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Article ; Online: Covid-19 and the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review.

Azevedo, Rafael Bellotti / Botelho, Bruna Gopp / Hollanda, João Victor Gonçalves de / Ferreira, Leonardo Villa Leão / Junqueira de Andrade, Letícia Zarur / Oei, Stephanie Si Min Lilienwald / Mello, Tomás de Souza / Muxfeldt, Elizabeth Silaid

Journal of human hypertension

2020 Volume 35, Issue 1, Page(s) 4–11

Abstract: ... in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 tropism and interaction with the RAAS system, through ACE2 ... with higher morbimortality. We provide a broad review of the clinical evolution of COVID-19, emphasizing ... its impact and implications on the cardiovascular system. The pathophysiology ...

Abstract	Cardiac injury in patients infected with the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) seems to be associated with higher morbimortality. We provide a broad review of the clinical evolution of COVID-19, emphasizing its impact and implications on the cardiovascular system. The pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by overproduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) leading to systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, acutely affecting the cardiovascular system. Hypertension (56.6%) and diabetes (33.8%) are the most prevalent comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19, who require hospitalization. Furthermore, cardiac injury, defined as elevated us-troponin I, significantly relates to inflammation biomarkers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), hyperferritinemia, and leukocytosis), portraying an important correlation between myocardial injury and inflammatory hyperactivity triggered by viral infection. Increased risk for myocardial infarction, fulminant myocarditis rapidly evolving with depressed systolic left ventricle function, arrhythmias, venous thromboembolism, and cardiomyopathies mimicking STEMI presentations are the most prevalent cardiovascular complications described in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 tropism and interaction with the RAAS system, through ACE2 receptor, possibly enhances inflammation response and cardiac aggression, leading to imperative concerns about the use of ACEi and ARBs in infected patients. Cardiovascular implications result in a worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of precocious detection and implementation of optimal therapeutic strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; COVID-19/virology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/virology ; Cardiovascular System/physiopathology ; Cardiovascular System/virology ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Risk Assessment ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	639472-3
ISSN	1476-5527 ; 0950-9240
ISSN (online)	1476-5527
ISSN	0950-9240
DOI	10.1038/s41371-020-0387-4
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Zs.A 2380: Show issues

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Article: Covid-19 and the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review

J. hum. hypertens

Abstract	Cardiac injury in patients infected with the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) seems to be associated with higher morbimortality. We provide a broad review of the clinical evolution of COVID-19, emphasizing its impact and implications on the cardiovascular system. The pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by overproduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) leading to systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, acutely affecting the cardiovascular system. Hypertension (56.6%) and diabetes (33.8%) are the most prevalent comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19, who require hospitalization. Furthermore, cardiac injury, defined as elevated us-troponin I, significantly relates to inflammation biomarkers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), hyperferritinemia, and leukocytosis), portraying an important correlation between myocardial injury and inflammatory hyperactivity triggered by viral infection. Increased risk for myocardial infarction, fulminant myocarditis rapidly evolving with depressed systolic left ventricle function, arrhythmias, venous thromboembolism, and cardiomyopathies mimicking STEMI presentations are the most prevalent cardiovascular complications described in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 tropism and interaction with the RAAS system, through ACE2 receptor, possibly enhances inflammation response and cardiac aggression, leading to imperative concerns about the use of ACEi and ARBs in infected patients. Cardiovascular implications result in a worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of precocious detection and implementation of optimal therapeutic strategies.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #688700
Database	COVID19

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Article: COVID-19 and cardiovascular system-a comprehensive review.

AlShahrani, Ibrahim / Hosmani, Jagadish / Shankar, Vidya Gurram / AlShahrani, Abdulaziz / Togoo, Rafi Ahmad / Yassin, Syed M / Khan, Shahrukh / Patil, Shankargouda

