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Article: Variability in Stigma Severity During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Esen, İrfan / Kaya, Selda / Günay, Ersin / Özol, Duygu

2023 Volume 15, Issue 10, Page(s) e46508

Abstract: ... the COVID-19 pandemic over time and the factors responsible for the change. Methods Individuals with COVID ... groups: those who had COVID-19 within the first six months of the pandemic (group 1) and those who had ... Objective The aim of this study was to investigate change in the stigma that emerged during ...

Abstract	Objective The aim of this study was to investigate change in the stigma that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic over time and the factors responsible for the change. Methods Individuals with COVID-19 who presented to Ankara Medicalpark and VM Medicalpark Hospitals' Internal Diseases and Chest Diseases polyclinic between May 2021 and April 2022 were examined. The volunteers were divided into two groups: those who had COVID-19 within the first six months of the pandemic (group 1) and those who had it in the second six months (group 2). The questionnaire assessing stigma consisted of 29 propositions that participants could mark whether they agreed with them or not. Results The median age of the volunteers was 38 years. Eighty-eight (69.3%) had the disease in the first six months of the pandemic and 39 (30.7%) in the second six months. Moreover, 76.1% of the participants in the first group and 94.9% of those in the second group did not agree with the statement "I thought COVID-19 was a punishment for me" (p=0.011). Further, 56.8% of the participants in the first group and 97.4% of those in the second group stated that they did not agree with the statement "Employers may terminate the employment of employees who they find out have contracted COVID-19" (p<0.001). 80.7% of the participants in the first group and 38.5% of those in the second group agreed with the statement "There was social discrimination against people who caught COVID-19" (p<0.001). Conclusions At the beginning of the pandemic, the participants had concerns about losing their status and jobs, but this anxiety decreased over time. Stigma in the first six months of the pandemic was greater than that in the second six months, and discrimination related to stigma decreased with recognition of the disease and the increase in experience.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.46508
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Article ; Online: Social and self-stigma during COVID-19 pandemic: Egyptians' perspectives.

Tawfik, Ayat Mahmoud / Hayek, Noha / Mahdy, Sarah Salah Eldien / Elsherbiny, Noura Mahmoud / Salem, Marwa Rashad / Taie, Almass Fathi Hassan

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0284582

Abstract: ... from COVID-19 infection and other associated factors in Egypt during the pandemic.: Methods ... patient.: Results: The mean calculated overall COVID-19-related stigma score for the studied sample was ... for being a COVID-19 patient; perceived self-stigma (71.6%) and total stigma score (88.2%) respectively ...

Abstract	Background: Social stigma associated with infectious diseases existed throughout the history of pandemics due to fears of contagion and death. This study aims to assess social and self-stigma resulting from COVID-19 infection and other associated factors in Egypt during the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 533 adult Egyptians via an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included social stigma toward current and recovered COVID-19 patients and the negative self-image of being a COVID-19 patient. Results: The mean calculated overall COVID-19-related stigma score for the studied sample was 4.7±3.1. The highest reported stigma category was mild stigma: Social stigma towards current COVID-19 patients (88.2%), Social stigma toward recovered COVID-19 patients (64.2%), Negative self-image for being a COVID-19 patient; perceived self-stigma (71.6%) and total stigma score (88.2%) respectively. The overall stigma score was negatively associated with a higher level of education and getting information from healthcare workers and positively associated with getting information from social networks. Conclusion: Social and self-stigma related to COVID-19 infection was mild from the Egyptian perspective but found in a large proportion of the population and mainly affected by getting information from healthcare workers or through social media and being more among those with lower education levels. The study recommends more legislative control on social media for disseminating health-related information and conducting awareness campaigns to counteract these adverse effects.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Egypt ; Pandemics ; Social Stigma ; North African People/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Internet ; Self Concept ; Health Communication/methods ; Educational Status
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0284582
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Article ; Online: Exploring Canadian perceptions and experiences of stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fahim, Christine / Cooper, Jeanette / Theivendrampillai, Suvabna / Pham, Ba' / Straus, Sharon E

