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Article ; Online: Environmental Determinants of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Brandt, Eric B / Mersha, Tesfaye B

2021 Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 15

Abstract: ... of environmental exposure risk factors on SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 disease severity.: Recent findings ... Purpose for review: Since the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in China in late 2019 turned ... wave of COVID-19 cases. This review aims to offer a critical assessment of the role ...

Abstract	Purpose for review: Since the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in China in late 2019 turned into a global pandemic, numerous studies have reported associations between environmental factors, such as weather conditions and a range of air pollutants (particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, etc.) and the first wave of COVID-19 cases. This review aims to offer a critical assessment of the role of environmental exposure risk factors on SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 disease severity. Recent findings: In this review, we provide a critical assessment of COVID-19 risk factors, identify gaps in our knowledge (e.g., indoor air pollution), and discuss methodological challenges of association and causation and the impact lockdowns had on air quality. In addition, we will draw attention to ethnic and socioeconomic factors driving viral transmission related to COVID-19. The complex role angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays in COVID-19 and future promising avenues of research are discussed. To demonstrate causality, we stress the need for future epidemiologic studies integrating personal air pollution exposures, detailed clinical COVID-19 data, and a range of socioeconomic factors, as well as in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data ; Air Pollution, Indoor/statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/virology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Weather
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2057370-4
ISSN	1534-6315 ; 1529-7322
ISSN (online)	1534-6315
ISSN	1529-7322
DOI	10.1007/s11882-021-00993-1
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Article ; Online: On the Environmental Determinants of COVID-19 Seasonality.

Choi, Yeon-Woo / Tuel, Alexandre / Eltahir, Elfatih A B

GeoHealth

2021 Volume 5, Issue 6, Page(s) e2021GH000413

Abstract: ... ultraviolet radiation (UV) are probable environmental determinants in shaping the transmission of COVID-19 ... The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19 has emerged as a serious global public health problem after ... the first COVID-19 reports in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It is still unclear whether this novel ...

Abstract	Viral respiratory diseases (VRDs), such as influenza and COVID-19, are thought to spread faster during winter than during summer. It has been previously argued that cold and dry conditions are more conducive to the transmission of VRDs than warm and humid climates, although this relationship appears restricted to temperate regions and the causal relationship is not well understood. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19 has emerged as a serious global public health problem after the first COVID-19 reports in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It is still unclear whether this novel respiratory disease will ultimately prove to be a seasonal endemic disease. Here, we suggest that air drying capacity (ADC; an atmospheric state variable that controls the fate/evolution of the virus-laden droplets) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) are probable environmental determinants in shaping the transmission of COVID-19 at the seasonal time scale. These variables, unlike temperature and humidity, provide a physically based framework consistent with the apparent seasonal variability in COVID-19 and prevalent across a broad range of climates (e.g., Germany and India). Since this disease is known to be influenced by the compounding effect of social, biological, and environmental determinants, this study does not claim that these environmental determinants exclusively shape the seasonality of COVID-19. However, we argue that ADC and UV play a significant role in COVID-19 dynamics at the seasonal scale. These findings could help guide the development of a sound adaptation strategy against the pandemic over the coming seasons.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2471-1403
ISSN (online)	2471-1403
DOI	10.1029/2021GH000413
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Article ; Online: Opportunity and accessibility: an environmental scan of publicly available data repositories to address disparities in healthcare decision-making.

Vinals, Lydia / Radhakrishnan, Amruta / Sarri, Grammati

International journal for equity in health

2024 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 93

Abstract: Background: Health disparities, starkly exposed and exacerbated by coronavirus disease 2019, pose ... decision-making and future health technology assessment submissions.: Methods: An environmental scan was ... performed by two reviewers for each data repository, including health indicators, determinants of health ...

