, Issue 13, Page(s) 5670–5684

Abstract: PFASs are linked to serious health and environmental concerns. Among their widespread applications, PFASs are known to be used in food packaging and directly contribute to human exposure. However, information about PFASs in food packaging is scattered. ... ...

Abstract	PFASs are linked to serious health and environmental concerns. Among their widespread applications, PFASs are known to be used in food packaging and directly contribute to human exposure. However, information about PFASs in food packaging is scattered. Therefore, we systematically map the evidence on PFASs detected in migrates and extracts of food contact materials and provide an overview of available hazard and biomonitoring data. Based on the FCCmigex database, 68 PFASs have been identified in various food contact materials, including paper, plastic, and coated metal, by targeted and untargeted analyses. 87% of these PFASs belong to the perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluorotelomer-based compounds. Trends in chain length demonstrate that long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids continue to be found, despite years of global efforts to reduce the use of these substances. We utilized ToxPi to illustrate that hazard data are available for only 57% of the PFASs that have been detected in food packaging. For those PFASs for which toxicity testing has been performed, many adverse outcomes have been reported. The data and knowledge gaps presented here support international proposals to restrict PFASs as a group, including their use in food contact materials, to protect human and environmental health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Fluorocarbons/analysis ; Food Packaging ; Food ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Fluorocarbons ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c03702
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Article ; Online: Bio bitte unverpackt, oder doch nicht?

Stolz, Hanna / Muncke, Jane / Hurschler, Markus

2023

Abstract: Lebensmittelverpackungen zählen zu den wichtigsten Kaufbarrieren von Bioprodukten. Ergebnisse des Biobarometers zeigen an, wo Handlungsbedarf besteht. ...

Abstract	Lebensmittelverpackungen zählen zu den wichtigsten Kaufbarrieren von Bioprodukten. Ergebnisse des Biobarometers zeigen an, wo Handlungsbedarf besteht.
Keywords	Processing ; packaging and transportation ; Markets and trade
Language	German
Publishing country	dk
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Unpacking the complexity of the polyethylene food contact articles value chain: A chemicals perspective

Gerassimidou, Spyridoula / Geueke, Birgit / Groh, Ksenia J. / Muncke, Jane / Hahladakis, John N. / Martin, Olwenn V. / Iacovidou, Eleni

Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2023 July 15, v. 454, p. 131422

2023 , Page(s) 131422

Abstract: Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used type of plastic food packaging, in which chemicals can potentially migrate into packaged foods. The implications of using and recycling PE from a chemical perspective remain underexplored. This study is a ... ...

Abstract	Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used type of plastic food packaging, in which chemicals can potentially migrate into packaged foods. The implications of using and recycling PE from a chemical perspective remain underexplored. This study is a systematic evidence map of 116 studies looking at the migration of food contact chemicals (FCCs) across the lifecycle of PE food packaging. It identified a total of 377 FCCs, of which 211 were detected to migrate from PE articles into food or food simulants at least once. These 211 FCCs were checked against the inventory FCCs databases and EU regulatory lists. Only 25% of the detected FCCs are authorized by EU regulation for the manufacture of food contact materials. Furthermore, a quarter of authorized FCCs exceeded the specific migration limit (SML) at least once, while one-third (53) of non-authorised FCCs exceeded the threshold value of 10μg/kg. Overall, evidence on FCCs migration across the PE food packaging lifecycle is incomplete, especially at the reprocessing stage. Considering the EU's commitment to increase packaging recycling, a better understanding and monitoring of PE food packaging quality from a chemical perspective across the entire lifecycle will enable the transition towards a sustainable plastics value chain.
Keywords	inventories ; manufacturing ; polyethylene ; supply chain ; food contact chemicals (FCCs) ; plastic packaging ; PE food packaging ; migration ; sustainability ; packaging design
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0418
Size	p. 131422
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131422
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Article ; Online: Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: an updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment.

Muncke, Jane

The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology

2011 Volume 127, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 118–127

Abstract: Food contact materials (FCM) are an underestimated source of chemical food contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantifying the exposure of the general population to substances from FCM ...

