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  1. Article ; Online: Reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 or second COVID-19 episodes?

    Cabrera-Gaytán, David Alejandro / Santiago-Espinosa, Oscar / Prieto Torres, María Erandhi

    Public health

    2021  Volume 198, Page(s) e17

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Humans ; Reinfection ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 427333-3
    ISSN 1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
    ISSN (online) 1476-5616
    ISSN 0033-3506
    DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.018
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  2. Article ; Online: Reinfections in COVID-19 Patients

    Aisha Fakhroo / Hebah A. AlKhatib / Asmaa A. Al Thani / Hadi M. Yassine

    Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 1168, p

    Impact of Virus Genetic Variability and Host Immunity

    2021  Volume 1168

    Abstract: ... or vaccination; and (iv) reinfection with a different SARS-CoV-2 variant/lineage. Infections after ... on the rise again. This increase was associated with the emergence and spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 variants ... and the effectiveness of available vaccines. In this review, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is still posing a devastating threat to social life and economics. Despite the modest decrease in the number of cases during September–November 2020, the number of active cases is on the rise again. This increase was associated with the emergence and spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), such as the U.K. (B1.1.7), South Africa (B1.351), Brazil (P1), and Indian (B1.617.2) strains. The rapid spread of these new variants has raised concerns about the multiple waves of infections and the effectiveness of available vaccines. In this review, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates in previously infected and vaccinated individuals in relation to humoral responses. Overall, a limited number of reinfection cases have been reported worldwide, suggesting long protective immunity. Most reinfected patients were asymptomatic during the second episode of infection. Reinfection was attributed to several viral and/or host factors, including (i) underlying immunological comorbidities; (ii) low antibody titers due to the primary infection or vaccination; (iii) rapid decline in antibody response after infection or vaccination; and (iv) reinfection with a different SARS-CoV-2 variant/lineage. Infections after vaccination were also reported on several occasions, but mostly associated with mild or no symptoms. Overall, findings suggest that infection- and vaccine-induced immunity would protect from severe illness, with the vaccine being effective against most VOCs.
    Keywords reinfection ; antibodies ; variants ; coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in children: a prospective national surveillance study between January, 2020, and July, 2021, in England.

    Mensah, Anna A / Campbell, Helen / Stowe, Julia / Seghezzo, Giulia / Simmons, Ruth / Lacy, Joanne / Bukasa, Antoaneta / O'Boyle, Shennae / Ramsay, Mary E / Brown, Kevin / Ladhani, Shamez N

    The Lancet. Child & adolescent health

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 6, Page(s) 384–392

    Abstract: Background: Reinfection after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is uncommon in adults, but little is ... to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in children and compare this with the risk in adults ... to assess reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in children in England, we used national SARS-CoV-2 testing data ...

    Abstract Background: Reinfection after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is uncommon in adults, but little is known about the risks, characteristics, severity, or outcomes of reinfection in children. We aimed to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in children and compare this with the risk in adults, by analysis of national testing data for England.
    Methods: In our prospective, national surveillance study to assess reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in children in England, we used national SARS-CoV-2 testing data to estimate the risk of reinfection at least 90 days after primary infection from Jan 27, 2020, to July, 31, 2021, which encompassed the alpha (B.1.1.7) and delta (B.1.617.2) variant waves in England. Data from children up to age 16 years who met the criteria for reinfection were included. Disease severity was assessed by linking reinfection cases to national hospital admission data, intensive care admission, and death registration datasets.
    Findings: Reinfection rates closely followed community infection rates, with a small peak during the alpha wave and a larger peak during the delta wave. In children aged 16 years and younger, 688 418 primary infections and 2343 reinfections were identified. The overall reinfection rate was 66·88 per 100 000 population, which was higher in adults (72·53 per 100 000) than children (21·53 per 100 000). The reinfection rate after primary infection was 0·68% overall, 0·73% in adults compared with 0·18% in children age younger than 5 years, 0·24% in those aged 5-11 years, and 0·49% in those aged 12-16 years. Of the 109 children admitted to hospital with reinfection, 78 (72%) had comorbidities. Hospital admission rates were similar for the first (64 [2·7%] of 2343) and second episode (57 [2·4%] of 2343) and intensive care admissions were rare (seven children for the first episode and four for reinfections). There were 44 deaths within 28 days after primary infection (0·01%) and none after reinfection.
    Interpretation: The risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is strongly related to exposure due to community infection rates, especially during the delta variant wave. Children had a lower risk of reinfection than did adults, but reinfections were not associated with more severe disease or fatal outcomes.
    Funding: UK Health Security Agency.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Testing ; Child ; England/epidemiology ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Reinfection ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2352-4650
    ISSN (online) 2352-4650
    DOI 10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00059-1
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  4. Article: Reinfections in COVID-19 Patients: Impact of Virus Genetic Variability and Host Immunity.

