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Article: Distinguishing false from true in human memory.

Blaxton, T A

1996 Volume 17, Issue 2, Page(s) 191–194

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Recall/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	1996-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	808167-0
ISSN	1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
ISSN (online)	1097-4199
ISSN	0896-6273
DOI	10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80150-6
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Zs.MG 92: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition - A proof of concept study.

Geven, Linda Marjoleine / Ben-Shakhar, Gershon / Kassin, Saul / Verschuere, Bruno

Biological psychology

2020 Volume 154, Page(s) 107902

Abstract: ... These findings encourage further investigation on the use of memory detection to discriminate true from false ... a distinction between true and false admissions of guilt. Eighty-three participants completed problem-solving ... Irrespective of actual rule-breaking behavior, all participants were accused of cheating and interrogated. True ...

Abstract	Wrongful conviction cases indicate that not all confessors are guilty. However, there is currently no validated method to assess the veracity of confessions. In this preregistered study, we evaluate whether a new application of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a potentially valid method to make a distinction between true and false admissions of guilt. Eighty-three participants completed problem-solving tasks, individually and in pairs. Unbeknownst to the participants, their team-member was a confederate, tempting the participant to break the experimental rules by assisting during an individual assignment. Irrespective of actual rule-breaking behavior, all participants were accused of cheating and interrogated. True confessors but not false confessors showed recognition of answers obtained by cheating in the individual task, as evidenced by larger physiological responses to the correct than to plausible but incorrect answers. These findings encourage further investigation on the use of memory detection to discriminate true from false confessions.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Deception ; Female ; Guilt ; Humans ; Male ; Problem Solving ; Proof of Concept Study ; Recognition, Psychology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	185105-6
ISSN	1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
ISSN (online)	1873-6246
ISSN	0301-0511
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107902
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Article: Is the truth in the details? Extended narratives help distinguishing false "memories" from false "reports".

Sjödén, Björn / Granhag, Pär Anders / Ost, James / Roos Af Hjelmsäter, Emma

Scandinavian journal of psychology

2009 Volume 50, Issue 3, Page(s) 203–210

Abstract: ... than other students on fantasy proneness, but there was no effect on levels of false reporting or false "memory ... The present study examined the effects of fantasy proneness on false "reports" and false "memories ... This left 19% of the sample who appeared to have false "memories" because they provided explicit details ...

Abstract	The present study examined the effects of fantasy proneness on false "reports" and false "memories", of existent and non-existent footage of a public event. We predicted that highly fantasy prone individuals would be more likely to stand by their initial claim of having seen a film of the event than low fantasy prone participants when prompted for more details about their experiences. Eighty creative arts students and 80 other students were asked whether they had seen CCTV footage preceding the attack on Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh up to, and including, non-existent footage of the actual moment of the attack. If affirmative, they were probed for extended narratives of what they claimed to have seen. Overall, 64% of participants provided a false "report" by answering yes to the initial question. Of these, 30% provided no explicit details of the attack, and a further 15% retracted their initial answer in their narratives. This left 19% of the sample who appeared to have false "memories" because they provided explicit details of the actual moment of the attack. Women scored higher than men and art students scored higher than other students on fantasy proneness, but there was no effect on levels of false reporting or false "memory". Memories were rated more vivid and clear for existent compared to non-existent aspects of the event. In sum, these data suggest a more complex relationship between memory distortions and fantasy proneness than previously observed.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Art ; Attention ; Creativity ; Deception ; Fantasy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Narration ; Repression, Psychology ; Sex Factors ; Students/psychology ; Truth Disclosure ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219197-0
ISSN	1467-9450 ; 0036-5564
ISSN (online)	1467-9450
ISSN	0036-5564
DOI	10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00694.x
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Article ; Online: Pupil response patterns distinguish true from false memories.

Kafkas, Alex / Brown, Travorn / Olusola, Nifemi / Guo, Chaodong

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 17244

Abstract: ... true from false memories and whether variations in the temporal dynamics of pupil response ... Pupil responses effectively differentiated true from false memories based on variations in pupil ... in this condition. Notably, differential pupil responses between true and false memories varied based on the type ...

Abstract	Memory is reconstructive and error-prone, which make memory illusions very common in everyday life. However, studying memory illusions can provide valuable insights into how memory works. Pupil response has emerged, in recent years, as an indicator of memory encoding and retrieval, however its validity as a measure of memory success is debated. In this study, we explored whether pupil response patterns can differentiate true from false memories and whether variations in the temporal dynamics of pupil response can elucidate the mechanisms underlying false memory creation. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was employed to generate false memories in two separate experiments involving visual and auditory stimuli. Pupil responses effectively differentiated true from false memories based on variations in pupil amplitude at different temporal components. This discrimination remained consistent across both experiments, with slightly stronger effects in the auditory condition, aligning with the more pronounced false memory effects in this condition. Notably, differential pupil responses between true and false memories varied based on the type of memory involved at recognition. These findings provide valuable insights into the cognitive processes underlying memory distortions, with implications for theoretical frameworks and real-world contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Illusions ; Pupil ; Recognition, Psychology ; Memory, Short-Term
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-44362-6
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Article ; Online: Can Implicit Associations Distinguish True and False Eyewitness Memory? Development and Preliminary Testing of the IATe.