Abstract	Background: Health disparities, starkly exposed and exacerbated by coronavirus disease 2019, pose a significant challenge to healthcare system access and health outcomes. Integrating health inequalities into health technology assessment calls for robust analytical methodologies utilizing disaggregated data to investigate and quantify the scope of these disparities. However, a comprehensive summary of population datasets that can be used for this purpose is lacking. The objective of this review was to identify publicly accessible health inequalities data repositories that are potential resources for healthcare decision-making and future health technology assessment submissions. Methods: An environmental scan was conducted in June of 2023 of six international organizations (World Health Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Eurostat, United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and World Bank) and 38 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. The official websites of 42 jurisdictions, excluding non-English websites and those lacking English translations, were reviewed. Screening and data extraction were performed by two reviewers for each data repository, including health indicators, determinants of health, and health inequality metrics. The results were narratively synthesized. Results: The search identified only a limited number of country-level health inequalities data repositories. The World Health Organization Health Inequality Data Repository emerged as the most comprehensive source of health inequality data. Some country-level data repositories, such as Canada's Health Inequality Data Tool and England's Health Inequality Dashboard, offered rich local insights into determinants of health and numerous health status indicators, including mortality. Data repositories predominantly focused on determinants of health such as age, sex, social deprivation, and geography. Conclusion: Interactive interfaces featuring data exploration and visualization options across diverse patient populations can serve as valuable tools to address health disparities. The data they provide may help inform complex analytical methodologies that integrate health inequality considerations into healthcare decision-making. This may include assessing the feasibility of transporting health inequality data across borders.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data ; Health Services Accessibility ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Decision Making ; Global Health ; Health Status Disparities
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2092056-8
ISSN	1475-9276 ; 1475-9276
ISSN (online)	1475-9276
ISSN	1475-9276
DOI	10.1186/s12939-024-02187-3
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Article ; Online: On the Environmental Determinants of COVID-19 Seasonality

Choi, Yeon-Woo / Tuel, Alexandre / Eltahir, Elfatih A. B.

medRxiv

Abstract: ... that these environmental determinants exclusively shape the seasonality of COVID-19. However, we argue that ADC and UV play ... The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 has emerged as a serious global public health problem ... after the first COVID-19 reports in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It is still unclear whether this novel ...

Abstract	Viral respiratory diseases (VRDs), such as influenza and COVID-19, are thought to spread faster over winter than during summer. It has been previously argued that cold and dry conditions were more conducive to the transmission of VRD than warm and humid climates, although this relationship appears restricted to temperate regions, and the causal relationship is not well understood. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 has emerged as a serious global public health problem after the first COVID-19 reports in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It is still unclear whether this novel respiratory disease will ultimately prove to be a seasonal endemic disease. Here, we suggest that Air Drying Capacity (ADC; an atmospheric state-variable known to control the fate/evolution of the virus-laden droplets) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) are probable environmental determinants in shaping the transmission of COVID-19 at the seasonal time scale. These variables, unlike temperature and humidity, provide a physically-based framework consistent with the apparent seasonal variability in COVID-19 prevalence across a broad range of climates (e.g., Germany and India). Since this disease is known to be influenced by the compounding effect of social, biological, and environmental determinants, this study does not claim that these environmental determinants exclusively shape the seasonality of COVID-19. However, we argue that ADC and UV play a significant role in COVID-19 dynamics at the seasonal scale. These findings could help guide the development of a sound adaptation strategy against the pandemic over the coming seasons.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-03
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.03.01.21252243
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Environmental Factors Influencing COVID-19 Incidence and Severity.

Weaver, Amanda K / Head, Jennifer R / Gould, Carlos F / Carlton, Elizabeth J / Remais, Justin V

Annual review of public health

2022 Volume 43, Page(s) 271–291

Abstract: ... SARS-CoV-2) transmission and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility and severity. Climate ... environmental actions that might simultaneously address the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental determinants ... chemical exposures to COVID-19. Environmental factors were found to influence COVID-19 through four major ...