Reviews in cardiovascular medicine

2021 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 343–351

Abstract: ... to submit to the virus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the possible effects ... that persons with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions are comparatively more vulnerable to the COVID-19 ... the influence of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health of an individual, further the risk of susceptibility ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mystified cryptic virus has challenged the mankind that has brought life to a standstill. Catastrophic loss of life, perplexed healthcare system and the downfall of global economy are some of the outcomes of this pandemic. Humans are raging a war with an unknown enemy. Infections, irrespective of age and gender, and more so in comorbidities are escalating at an alarming rate. Cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of death globally with an estimate of 31% of deaths worldwide out of which nearly 85% are due to heart attacks and stroke. Theoretically and practically, researchers have observed that persons with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions are comparatively more vulnerable to the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, they have studied the data between less severe and more severe cases, survivors and non survivors, intensive care unit (ICU) patients and non ICU patients, to analyse the relationship and the influence of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health of an individual, further the risk of susceptibility to submit to the virus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the possible effects, either direct or indirect, of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular heath of an individual.
MeSH term(s)	Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19/mortality ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; COVID-19/therapy ; COVID-19/virology ; Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use ; Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality ; Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy ; Cardiovascular Diseases/virology ; Cardiovascular System/drug effects ; Cardiovascular System/physiopathology ; Cardiovascular System/virology ; Comorbidity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Cardiovascular Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2108910-3
ISSN	1530-6550
ISSN	1530-6550
DOI	10.31083/j.rcm2202041
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Zs.A 6410: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Cardiac arrhythmia in COVID-19 patients.

Yu, Lei / Liu, Ying / Feng, Yanjing

Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc

2024 Volume 29, Issue 2, Page(s) e13105

Abstract: ... for a correct and more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of arrhythmia in patients with COVID-19 ... Although pneumonia is the most common manifestation of COVID-19 and was initially introduced ... as a respiratory infection, in fact, the infection of COVID-19 is a subset of complications and damage to various organs ...

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first introduced in December 2019, which is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is a serious and life-threatening disease. Although pneumonia is the most common manifestation of COVID-19 and was initially introduced as a respiratory infection, in fact, the infection of COVID-19 is a subset of complications and damage to various organs. There are several reports of cardiac involvement with COVID-19. A wide range of cardiac complications may occur following COVID-19 infection, including systolic heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events. There are various hypotheses about the pathophysiology of cardiovascular involvement by this virus. At the top of these hypotheses is the release of cytokines to the heart. Although there are other assumptions, considering that one of the causes of death in patients with COVID-19 is arrhythmia. It is necessary to know correctly about its pathophysiology and etiology. Therefore, in this study, we have reviewed the articles of recent years in the field of pathophysiology and etiology of arrhythmia in patients with COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for a correct and more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of arrhythmia in patients with COVID-19 infection.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Electrocardiography ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Pericarditis
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1325530-7
ISSN	1542-474X ; 1082-720X
ISSN (online)	1542-474X
ISSN	1082-720X
DOI	10.1111/anec.13105
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Zs.A 4953: Show issues

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Article: The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review.

Negrut, Nicoleta / Menegas, Georgios / Kampioti, Sofia / Bourelou, Maria / Kopanyi, Francesca / Hassan, Faiso Dahir / Asowed, Anamaria / Taleouine, Fatima Zohra / Ferician, Anca / Marian, Paula

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract: 1) Background: COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping ... analyzed to categorize and examine the symptomatology and pathophysiology of Long COVID across various bodily systems ... manifestations of Long COVID across multiple systems, emphasizing its complexity and challenges in diagnosis and ...

Abstract	(1) Background: COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. Its late clinical manifestations make it linger in medical memory as a debilitating illness over extended periods. (2) Methods: the recent literature was systematically analyzed to categorize and examine the symptomatology and pathophysiology of Long COVID across various bodily systems, including pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, dermatological, renal, hematological, and endocrinological aspects. (3) Results: The review outlines the diverse clinical manifestations of Long COVID across multiple systems, emphasizing its complexity and challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Factors such as pre-existing conditions, initial COVID-19 severity, vaccination status, gender, and age were identified as influential in the manifestation and persistence of Long COVID symptoms. This condition is highlighted as a debilitating disease capable of enduring over an extended period and presenting new symptoms over time. (4) Conclusions: Long COVID emerges as a condition with intricate multi-systemic involvement, complicating its diagnosis and treatment. The findings underscore the necessity for a nuanced understanding of its diverse manifestations to effectively manage and address the evolving nature of this condition over time.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2662336-5
ISSN	2075-4418
ISSN	2075-4418
DOI	10.3390/diagnostics14030244
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 and the brain.

Hingorani, Karan S / Bhadola, Shivkumar / Cervantes-Arslanian, Anna M

Trends in cardiovascular medicine

2022 Volume 32, Issue 6, Page(s) 323–330

Abstract: ... of COVID-19 (PASC). With over 20,000 published articles on COVID and the brain at the time of writing ... it is virtually impossible to present an unbiased comprehensive review of how SARS-Co-V2 impacts ... disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is a systemic illness, often with involvement ...