Frontiers in public health

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 1068268

Abstract: ... perceptions of and experiences with stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic.: Methods: We conducted an online ... experienced stigmatization towards various demographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is ... Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to stigmatization of individuals based on race/ethnicity ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to stigmatization of individuals based on race/ethnicity, age, gender, and occupation, among other factors. We canvassed Canadian residents to explore perceptions of and experiences with stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted an online survey between June 10 and December 31 2020. The survey was rooted in the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework and included multiple choice, Likert and open-ended questions related to Results: A total of 1,823 individuals participated in the survey (54% women, 39% men; 54% 18-40 years old, 28% 41-60 years old, 12% 61+ years old; 33% White, 26% East/SouthEast Asian, 14% Black, 12% South Asian). Fifty-one percent of participants agreed/strongly agreed that racist views had increased toward certain racial/ethnic groups in Canada during the pandemic. Participants perceived that people in Canada were stigmatized during the pandemic because of race/ethnicity (37%), political beliefs (26%), older age (24%), being a healthcare worker (23%), younger age (22%), being an essential worker (21%), and gender (11%). Thirty-nine percent of respondents feared experiencing and 37% experienced stigmatization during the pandemic. Men, individuals aged 18-40, and racialized participants were more likely to fear or experience stigma. With respect to health behaviors, 74, 68, and 59% of respondents were comfortable masking in public, seeking medical care if they became ill, and getting tested for COVID-19, respectively. Men were less likely to indicate comfort with mask wearing or seeking medical care. Participants aged 18-40 and Black participants were less likely to indicate comfort with all three behaviors compared to those over age 41 and White participants, respectively. South Asian participants were less likely to be comfortable seeking medical care compared to White Participants. Discussion: Participants feared or experienced stigmatization towards various demographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is critical that the factors driving stigma during health emergencies in Canada be better understood in order to develop effective public health messaging and interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Social Stigma ; Ethnicity ; Ontario/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068268
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Article ; Online: Stigma of dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review protocol.

Bacsu, Juanita-Dawne R / Rahemi, Zahra / Nanson, Kate / Webster, Claire / Norman, Myrna / Spiteri, Raymond J

BMJ open

2023 Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) e076300

Abstract: ... of dementia-related stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. An advisory panel including a person living ... of dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This scoping review protocol outlines a methodology that will be ... used to understand the impact of stigma on people living with dementia during the pandemic. Addressing ...

Abstract	Introduction: Dementia-related stigma reduces the quality of life of people living with dementia and their care partners. However, there is a dearth of literature synthesising knowledge on stigma of dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This scoping review protocol outlines a methodology that will be used to understand the impact of stigma on people living with dementia during the pandemic. Addressing dementia-related stigma is critical to promoting timely dementia diagnoses and enhancing the quality of life for people living with dementia and their care partners. Methods and analysis: This review will follow the Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. The review will focus on English-language, peer-reviewed literature published between 13 January 2020 and 30 June 2023. Stigma will be broadly defined according to pre-established components (stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination). We will search six databases including CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science. We will also hand-search the reference lists of relevant articles to identify additional manuscripts. Two reviewers will develop the data extraction table, as well as independently conduct the data screening. Any disagreements will be resolved through open discussion between the two researchers, and if necessary, by consulting the full team to achieve consensus. Data synthesis will be conducted using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Ethics and dissemination: This review will be the first to explore the impact of dementia-related stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. An advisory panel including a person living with dementia and a care partner will be consulted to inform our review's findings and support the data dissemination process. The results of this scoping review will be shared and disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presentations at academic conferences, a community workshop and webinars with various stakeholders.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Dementia ; Pandemics ; Quality of Life ; Review Literature as Topic ; Social Stigma
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076300
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Article ; Online: Experiences of stigma, discrimination and violence and their impact on the mental health of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Janoušková, Miroslava / Pekara, Jaroslav / Kučera, Matěj / Kearns, Pavla Brennan / Šeblová, Jana / Wolfová, Katrin / Kuklová, Marie / Šeblová, Dominika

Scientific reports

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 10534

Abstract: Health care workers have been exposed to COVID-19 more than people in other professions ... related to more negative experiences. The intensity of exposure to COVID-19 was associated with greater ... their mental health. We investigated (1) factors associated with stigma, discrimination, and violence, (2 ...

Abstract	Health care workers have been exposed to COVID-19 more than people in other professions, which may have led to stigmatization, discrimination, and violence toward them, possibly impacting their mental health. We investigated (1) factors associated with stigma, discrimination, and violence, (2) the association of stigma, discrimination, and violence with mental health, (3) everyday experiences of stigmatization, discrimination, and violence. We chose a combination of a quantitative approach and qualitative content analysis to analyze data collected at three time points: in 2020, 2021 and 2022. A higher age was associated with lower odds of experiencing stigma, discrimination, and violence, whereas female gender was related to more negative experiences. The intensity of exposure to COVID-19 was associated with greater experience with stigmatization, discrimination, and violence across all three years (for example in 2022: odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.74, 1.18-2.55 for mild exposure; 2.82, 1.95-4.09 for moderate exposure; and 5.74, 3.55-9.26 for severe exposure, when compared to no exposure). Stigma, discrimination, and violence were most strongly associated with psychological distress in 2020 (odds ratio = 2.97, 95% confidence interval 2.27-3.88) and with depressive symptoms in 2021 (odds ratio = 2.78, 95% confidence interval 2.12-3.64). Attention should be given to the destigmatization of contagious diseases and the prevention of discrimination, violence, and mental health problems, both within workplaces and among the public.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/psychology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Social Stigma ; Female ; Male ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Adult ; Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Violence/psychology ; Social Discrimination/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-024-59700-5
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Article ; Online: Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bagcchi, Sanjeet

The Lancet. Infectious diseases

2020 Volume 20, Issue 7, Page(s) 782

MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Social Stigma ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; United States/epidemiology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2061641-7
ISSN	1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
ISSN (online)	1474-4457
ISSN	1473-3099
DOI	10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30498-9
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Article: Corrigendum: A Comparison of COVID-19 Stigma and AIDS Stigma During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in China.