Abstract	Emerging evidence supports a link between environmental factors-including air pollution and chemical exposures, climate, and the built environment-and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility and severity. Climate, air pollution, and the built environment have long been recognized to influence viral respiratory infections, and studies have established similar associations with COVID-19 outcomes. More limited evidence links chemical exposures to COVID-19. Environmental factors were found to influence COVID-19 through four major interlinking mechanisms: increased risk of preexisting conditions associated with disease severity; immune system impairment; viral survival and transport; and behaviors that increase viral exposure. Both data and methodologic issues complicate the investigation of these relationships, including reliance on coarse COVID-19 surveillance data; gaps in mechanistic studies; and the predominance of ecological designs. We evaluate the strength of evidence for environment-COVID-19 relationships and discuss environmental actions that might simultaneously address the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental determinants of health, and health disparities.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution/adverse effects ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	760917-6
ISSN	1545-2093 ; 0163-7525
ISSN (online)	1545-2093
ISSN	0163-7525
DOI	10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052120-101420
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Article ; Online: The Environmental and Social Determinants of Health Matter in a Pandemic

Maria De Jesus / Shalini S. Ramachandra / Zoe Jafflin / Imani Maliti / Aquilah Daughtery / Benjamin Shapiro / William C. Howell / Monica C. Jackson

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 8416, p

Predictors of COVID-19 Case and Death Rates in New York City

2021 Volume 8416

Abstract: ... of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and death rates in New York City (NYC), the original epicenter ... COVID-19 inequities, it is vital that the NYC government center the environmental and social ... the Bronx had the highest COVID-19 case and death rates, while Manhattan had the lowest rates. Significant ...

Abstract	Our research objective was to determine which environmental and social factors were predictive of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and death rates in New York City (NYC), the original epicenter of the pandemic in the US, and any differential impacts among the boroughs. Data from various sources on the demographic, health, and environmental characteristics for NYC zip codes, neighborhoods, and boroughs were analyzed along with NYC government’s reported case and death rates by zip code. At the time of analysis, the Bronx had the highest COVID-19 case and death rates, while Manhattan had the lowest rates. Significant predictors of a higher COVID-19 case rate were determined to be proportion of residents aged 65 years plus; proportion of residents under 65 years with a disability; proportion of White residents; proportion of residents without health insurance; number of grocery stores; and a higher ozone level. For COVID-19 death rates, predictors include proportion of residents aged 65 years plus; proportion of residents who are not US citizens; proportion on food stamps; proportion of White residents; proportion of residents under 65 years without health insurance; and a higher level of ozone. Results across boroughs were mixed, which highlights the unique demographic, socioeconomic, and community characteristics of each borough. To reduce COVID-19 inequities, it is vital that the NYC government center the environmental and social determinants of health in policies and community-engaged interventions adapted to each borough.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; coronavirus ; death rates ; case rates ; inequities ; New York City ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Disentangling the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Health Disparities in African Americans: Biological, Environmental, and Social Factors.

Saini, Geetanjali / Swahn, Monica H / Aneja, Ritu

Open forum infectious diseases

2021 Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) ofab064

Abstract: The stark racial disparities related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic ... In this article we focus on the African American community and examine how social and environmental determinants ... to the disease, is of grave concern. It is critical to understand and address the underlying causes ...

Abstract	The stark racial disparities related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, wherein minority populations are disproportionately getting infected and succumbing to the disease, is of grave concern. It is critical to understand and address the underlying causes of these disparities that are complex and driven by interacting environmental, social and biological factors. In this article we focus on the African American community and examine how social and environmental determinants of health intersect with biological factors (comorbidities, underlying genetics, host immunity, vitamin D levels, epigenetics) to exacerbate risk for morbidity and mortality.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2757767-3
ISSN	2328-8957
ISSN	2328-8957
DOI	10.1093/ofid/ofab064
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Article ; Online: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors.