Abstract	Entering the third year into the pandemic, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is a systemic illness, often with involvement of the central nervous system. Multiple mechanisms may underlie the development of neurologic manifestations of illness, including hypoxia, systemic illness, hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, general critical illness, inflammatory response, and neurotropism of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co-V2) virus. COVID-19 infection is associated with neurologic involvement in all stages; acute infection, subacute/post-infection, and growing evidence also suggests during a chronic phase, the post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC). With over 20,000 published articles on COVID and the brain at the time of writing, it is virtually impossible to present an unbiased comprehensive review of how SARS-Co-V2 impacts the nervous system. In this review, we will present an overview of common neurologic manifestations, in particular focusing on the cerebrovascular complications, and proposed pathophysiology.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1097434-9
ISSN	1873-2615 ; 1050-1738
ISSN (online)	1873-2615
ISSN	1050-1738
DOI	10.1016/j.tcm.2022.04.004
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Zs.A 3419: Show issues

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Article: COVID-19 and the heart.

Xanthopoulos, Andrew / Bourazana, Angeliki / Giamouzis, Grigorios / Skoularigki, Evangelia / Dimos, Apostolos / Zagouras, Alexandros / Papamichalis, Michail / Leventis, Ioannis / Magouliotis, Dimitrios E / Triposkiadis, Filippos / Skoularigis, John

World journal of clinical cases

2022 Volume 10, Issue 28, Page(s) 9970–9984

Abstract: ... In this comprehensive review we summarize the COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications (acute coronary syndromes ... with several cardiovascular complications as well. For example, patients with COVID-19 may either develop type 2 ... An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in December 2019 due ...

Abstract	An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in December 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a strain of SARS-CoV. Patients infected with the virus present a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms, cough, fever and fatigue to severe lung injury, appearing as bilateral interstitial pneumonia or acute respiratory failure. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly offends the respiratory system, it has been associated with several cardiovascular complications as well. For example, patients with COVID-19 may either develop type 2 myocardial infarction due to myocardial oxygen demand and supply imbalance or acute coronary syndrome resulting from excessive inflammatory response to the primary infection. The incidence of COVID-19 related myocarditis is estimated to be accountable for an average of 7% of all COVID-19 related fatal cases, whereas heart failure (HF) may develop due to infiltration of the heart by inflammatory cells, destructive action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, micro-thrombosis and new onset or aggravated endothelial and respiratory failure. Lastly, SARS-CoV-2 can engender arrhythmias through direct myocardial damage causing acute myocarditis or through HF decompensation or secondary, through respiratory failure or severe respiratory distress syndrome. In this comprehensive review we summarize the COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications (acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis, HF, arrhythmias) and discuss the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2307-8960
ISSN	2307-8960
DOI	10.12998/wjcc.v10.i28.9970
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Article: Vascular Alterations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Karakasis, Paschalis / Nasoufidou, Athina / Sagris, Marios / Fragakis, Nikolaos / Tsioufis, Konstantinos

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 14, Issue 5

Abstract: ... to comprehensively summarize the evidence concerning short and long-term vascular alterations following COVID-19 ... infection may result in persistent effects on the vascular system, identified as long-term COVID-19. This is ... and magnetic resonance imaging have been employed to visualize vascular alterations. This review aims ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has revealed a broader impact beyond the respiratory system, predominantly affecting the vascular system with various adverse manifestations. The infection induces endothelial dysfunction and immune system dysregulation, creating an inflammatory and hypercoagulable state. It affects both microvasculature and macrovasculature, leading to thromboembolic events, cardiovascular manifestations, impaired arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular complications, and nephropathy, as well as retinopathy-frequently observed in cases of severe illness. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in persistent effects on the vascular system, identified as long-term COVID-19. This is characterized by prolonged inflammation, endotheliopathy, and an increased risk of vascular complications. Various imaging modalities, histopathological studies, and diagnostic tools such as video capillaroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging have been employed to visualize vascular alterations. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the evidence concerning short and long-term vascular alterations following COVID-19 infection, investigating their impact on patients' prognosis, and providing an overview of preventive strategies to mitigate associated vascular complications.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life14050545
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Article ; Online: Atypical Complications during the Course of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review.

Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain / Safdar, Aqsa / Butt, Muhammad Hammad / Salman, Muhammad / Nosheen, Sumbal / Mustafa, Zia Ul / Khan, Faiz Ullah / Khan, Yusra Habib

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

2024 Volume 60, Issue 1

Abstract: ... encephalopathy/encephalitis with or without fever and hypoxia (IR: 0.19-35.2%); (iii) Renal system, e.g ... ventricular fibrillation (IR: 5.9-16.7%), and coagulopathy/venous thromboembolism (IR: 19-34.4%). This review encourages ... of various organ systems during the course of illness. We conducted a comprehensive review of atypical ...

