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Article: Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Animal Hosts.

Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S / Abdelwhab, Elsayed M

2020 Volume 9, Issue 7

Abstract: ... and experimental models. SARS-CoV-2 originated from animal reservoir, most likely bats and/or ... COVID-19 is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the third virus ... transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Experimental infections conducted by several research groups have shown ...

Abstract	COVID-19 is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the third virus in the family Coronaviridae to cause fatal infections in humans after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Animals are involved in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the role of animals as reservoirs, natural hosts and experimental models. SARS-CoV-2 originated from animal reservoir, most likely bats and/or pangolins. Anthroponotic transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions and minks. As of now, there is no a strong evidence for natural animal-to-human transmission or sustained animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Experimental infections conducted by several research groups have shown that monkeys, hamsters, ferrets, cats, tree shrews, transgenic mice and fruit bats were permissive, while dogs, pigs and poultry were resistant. There is an urgent need to understand the zoonotic potential of different viruses in animals, particularly in bats, before they transmit to humans. Vaccines or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated not only for humans, but also for the protection of companion animals (particularly cats) and susceptible zoo and farm animals.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9070529
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Animal Hosts

Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. / Abd el-Whab, El-Sayed Mohammed

2020

Abstract	COVID-19 is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the third virus in the family Coronaviridae to cause fatal infections in humans after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Animals are involved in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the role of animals as reservoirs, natural hosts and experimental models. SARS-CoV-2 originated from animal reservoir, most likely bats and/or pangolins. Anthroponotic transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions and minks. As of now, there is no a strong evidence for natural animal-to-human transmission or sustained animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Experimental infections conducted by several research groups have shown that monkeys, hamsters, ferrets, cats, tree shrews, transgenic mice and fruit bats were permissive, while dogs, pigs and poultry were resistant. There is an urgent need to understand the zoonotic potential of different viruses in animals, particularly in bats, before they transmit to humans. Vaccines or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated not only for humans, but also for the protection of companion animals (particularly cats) and susceptible zoo and farm animals.
Keywords	Text ; ddc:570 ; SARS-CoV-2 -- Coronaviridae -- COVID-19 -- pandemic -- viral zoonosis -- interspecies transmission -- bats -- animal modeling -- zoo animals -- pets ; covid19
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-30
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Animal Hosts

Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim / Elsayed M. Abdelwhab

Pathogens, Vol 9, Iss 529, p

2020 Volume 529

Abstract	COVID-19 is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the third virus in the family Coronaviridae to cause fatal infections in humans after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Animals are involved in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the role of animals as reservoirs, natural hosts and experimental models. SARS-CoV-2 originated from animal reservoir, most likely bats and/or pangolins. Anthroponotic transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions and minks. As of now, there is no a strong evidence for natural animal-to-human transmission or sustained animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Experimental infections conducted by several research groups have shown that monkeys, hamsters, ferrets, cats, tree shrews, transgenic mice and fruit bats were permissive, while dogs, pigs and poultry were resistant. There is an urgent need to understand the zoonotic potential of different viruses in animals, particularly in bats, before they transmit to humans. Vaccines or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated not only for humans, but also for the protection of companion animals (particularly cats) and susceptible zoo and farm animals.
Keywords	SARS-CoV-2 ; Coronaviridae ; COVID-19 ; pandemic ; viral zoonosis ; interspecies transmission ; Medicine ; R ; covid19
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Evidence for SARS-COV-2 infection of animal hosts

Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. / Abdelwhab, Elsayed M.

Pathogens

Abstract	COVID-19 is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the third virus in the family Coronaviridae to cause fatal infections in humans after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Animals are involved in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the role of animals as reservoirs, natural hosts and experimental models. SARS-CoV-2 originated from animal reservoir, most likely bats and/or pangolins. Anthroponotic transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions and minks. As of now, there is no a strong evidence for natural animal-to-human transmission or sustained animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Experimental infections conducted by several research groups have shown that monkeys, hamsters, ferrets, cats, tree shrews, transgenic mice and fruit bats were permissive, while dogs, pigs and poultry were resistant. There is an urgent need to understand the zoonotic potential of different viruses in animals, particularly in bats, before they transmit to humans. Vaccines or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated not only for humans, but also for the protection of companion animals (particularly cats) and susceptible zoo and farm animals.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #635344
Database	COVID19

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Article: No Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Wild Mink (

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2022 Volume 12, Issue 15

Abstract: ... the establishment of new reservoirs in susceptible hosts. This study evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 ... The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on wildlife is largely unevaluated, and extended surveillance ... pathway for the SARS-CoV-2 spill over to other wild species and could lead to health consequences or ...