Li, Manyun / Long, Jiang / Wang, Xuyi / Liao, Yanhui / Liu, Yueheng / Hao, Yuzhu / Wu, Qiuxia / Zhou, Yanan / Wang, Yingying / Wang, Yunfei / Wang, Qianjin / Ma, Yuejiao / Chen, Shubao / Liu, Tieqiao

Frontiers in psychiatry

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 856704

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782501.]. ...

Abstract	[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782501.].
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856704
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Article ; Online: Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Bhanot, Divya / Singh, Tushar / Verma, Sunil K / Sharad, Shivantika

Frontiers in public health

2021 Volume 8, Page(s) 577018

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has been instrumental in creating a dramatic shift from people's need to live ... associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among different social groups in the Indian society and the mounting ... manifestations, and the deleterious consequences of COVID-19 inspired othering brought to its potential targets ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has been instrumental in creating a dramatic shift from people's need to live in mutual association toward a desire to stigmatize distinctive others. Pandemic seems to be causing othering. Stated simply, stigmatization is a social process set to exclude those who are perceived to be a potential source of disease and may pose threat to the effective social living in the society. Based on the secondary evidence collected from news published online or in print, the present article delves into stigma associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among different social groups in the Indian society and the mounting cases of prejudice based on race, class, and religion. It also presents insights into the varied manifestations, and the deleterious consequences of COVID-19 inspired othering brought to its potential targets in India.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/psychology ; Humans ; India ; Prejudice/psychology ; Racism ; Religion ; Social Stigma ; Stereotyping
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018
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Article: Perceived stigma among Tunisian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Turki, M / Ouali, R / Ellouze, S / Ben Ayed, H / Charfi, R / Feki, H / Halouani, N / Aloulou, J

L'Encephale

2022 Volume 49, Issue 6, Page(s) 582–588

Abstract: Background and objectives: Stigma was a major issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. It posed ... of perceived stigma in Tunisian HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic.: Methods: A cross-sectional web-based ... measuring COVID-19-related stigma, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: Stigma was a major issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. It posed a serious threat to the lives of healthcare workers (HCWs) who were expected to experience higher levels of stigma and increased psychological distress. This is the first survey to investigate forms and correlates of perceived stigma in Tunisian HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between October 8th and November 10th 2020, among 250 Tunisian HCWs. Data were collected using an online questionnaire using the Google Forms® platform. We used a self-reported instrument measuring COVID-19-related stigma, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to measure the perceived adequacy of social support from three sources: family, friends, and significant other. Results: The mean stigma score was 18.6±8. Participants sometimes to often experienced stigma in their relationships with friends (22%), neighbors (27.2%), parents (22,4%), and in social activities (30.8%). This stigma was perceived mainly through avoidance (68.4%), and rarely through verbal (6%) or physical aggression (1.2%). The mean MSPSS total score was 5.26±1.24. In multivariate analysis, depression history (P<0.001), long working experience (P<0.001), having presented ageusia/anosmia (P=0.007) and lower total social support scale (P<0.001) were significantly associated with higher perceived stigma score. Conclusion: Our findings showed that HCWs perceived stigma in professional, societal and familial domains. Social support from family, friends and others seemed to protect against perceived stigma. Proper health education targeting the public appears to be an effective method to prevent social harassment of both HCWs and COVID-19 survivors.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; Social Stigma ; Health Personnel
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-19
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	214431-1
ISSN	0013-7006
ISSN	0013-7006
DOI	10.1016/j.encep.2022.08.014
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Article ; Online: Bridging internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: a network analysis.

Yuan, Guangzhe F / Qiao, Shan / Li, Xiaoming

Frontiers in public health

2024 Volume 11, Page(s) 1306414

Abstract: ... stigma is linked to depressive symptoms among PLWH during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study sought ... Previous research has documented that HIV-related stigma may be a significant trigger ... to explore the network structure of internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms, along with bridge nodes ...

Abstract	Previous research has documented that HIV-related stigma may be a significant trigger of mental health problems among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, less is known about how internalized HIV stigma is linked to depressive symptoms among PLWH during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study sought to explore the network structure of internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms, along with bridge nodes, to elucidate how they co-exist. Participants were 1,197 Chinese PLWH (64.3% male,
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; China/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2023.1306414
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