    Fakhroo, Aisha / AlKhatib, Hebah A / Al Thani, Asmaa A / Yassine, Hadi M

    Vaccines

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 10

    Abstract: ... or vaccination; and (iv) reinfection with a different SARS-CoV-2 variant/lineage. Infections after ... on the rise again. This increase was associated with the emergence and spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 variants ... and the effectiveness of available vaccines. In this review, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is still posing a devastating threat to social life and economics. Despite the modest decrease in the number of cases during September-November 2020, the number of active cases is on the rise again. This increase was associated with the emergence and spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), such as the U.K. (B1.1.7), South Africa (B1.351), Brazil (P1), and Indian (B1.617.2) strains. The rapid spread of these new variants has raised concerns about the multiple waves of infections and the effectiveness of available vaccines. In this review, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates in previously infected and vaccinated individuals in relation to humoral responses. Overall, a limited number of reinfection cases have been reported worldwide, suggesting long protective immunity. Most reinfected patients were asymptomatic during the second episode of infection. Reinfection was attributed to several viral and/or host factors, including (i) underlying immunological comorbidities; (ii) low antibody titers due to the primary infection or vaccination; (iii) rapid decline in antibody response after infection or vaccination; and (iv) reinfection with a different SARS-CoV-2 variant/lineage. Infections after vaccination were also reported on several occasions, but mostly associated with mild or no symptoms. Overall, findings suggest that infection- and vaccine-induced immunity would protect from severe illness, with the vaccine being effective against most VOCs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-12
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2703319-3
    ISSN 2076-393X
    ISSN 2076-393X
    DOI 10.3390/vaccines9101168
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  5. Article ; Online: Systematic Genomic and Clinical Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfections and Recurrences Involving the Same Strain.

    Rodríguez-Grande, Cristina / Alcalá, Luis / Estévez, Agustín / Sola-Campoy, Pedro J / Buenestado-Serrano, Sergio / Martínez-Laperche, Carolina / Manuel de la Cueva, Víctor / Alonso, Roberto / Andrés-Zayas, Cristina / Adán-Jiménez, Javier / Losada, Carmen / Rico-Luna, Carla / Comas, Iñaki / González-Candelas, Fernando / Catalán, Pilar / Muñoz, Patricia / Pérez-Lago, Laura / García de Viedma, Darío

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2021  Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 85–94

    Abstract: ... immunosuppressed. Eighteen (0.04%) cases were reinfections; patients were 19-84 years of age, and most had no ... relevant clinical history. The second episode was more severe in 8 cases. ... Estimates of the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfections are limited ...

    Abstract Estimates of the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfections are limited by the scarcity of population-level studies incorporating genomic support. We conducted a systematic study of reinfections in Madrid, Spain, supported by genomic viral analysis and host genetic analysis, to cleanse laboratory errors and to discriminate between reinfections and recurrences involving the same strain. Among the 41,195 cases diagnosed (March 2020-March 2021), 93 (0.23%) had 2 positive reverse transcription PCR tests (55-346 days apart). After eliminating cases with specimens not stored, of suboptimal sequence quality, or belonging to different persons, we obtained valid data from 22 cases. Of those, 4 (0.01%) cases were recurrences involving the same strain; case-patients were 39-93 years of age, and 3 were immunosuppressed. Eighteen (0.04%) cases were reinfections; patients were 19-84 years of age, and most had no relevant clinical history. The second episode was more severe in 8 cases.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Child, Preschool ; Genomics ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reinfection ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2801.211952
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  6. Article ; Online: Cellular and humoral responses after second and third SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in patients with autoimmune diseases treated with rituximab: specific T cell immunity remains longer and plays a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 reinfections.