Abstract	The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on wildlife is largely unevaluated, and extended surveillance of animal species is needed to reach a consensus on the role of animals in the emergence and maintenance of SARS-CoV-2. This infection has been detected in farmed and domestic animals and wild animals, mainly in captivity. The interactions or shared resources with wildlife could represent a potential transmission pathway for the SARS-CoV-2 spill over to other wild species and could lead to health consequences or the establishment of new reservoirs in susceptible hosts. This study evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in European mink (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani12151971
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Article: Pathogenesis of Viral Infections and Male Reproductive Health: An Evidence-Based Study.

Sarkar, Diptendu / Dutta, Shubham / Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep / Poduval, Preethi / Jha, Niraj Kumar / Dhal, Paltu Kumar / Roychoudhury, Shatabhisha / Kesari, Kavindra Kumar

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2022 Volume 1358, Page(s) 325–343

Abstract: ... cytomegalovirus (CMV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and infection ... sexually transmitted diseases. Depending on the site of infection, viruses can adopt various pathogenic mechanisms ... of mammalian testis for viral infection. The azoospermic condition is a common symptom of viral infection ...

Abstract	Viruses, being intracellular obligate parasites, can cause several congenital and sexually transmitted diseases. Depending on the site of infection, viruses can adopt various pathogenic mechanisms for their survival and to escape the host immune response. The male reproductive system is one of the attainable targets of many viruses including immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and infection with such viruses may cause serious health issues. Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules are the prime sites of mammalian testis for viral infection. The azoospermic condition is a common symptom of viral infection, wherein the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis can be disrupted, leading to decreased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). Furthermore, oxidative stress (OS) is a major contributing factor to viral infection-associated male infertility. The likelihood of direct and indirect infection, as well as sex-based variability in the vulnerability pattern to viral infections, has been observed. However, there appears to be a long-term impact of viral infection on male reproductive performance due to testicular tissue pathogenicity - a process that requires thorough investigation. The present study aimed to explore how the viruses affect the male reproductive system, including their distribution in tissues and body fluids, possible targets as well as the effects on the endocrine system. We used the major electronic databases such as MEDLINE and SCOPUS. Google Scholar was also consulted for additional literature search related to the topic. Obtained literatures were sorted based on the content. The articles that reported the pathogenesis of viruses on male reproductive health and were published in the English language were included in the present study.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals ; Reproductive Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Virus Diseases ; Viruses ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/978-3-030-89340-8_14
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Article ; Online: First serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in small ruminants : Brief report.

Fusco, Giovanna / Cardillo, Lorena / Levante, Martina / Brandi, Sergio / Picazio, Gerardo / Napoletano, Michele / Martucciello, Alessandra / Fiorito, Filomena / De Carlo, Esterina / de Martinis, Claudio

Veterinary research communications

2023 Volume 47, Issue 3, Page(s) 1741–1748

Abstract: ... but, to date, no natural infection has been reported. Herein, we performed a survey for SARS-CoV-2 among sheep ... range, including wildlife and domestic animals. Small ruminants are shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 ... Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019 and ...

Abstract	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019 and spread worldwide, quickly becoming a pandemic. This zoonotic coronavirus shows a broad host range, including wildlife and domestic animals. Small ruminants are shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 but, to date, no natural infection has been reported. Herein, we performed a survey for SARS-CoV-2 among sheep and goats in the Campania region of Italy using an indirect multispecies ELISA. Next, positive sera were submitted to virus serum neutralization for the quantification of specific neutralizing antibodies. Out of 612 sheep and goats, 23 were found ELISA positive (3.75%) and 1 of them showed 1:20 neutralizing antibodies titer. No significant difference was found between the two species, as well as between male and female, geographical location and age. Our findings demonstrate that natural infection can occur in flocks in a field situation. Moreover, low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is reported for sheep and goats, nevertheless, the continuous mutations of this virus open new scenarios on viral host range and tropism, highlighting the importance of investigating animal species that could represent ongoing or future possible hosts.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Sheep ; Male ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/veterinary ; Ruminants ; Goats ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Goat Diseases ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	406735-6
ISSN	1573-7446 ; 0165-7380
ISSN (online)	1573-7446
ISSN	0165-7380
DOI	10.1007/s11259-022-10044-3
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Article ; Online: Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies as Clinical Support for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-Review of the Evidence.

Bolesławska, Izabela / Kowalówka, Magdalena / Bolesławska-Król, Natasza / Przysławski, Juliusz

Viruses

2023 Volume 15, Issue 6

Abstract: ... the fact that numerous studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection alone may induce ketoacidosis ... of a ketogenic diet (KD) or ketone bodies. In this review, we summarized the evidence from tissue, animal, and human ... ketone bodies supported the host immune response. In animal models, KD resulted in protection against ...