Abstract	COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, but numerous studies have indicated the involvement of various organ systems during the course of illness. We conducted a comprehensive review of atypical complications of COVID-19 with their incidence range (IR) and their impact on hospitalization and mortality rates. We identified 97 studies, including 55 research articles and 42 case studies. We reviewed four major body organ systems for various types of atypical complications: (i) Gastro-intestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary system, e.g., bowel ischemia/infarction (IR: 1.49-83.87%), GI bleeding/hemorrhage (IR: 0.47-10.6%), hepatic ischemia (IR: 1.0-7.4%); (ii) Neurological system, e.g., acute ischemic stroke/cerebral venous sinus thrombosis/cerebral hemorrhage (IR: 0.5-90.9%), anosmia (IR: 4.9-79.6%), dysgeusia (IR: 2.8-83.38%), encephalopathy/encephalitis with or without fever and hypoxia (IR: 0.19-35.2%); (iii) Renal system, e.g., acute kidney injury (AKI)/acute renal failure (IR: 0.5-68.8%); (iv) Cardiovascular system, e.g., acute cardiac injury/non-coronary myocardial injury (IR: 7.2-55.56%), arrhythmia/ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (IR: 5.9-16.7%), and coagulopathy/venous thromboembolism (IR: 19-34.4%). This review encourages and informs healthcare practitioners to keenly monitor COVID-19 survivors for these atypical complications in all major organ systems and not only treat the respiratory symptoms of patients. Post-COVID effects should be monitored, and follow-up of patients should be performed on a regular basis to check for long-term complications.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; Ischemic Stroke ; Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology ; Acute Kidney Injury/etiology ; Brain Diseases ; Ischemia
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2188113-3
ISSN	1648-9144 ; 1010-660X
ISSN (online)	1648-9144
ISSN	1010-660X
DOI	10.3390/medicina60010164
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Zs.A 6270: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Severe pediatric COVID-19: a review from the clinical and immunopathophysiological perspectives.

Sun, Yi-Kan / Wang, Can / Lin, Pei-Quan / Hu, Lei / Ye, Jing / Gao, Zhi-Gang / Lin, Ru / Li, Hao-Min / Shu, Qiang / Huang, Li-Su / Tan, Lin-Hua

World journal of pediatrics : WJP

2024 Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) 307–324

Abstract: ... A comprehensive literature review was conducted for pertinent publications by reviewers independently using ... the PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases. Searched keywords included "COVID-19 in children", "severe ... pediatric COVID-19", and "critical illness in children with COVID-19".: Results: Risks of developing ...

Abstract	Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tends to have mild presentations in children. However, severe and critical cases do arise in the pediatric population with debilitating systemic impacts and can be fatal at times, meriting further attention from clinicians. Meanwhile, the intricate interactions between the pathogen virulence factors and host defense mechanisms are believed to play indispensable roles in severe COVID-19 pathophysiology but remain incompletely understood. Data sources: A comprehensive literature review was conducted for pertinent publications by reviewers independently using the PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases. Searched keywords included "COVID-19 in children", "severe pediatric COVID-19", and "critical illness in children with COVID-19". Results: Risks of developing severe COVID-19 in children escalate with increasing numbers of co-morbidities and an unvaccinated status. Acute respiratory distress stress and necrotizing pneumonia are prominent pulmonary manifestations, while various forms of cardiovascular and neurological involvement may also be seen. Multiple immunological processes are implicated in the host response to COVID-19 including the type I interferon and inflammasome pathways, whose dysregulation in severe and critical diseases translates into adverse clinical manifestations. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a potentially life-threatening immune-mediated condition chronologically associated with COVID-19 exposure, denotes another scientific and clinical conundrum that exemplifies the complexity of pediatric immunity. Despite the considerable dissimilarities between the pediatric and adult immune systems, clinical trials dedicated to children are lacking and current management recommendations are largely adapted from adult guidelines. Conclusions: Severe pediatric COVID-19 can affect multiple organ systems. The dysregulated immune pathways in severe COVID-19 shape the disease course, epitomize the vast functional diversity of the pediatric immune system and highlight the immunophenotypical differences between children and adults. Consequently, further research may be warranted to adequately address them in pediatric-specific clinical practice guidelines.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/complications ; Child ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/immunology ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology ; Severity of Illness Index
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2236681-7
ISSN	1867-0687 ; 1708-8569
ISSN (online)	1867-0687
ISSN	1708-8569
DOI	10.1007/s12519-023-00790-y
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