    Egri, Natalia / Calderón, Hugo / Martinez, Robert / Vazquez, Mario / Gómez-Caverzaschi, Verónica / Pascal, Mariona / Araújo, Olga / Juan, Manel / González-Navarro, Europa Azucena / Hernández-Rodríguez, José

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1146841

    Abstract: ... from COVID-19 and to protect them against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection once infected or vaccinated.: Objectives ... and T cells against SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein by ELISpot and CoVITEST. All episodes of symptomatic ... from the second and third vaccine dose, IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in six (60%) and eight (80 ...

    Abstract Background: Humoral and cellular immune responses are known to be crucial for patients to recover from COVID-19 and to protect them against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection once infected or vaccinated.
    Objectives: This study aimed to investigate humoral and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with autoimmune diseases after the second and third vaccine doses while on rituximab and their potential protective role against reinfection.
    Methods: Ten COVID-19-naïve patients were included. Three time points were used for monitoring cellular and humoral responses: pre-vaccine to exclude virus exposure (time point 1) and post-second and post-third vaccine (time points 2 and 3). Specific IgG antibodies were monitored by Luminex and T cells against SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein by ELISpot and CoVITEST. All episodes of symptomatic COVID-19 were recorded.
    Results: Nine patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and one with an undifferentiated autoimmune disease were included. Nine patients received mRNA vaccines. The last rituximab infusion was administered for a mean (SD) of 15 (10) weeks before the first vaccine and six patients were CD19-B cell-depleted. After a mean (SD) of 19 (10) and 16 (2) days from the second and third vaccine dose, IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in six (60%) and eight (80%) patients, respectively. All patients developed specific T cell responses by ELISpot and CoVITEST in time points 2 and 3. Previous B cell depletion correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Nine (90%) patients developed mild COVID-19 after a median of 7 months of the third dose.
    Conclusion: Rituximab in patients with autoimmune diseases reduces humoral responses but does not avoid the development of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, which remain present after a booster dose. A steady cellular immunity appears to be protective against subsequent reinfections.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Reinfection ; Rituximab/therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes ; COVID-19 ; Vaccination ; Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy ; Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis ; Immunoglobulin G ; Antibodies, Viral
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Rituximab (4F4X42SYQ6) ; Immunoglobulin G ; Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146841
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  7. Article ; Online: Systematic Genomic and Clinical Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfections and Recurrences Involving the Same Strain

    Cristina Rodríguez-Grande / Luis Alcalá / Agustín Estévez / Pedro J. Sola-Campoy / Sergio Buenestado-Serrano / Carolina Martínez-Laperche / Víctor Manuel de la Cueva / Roberto Alonso / Cristina Andrés-Zayas / Javier Adán-Jiménez / Carmen Losada / Carla Rico-Luna / Iñaki Comas / Fernando González-Candelas / Pilar Catalán / Patricia Muñoz / Laura Pérez-Lago / Darío García de Viedma

    Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 28, Iss 1, Pp 85-

    2022  Volume 94

    Abstract: ... immunosuppressed. Eighteen (0.04%) cases were reinfections; patients were 19–84 years of age, and most had no ... relevant clinical history. The second episode was more severe in 8 cases. ... Estimates of the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfections are limited ...

    Abstract Estimates of the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfections are limited by the scarcity of population-level studies incorporating genomic support. We conducted a systematic study of reinfections in Madrid, Spain, supported by genomic viral analysis and host genetic analysis, to cleanse laboratory errors and to discriminate between reinfections and recurrences involving the same strain. Among the 41,195 cases diagnosed (March 2020–March 2021), 93 (0.23%) had 2 positive reverse transcription PCR tests (55–346 days apart). After eliminating cases with specimens not stored, of suboptimal sequence quality, or belonging to different persons, we obtained valid data from 22 cases. Of those, 4 (0.01%) cases were recurrences involving the same strain; case-patients were 39–93 years of age, and 3 were immunosuppressed. Eighteen (0.04%) cases were reinfections; patients were 19–84 years of age, and most had no relevant clinical history. The second episode was more severe in 8 cases.
    Keywords COVID-19 ; coronavirus disease ; SARS-CoV-2 ; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; viruses ; respiratory infections ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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