Meyerowitz, Eric A / Richterman, Aaron / Gandhi, Rajesh T / Sax, Paul E

Annals of internal medicine

2020 Volume 174, Issue 1, Page(s) 69–79

Abstract: ... disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread globally in a few short months. Substantial evidence now supports ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus ... indicates that respiratory transmission is dominant, with proximity and ventilation being key determinants ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread globally in a few short months. Substantial evidence now supports preliminary conclusions about transmission that can inform rational, evidence-based policies and reduce misinformation on this critical topic. This article presents a comprehensive review of the evidence on transmission of this virus. Although several experimental studies have cultured live virus from aerosols and surfaces hours after inoculation, the real-world studies that detect viral RNA in the environment report very low levels, and few have isolated viable virus. Strong evidence from case and cluster reports indicates that respiratory transmission is dominant, with proximity and ventilation being key determinants of transmission risk. In the few cases where direct contact or fomite transmission is presumed, respiratory transmission has not been completely excluded. Infectiousness peaks around a day before symptom onset and declines within a week of symptom onset, and no late linked transmissions (after a patient has had symptoms for about a week) have been documented. The virus has heterogeneous transmission dynamics: Most persons do not transmit virus, whereas some cause many secondary cases in transmission clusters called "superspreading events." Evidence-based policies and practices should incorporate the accumulating knowledge about transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to help educate the public and slow the spread of this virus.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; COVID-19/transmission ; Equipment Contamination ; Fomites/virology ; Humans ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; RNA, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	336-0
ISSN	1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
ISSN (online)	1539-3704
ISSN	0003-4819
DOI	10.7326/M20-5008
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Article ; Online: International trade as critical parameter of COVID-19 spread that outclasses demographic, economic, environmental, and pollution factors.

Bontempi, E / Coccia, M

Environmental research

2021 Volume 201, Page(s) 111514

Abstract: ... Disease 2019 (COVID-19), generating high numbers of COVID-19 related infected individuals and deaths, is ... of COVID-19 pandemic and similar infectious diseases in society. ... the COVID-19 diffusion that clarify the causes of the variability of infections across different provinces ...

Abstract	The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), generating high numbers of COVID-19 related infected individuals and deaths, is still circulating in 2021 with new variants of the coronavirus, such that the state of emergency remains in manifold countries. Currently, there is still a lack of a full understanding of the factors determining the COVID-19 diffusion that clarify the causes of the variability of infections across different provinces and regions within countries. The main goal of this study is to explain new and main determinants underlying the diffusion of COVID-19 in society. This study focuses on international trade because this factor, in a globalized world, can synthetize different drivers of virus spread, such as mobility patterns, economic potentialities, and social interactions of an investigated areas. A case study research is performed on 107 provinces of Italy, one of the first countries to experience a rapid increase in confirmed cases and deaths. Statistical analyses from March 2020 to February 2021 suggest that total import and export of provinces has a high association with confirmed cases over time (average r > 0.78, p-value <.001). Overall, then, this study suggests total import and export as complex indicator of COVID-19 transmission dynamics that outclasses other common parameters used to justify the COVID-19 spread, given by economic, demographic, environmental, and climate factors. In addition, this study proposes, for the first time, a time-dependent correlation analysis between trade data and COVID-19 infection cases to explain the relation between confirmed cases and social interactions that are a main source of the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent negative impact in society. These novel findings have main theoretical and practical implications directed to include a new parameter in modelling of the diffusion of COVID-19 pandemic to support effective policy responses of crisis management directed to constrain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and similar infectious diseases in society.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Commerce ; Demography ; Humans ; Internationality ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.111514
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Article ; Online: Immunity, Sex Hormones, and Environmental Factors as Determinants of COVID-19 Disparity in Women.

Rehman, Suriya / Ravinayagam, Vijaya / Nahvi, Insha / Aldossary, Hanan / Al-Shammari, Maha / Amiri, Mai Saad Al / Kishore, Uday / Al-Suhaimi, Ebtesam A

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 680845

Abstract: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus ... factors in gender-based disparity pertaining to the mortality and morbidity due to COVID-19 in women has also been ... reported at a higher risk than women. The infectivity, transmissibility, and varying degree of disease ...

Abstract	The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a major global pandemic, causing extreme morbidity and mortality. Few studies appear to suggest a significant impact of gender in morbidity and mortality, where men are reported at a higher risk than women. The infectivity, transmissibility, and varying degree of disease manifestation (mild, modest, and severe) in population studies reinforce the importance of a number of genetic and epigenetic factors, in the context of immune response and gender. The present review dwells on several contributing factors such as a stronger innate immune response, estrogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene, and microbiota, which impart greater resistance to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression in women. In addition, the underlying importance of associated microbiota and certain environmental factors in gender-based disparity pertaining to the mortality and morbidity due to COVID-19 in women has also been addressed.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/mortality ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Global Health ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Healthcare Disparities ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Male ; Microbiota/immunology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Sex Factors
Chemical Substances	Gonadal Steroid Hormones
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.680845
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