Abstract	Food contact materials (FCM) are an underestimated source of chemical food contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantifying the exposure of the general population to substances from FCM relies on estimates of food consumption and leaching into food. Recent studies using polycarbonate plastics show that food simulants do not always predict worst-case leaching of bisphenol A, a common FCM substance. Also, exposure of children to FCM substances is not always realistically predicted using the common conventions and thus possibly misjudged. Further, the exposure of the whole population to substances leaching into dry foods is underestimated. Consumers are exposed to low levels of substances from FCM across their entire lives. Effects of these compounds currently are assessed with a focus on mutagenicity and genotoxicity. This approach however neglects integrating recent new toxicological findings, like endocrine disruption, mixture toxicity, and developmental toxicity. According to these new toxicology paradigms women of childbearing age and during pregnancy are a new sensitive population group requiring more attention. Furthermore, in overweight and obese persons a change in the metabolism of xenobiotics is observed, possibly implying that this group of consumers is insufficiently protected by current risk assessment practice. Innovations in FCM risk assessment should therefore include routine testing for EDCs and an assessment of the whole migrate toxicity of a food packaging, taking into account all sensitive population groups. In this article I focus on recent issues of interest concerning either exposure to or effects of FCM-related substances. Further, I review the use of benzophenones and organotins, two groups of known or suspected EDCs, in FCM authorized in the US and EU.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Benzophenones/analysis ; Benzophenones/toxicity ; Endocrine Disruptors/analysis ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Food Contamination/prevention & control ; Food Packaging ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Organotin Compounds/analysis ; Organotin Compounds/toxicity ; Phenols/analysis ; Phenols/toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Risk Assessment
Chemical Substances	Benzhydryl Compounds ; Benzophenones ; Endocrine Disruptors ; Organotin Compounds ; Phenols ; bisphenol A (MLT3645I99)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1049188-0
ISSN	1879-1220 ; 0960-0760
ISSN (online)	1879-1220
ISSN	0960-0760
DOI	10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.10.004
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Article ; Online: Release of chemicals from plastics: lessons from food contact with plastics.

Muncke, Jane

Integrated environmental assessment and management

2011 Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) 688–690

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Food Chain ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Food Contamination/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Plastics/chemistry ; Plastics/toxicity ; Risk Assessment ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2234931-5
ISSN	1551-3793 ; 1551-3777
ISSN (online)	1551-3793
ISSN	1551-3777
DOI	10.1002/ieam.265
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Article ; Online: In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges.

Groh, Ksenia J / Muncke, Jane

Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety

2017 Volume 16, Issue 5, Page(s) 1123–1150

Abstract: Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other ... ...

Abstract	Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one-by-one is very resource-consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost-effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal-based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM-specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2185829-9
ISSN	1541-4337 ; 1541-4337
ISSN (online)	1541-4337
ISSN	1541-4337
DOI	10.1111/1541-4337.12280
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Article ; Online: Unpacking the complexity of the polyethylene food contact articles value chain: A chemicals perspective.

Gerassimidou, Spyridoula / Geueke, Birgit / Groh, Ksenia J / Muncke, Jane / Hahladakis, John N / Martin, Olwenn V / Iacovidou, Eleni

Journal of hazardous materials

2023 Volume 454, Page(s) 131422

Abstract	Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used type of plastic food packaging, in which chemicals can potentially migrate into packaged foods. The implications of using and recycling PE from a chemical perspective remain underexplored. This study is a systematic evidence map of 116 studies looking at the migration of food contact chemicals (FCCs) across the lifecycle of PE food packaging. It identified a total of 377 FCCs, of which 211 were detected to migrate from PE articles into food or food simulants at least once. These 211 FCCs were checked against the inventory FCCs databases and EU regulatory lists. Only 25% of the detected FCCs are authorized by EU regulation for the manufacture of food contact materials. Furthermore, a quarter of authorized FCCs exceeded the specific migration limit (SML) at least once, while one-third (53) of non-authorised FCCs exceeded the threshold value of 10 μg/kg. Overall, evidence on FCCs migration across the PE food packaging lifecycle is incomplete, especially at the reprocessing stage. Considering the EU's commitment to increase packaging recycling, a better understanding and monitoring of PE food packaging quality from a chemical perspective across the entire lifecycle will enable the transition towards a sustainable plastics value chain.
MeSH term(s)	Polyethylene ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Plastics ; Food Packaging ; Food
Chemical Substances	Polyethylene (9002-88-4) ; Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131422
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Article: Overview of intentionally used food contact chemicals and their hazards