Helm, Rebecca K / Ceci, Stephen J / Burd, Kayla A

Behavioral sciences & the law

2016 Volume 34, Issue 6, Page(s) 803–819

Abstract: ... such as guilt and eyewitnesses' final pick from a line-up can help to distinguish between true and false memory ... in this area, and determine whether a particular memory is likely to be true or false. We created a seven-step ... Eyewitness identification has been shown to be fallible and prone to false memory. In this study ...

Abstract	Eyewitness identification has been shown to be fallible and prone to false memory. In this study we develop and test a new method to probe the mechanisms involved in the formation of false memories in this area, and determine whether a particular memory is likely to be true or false. We created a seven-step procedure based on the Implicit Association Test to gauge implicit biases in eyewitness identification (the IATe). We show that identification errors may result from unconscious bias caused by implicit associations evoked by a given face. We also show that implicit associations between negative attributions such as guilt and eyewitnesses' final pick from a line-up can help to distinguish between true and false memory (especially where the witness has been subject to the suggestive nature of a prior blank line-up). Specifically, the more a witness implicitly associates an individual face with a particular crime, the more likely it is that a memory they have for that person committing the crime is false. These findings are consistent with existing findings in the memory and neuroscience literature showing that false memories can be caused by implicit associations that are outside conscious awareness. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Association ; Crime ; Female ; Guilt ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Mental Recall ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	232671-1
ISSN	1099-0798 ; 0735-3936
ISSN (online)	1099-0798
ISSN	0735-3936
DOI	10.1002/bsl.2272
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Article: Gamma oscillations distinguish true from false memories.

Sederberg, Per B / Schulze-Bonhage, Andreas / Madsen, Joseph R / Bromfield, Edward B / Litt, Brian / Brandt, Armin / Kahana, Michael J

Psychological science

2007 Volume 18, Issue 11, Page(s) 927–932

Abstract: ... can distinguish true from false memories, we analyzed intracranial electroencephalographic recordings while 52 ... Thus, retrieval of true, as compared with false, memories induces a distinct pattern of gamma oscillations ... that the same pattern of gamma-band (28-100 Hz) oscillatory activity that predicts successful memory formation ...

Abstract	To test whether distinct patterns of electrophysiological activity prior to a response can distinguish true from false memories, we analyzed intracranial electroencephalographic recordings while 52 patients undergoing treatment for epilepsy performed a verbal free-recall task. These analyses revealed that the same pattern of gamma-band (28-100 Hz) oscillatory activity that predicts successful memory formation at item encoding--increased gamma power in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and left temporal lobe--reemerges at retrieval to distinguish correct from incorrect responses. The timing of these oscillatory effects suggests that self-cued memory retrieval begins in the hippocampus and then spreads to the cortex. Thus, retrieval of true, as compared with false, memories induces a distinct pattern of gamma oscillations, possibly reflecting recollection of contextual information associated with past experience.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Recall ; Middle Aged ; Repression, Psychology ; Vocabulary
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-10-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02003.x
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Article ; Online: Event-related brain potentials that distinguish false memory for events that occurred only seconds in the past.

Chen, Hong / Voss, Joel L / Guo, Chunyan

Behavioral and brain functions : BBF

2012 Volume 8, Page(s) 36

Abstract: ... Results: Two categories of effects were identified that distinguished true from false short-term memory ... Background: False memory often involves retrieving events from the distant past that did not ... for eliciting false memory experiences suggests that individuals can falsely believe that events occurred mere ...

Abstract	Background: False memory often involves retrieving events from the distant past that did not actually happen. However, recent evidence obtained using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm for eliciting false memory experiences suggests that individuals can falsely believe that events occurred mere seconds in the past when they in fact did not. Subjects in these experiments endorsed unstudied critical lure words as having been studied, despite the fact that word lists were studied just moments before. We identified event-related brain potential (ERP) correlates of this experience, and included a repetition priming manipulation to better assess the functional significance of these ERPs. Methods: Behavioral and ERP data were collected from 21 Capital Normal University students using a short-term DRM task. Results: Two categories of effects were identified that distinguished true from false short-term memory: (1) early semantic priming effects from 300 to 500 ms and (2) later retrieval and retrieval-monitoring effects after 500 ms. The repetition priming manipulation had distinct influences on these effects, consistent with their differential associations with semantic priming versus episodic retrieval. Conclusion: Characterization of ERPs related to semantic priming and episodic retrieval provides important information regarding the mechanisms of short-term false memory. In contrast, most studies examining false memory in standard long-delay DRM paradigms identify ERP effects related only to retrieval monitoring. These findings highlight the neural processing involved in illusions of memory after very brief delays and highlight the role of semantic processing in short-term false memory.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Repression, Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-07-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1744-9081
ISSN (online)	1744-9081
DOI	10.1186/1744-9081-8-36
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Article: A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories.