Abstract	One of the proposed nutritional therapies to support drug therapy in COVID-19 is the use of a ketogenic diet (KD) or ketone bodies. In this review, we summarized the evidence from tissue, animal, and human models and looked at the mechanisms of action of KD/ketone bodies against COVID-19. KD/ketone bodies were shown to be effective at the stage of virus entry into the host cell. The use of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), by preventing the metabolic reprogramming associated with COVID-19 infection and improving mitochondrial function, reduced glycolysis in CD4+ lymphocytes and improved respiratory chain function, and could provide an alternative carbon source for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Through multiple mechanisms, the use of KD/ketone bodies supported the host immune response. In animal models, KD resulted in protection against weight loss and hypoxemia, faster recovery, reduced lung injury, and resulted in better survival of young mice. In humans, KD increased survival, reduced the need for hospitalization for COVID-19, and showed a protective role against metabolic abnormalities after COVID-19. It appears that the use of KD and ketone bodies may be considered as a clinical nutritional intervention to assist in the treatment of COVID-19, despite the fact that numerous studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection alone may induce ketoacidosis. However, the use of such an intervention requires strong scientific validation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Ketone Bodies/metabolism ; Ketone Bodies/pharmacology ; Diet, Ketogenic/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; COVID-19/therapy ; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Ketone Bodies ; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid (TZP1275679)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15061262
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation.

Peacock, Thomas P / Penrice-Randal, Rebekah / Hiscox, Julian A / Barclay, Wendy S

The Journal of general virology

2021 Volume 102, Issue 4

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have originated in the human population from a zoonotic spillover event ... as of January 2021. Over a year into the pandemic, sequencing analysis has shown that variants of SARS-CoV-2 are ... drivers of genetic variation within SARS-CoV-2 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) caused ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have originated in the human population from a zoonotic spillover event. Infection in humans results in a variety of outcomes ranging from asymptomatic cases to the disease COVID-19, which can have significant morbidity and mortality, with over two million confirmed deaths worldwide as of January 2021. Over a year into the pandemic, sequencing analysis has shown that variants of SARS-CoV-2 are being selected as the virus continues to circulate widely within the human population. The predominant drivers of genetic variation within SARS-CoV-2 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) caused by polymerase error, potential host factor driven RNA modification, and insertion/deletions (indels) resulting from the discontinuous nature of viral RNA synthesis. While many mutations represent neutral 'genetic drift' or have quickly died out, a subset may be affecting viral traits such as transmissibility, pathogenicity, host range, and antigenicity of the virus. In this review, we summarise the current extent of genetic change in SARS-CoV-2, particularly recently emerging variants of concern, and consider the phenotypic consequences of this viral evolution that may impact the future trajectory of the pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Antigens, Viral/genetics ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/transmission ; COVID-19/virology ; Humans ; Immune Evasion/genetics ; Mutation ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Viral Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; Virus Replication ; Zoonoses/transmission ; Zoonoses/virology
Chemical Substances	Antigens, Viral ; RNA, Viral ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Proteins ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	219316-4
ISSN	1465-2099 ; 0022-1317
ISSN (online)	1465-2099
ISSN	0022-1317
DOI	10.1099/jgv.0.001584
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Article ; Online: Fluvoxamine for the Early Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Review of Current Evidence.

Facente, Shelley N / Reiersen, Angela M / Lenze, Eric J / Boulware, David R / Klausner, Jeffrey D

Drugs

2021 Volume 81, Issue 18, Page(s) 2081–2089

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19, which frequently leads to clinical deterioration and/or long ... the potential for use of fluvoxamine as early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fluvoxamine is ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19, which frequently leads to clinical deterioration and/or long-lasting morbidity. Academic and governmental experts throughout the USA met in 2021 to discuss the potential for use of fluvoxamine as early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is a strong sigma-1 receptor agonist, and this may effectively reduce cytokine production, preventing clinical deterioration. This repurposed psychiatric medication has a well-known safety record, is inexpensive, easy to use, and widely available, all of which are advantages during this global COVID-19 pandemic. At the meeting, experts reviewed the existing published literature on the use of fluvoxamine as experimental COVID-19 treatment, as well as prior research on the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effects of fluvoxamine, including for other conditions including sepsis. Investigators shared current trials underway and existing gaps in knowledge. Two randomized controlled trials and one observational study examining the effect of fluvoxamine in COVID-19 treatment have found high efficacy. Four larger randomized clinical trials are currently underway, including three in the USA and Canada. More data are needed on dosing and mechanisms of effect; however, fluvoxamine appears to have substantial potential as a safe and widely available medication that could be repurposed to ameliorate serious COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. As of April 2021, fluvoxamine was mentioned in the NIH COVID-19 treatment guidelines, although no recommendation is made for or against use. Available data may warrant clinician discussion of fluvoxamine as a treatment option for COVID-19, using shared decision making. Video Abstract.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19/virology ; Clinical Deterioration ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Fluvoxamine/adverse effects ; Fluvoxamine/therapeutic use ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Research Design ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Fluvoxamine (O4L1XPO44W)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	120316-2
ISSN	1179-1950 ; 0012-6667
ISSN (online)	1179-1950
ISSN	0012-6667
DOI	10.1007/s40265-021-01636-5
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