Groh, Ksenia J / Geueke, Birgit / Martin, Olwenn / Maffini, Maricel / Muncke, Jane

Environment international. 2021 May, v. 150

2021

Abstract: Food contact materials (FCMs) are used to make food contact articles (FCAs) that come into contact with food and beverages during, e.g., processing, storing, packaging, or consumption. FCMs/FCAs can cause chemical contamination of food when migration of ... ...

Abstract	Food contact materials (FCMs) are used to make food contact articles (FCAs) that come into contact with food and beverages during, e.g., processing, storing, packaging, or consumption. FCMs/FCAs can cause chemical contamination of food when migration of their chemical constituents (known as food contact chemicals, FCCs) occurs. Some FCCs are known to be hazardous. However, the total extent of exposure to FCCs, as well as their health and environmental effects, remain unknown, because information on chemical structures, use patterns, migration potential, and health effects of FCCs is often absent or scattered across multiple sources. Therefore, we initiated a research project to systematically collect, analyze, and publicly share information on FCCs. As a first step, we compiled a database of intentionally added food contact chemicals (FCCdb), presented here. The FCCdb lists 12′285 substances that could possibly be used worldwide to make FCMs/FCAs, identified based on 67 FCC lists from publicly available sources, such as regulatory lists and industry inventories. We further explored FCCdb chemicals’ hazards using several authoritative sources of hazard information, including (i) classifications for health and environmental hazards under the globally harmonized system for classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS), (ii) the identification of chemicals of concern due to endocrine disruption or persistence related hazards, and (iii) the inclusion on selected EU- or US-relevant regulatory lists of hazardous chemicals. This analysis prioritized 608 hazardous FCCs for further assessment and substitution in FCMs/FCAs. Evaluation based on non-authoritative, predictive hazard data (e.g., by in silico modeling or literature analysis) highlighted an additional 1411 FCCdb substances that could thus present similar levels of concern, but have not been officially classified so far. Lastly, for over a quarter of all FCCdb chemicals no hazard information could be found in the sources consulted, revealing a significant data gap and research need.
Keywords	computer simulation ; databases ; environment ; food contamination ; industry ; research projects
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2020.106225
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Article: Implementing the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: The case of Food Contact Chemicals of Concern

Zimmermann, Lisa / Scheringer, Martin / Geueke, Birgit / Boucher, Justin M. / Parkinson, Lindsey V. / Groh, Ksenia J. / Muncke, Jane

Journal of hazardous materials. 2022 May 14,

2022

Abstract: The EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS) aims at removing the most harmful chemicals from consumer products, including from food contact materials (FCMs). If implemented as intended, the CSS has the potential to significantly improve the ... ...

Abstract	The EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS) aims at removing the most harmful chemicals from consumer products, including from food contact materials (FCMs). If implemented as intended, the CSS has the potential to significantly improve the protection of public health by banning the use of chemicals of concern that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (CMRs), or persistent and bioaccumulative, or endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in FCMs. However, until now an overview of such food contact chemicals of concern (FCCoCs) has not been available, because the CSS is fairly recent. Therefore, we here systematically analyze the food contact chemicals listed for intentional use in FCMs and identify known FCCoCs. We present a list of 388 FCCoCs that should be phased-out from use. Of these, 352 are CMRs, four are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and 127 have empirical evidence for presence in FCMs. Importantly, 30 FCCoCs with evidence for presence are monomers of which 22 have evidence for migration into foodstuff showing that monomers in FCMs indeed become relevant for human exposure. Our findings justify moving away from a risk- towards a hazard-based approach to regulation of chemicals in FCMs.
Keywords	carcinogenicity ; foods ; humans ; mutagens ; public health ; reproduction
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0514
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129167
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