Slotnick, Scott D / Schacter, Daniel L

Nature neuroscience

2004 Volume 7, Issue 6, Page(s) 664–672

Abstract: ... repetition priming, a type of implicit memory. Thus, the sensory signature that distinguishes true from false ... memories than false memories. We therefore hypothesized that true recognition of abstract shapes would ... Human behavioral studies show that there is greater sensory/perceptual detail associated with true ...

Abstract	Human behavioral studies show that there is greater sensory/perceptual detail associated with true memories than false memories. We therefore hypothesized that true recognition of abstract shapes would elicit greater visual cortical activation than would false recognition. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants studied exemplar shapes and later made recognition memory decisions ("old" or "new") concerning studied exemplars (old shapes), nonstudied lures (related shapes) and new shapes. Within visual processing regions, direct contrasts between true recognition ("old" response to an old shape; old-hit) and false recognition ("old" response to a related shape; related-false alarm) revealed preferential true recognition-related activity in early visual processing regions (Brodmann area (BA)17, BA18). By comparison, both true and false recognition were associated with activity in early and late (BA19, BA37) visual processing regions, the late regions potentially supporting "old" responses, independent of accuracy. Further analyses suggested that the differential early visual processing activity reflected repetition priming, a type of implicit memory. Thus, the sensory signature that distinguishes true from false recognition may not be accessible to conscious awareness.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Visual Cortex/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1420596-8
ISSN	1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
ISSN (online)	1546-1726
ISSN	1097-6256
DOI	10.1038/nn1252
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Article ; Online: Limitations to the detection of deception: true and false recollections are poorly distinguished using an event-related potential procedure.

Allen, John J B / Mertens, Ralf

Social neuroscience

2009 Volume 4, Issue 6, Page(s) 473–490

Abstract: ... recognition, with little evidence that brain electrical activity could differentiate true from false memories ... to examine whether brain electrical activity could differentiate true from false recollections elicited ... electrocortical differences between true and false recognition. Each study found very high rates of false ...

Abstract	The utility of using indices of neural function to identify deception relies on finding highly reliable and valid approaches that adequately identify the guilty and exonerate the innocent. A class of approaches, based on the guilty knowledge technique (GKT), assume that guilty individuals will recognize specific crime-relevant details, whereas innocent individuals will not. Memory distortions, however, may limit the accuracy of such procedures. To investigate these limits, two studies were conducted to examine whether brain electrical activity could differentiate true from false recollections elicited by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. The design of each study maximized the opportunity of finding electrocortical differences between true and false recognition. Each study found very high rates of false recognition, with little evidence that brain electrical activity could differentiate true from false memories. Results suggested that under certain conditions both true and false recollections can produce a pattern of brain activity indicative of recognition.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/physiology ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Deception ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Lie Detection/psychology ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2009
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2234411-1
ISSN	1747-0927 ; 1747-0919
ISSN (online)	1747-0927
ISSN	1747-0919
DOI	10.1080/17470910802109939
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Article ; Online: How are false memories distinguishable from true memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A review of the findings.

Jou, Jerwen / Flores, Shaney

Psychological research

2012 Volume 77, Issue 6, Page(s) 671–686

Abstract: This article reviewed the literature comparing true and false memories. Although false memory ... dependent measures. Studies that compared true and false memories in recall and recognition rates over ... experience is typically characterized as compellingly similar to true memory experience, research also ...

Abstract	This article reviewed the literature comparing true and false memories. Although false memory experience is typically characterized as compellingly similar to true memory experience, research also indicates many distinctions between these two types of memory. The primary focus of this article was on comparing these two types of memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm on a number of independent and dependent measures. Studies that compared true and false memories in recall and recognition rates over retention intervals, as a function of list word presentation duration, list presentation repetition, in recall and recognition latencies, output serial position, phenomenological experiences (conscious and unconscious discrimination between these two types of memories), and neurophysiological processes were reviewed. The conclusion is that the degree to which false memory is experienced and observed as similar to or the same as true memory is a function of a number of variables in the process of acquiring and measuring the memory.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory ; Mental Recall ; Recognition, Psychology ; Repression, Psychology ; Retention, Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12-25
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1463034-5
ISSN	1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
ISSN (online)	1430-2772
ISSN	0340-0727
DOI	10.1007/s00426-012-0472-6
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