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  1. Article: Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Hematologic Malignancies: A Mini-Review.

    Keshavarz, Samaneh / Keshavarz, Somayeh / Ziamajidi, Nasrin / Daei, Sajedeh

    Chonnam medical journal

    2023  Volume 59, Issue 1, Page(s) 24–30

    Abstract: ... the responses to the COVID-19 vaccination. ... The outbreak of the COVID-19 infection has led to the rapidity of vaccine usage in recent years ... Emerging data indicate that the efficacy of vaccination against COVID-19 was about 95 ...

    Abstract The outbreak of the COVID-19 infection has led to the rapidity of vaccine usage in recent years. Emerging data indicate that the efficacy of vaccination against COVID-19 was about 95% in the general population, though its impact is impaired in patients with hematologic malignancies. As such, we decided to research the publications in which the authors reported the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination in patients suffering from hematologic malignancies. We concluded that patients with hematologic malignancies have lower responses, antibody titers as well as an impaired humoral response following vaccination, notably in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoma. Furthermore, it seems that the status of treatment can significantly affect the responses to the COVID-19 vaccination.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-25
    Publishing country Korea (South)
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2536217-3
    ISSN 2233-7393 ; 2233-7385 ; 0377-9564
    ISSN (online) 2233-7393
    ISSN 2233-7385 ; 0377-9564
    DOI 10.4068/cmj.2023.59.1.24
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Immune responses to mRNA-based vaccines given as a third COVID-19 vaccine dose in people living with HIV-a literature review.

    Knudsen, Maria Lodberg / Nielsen, Susanne Dam / Heftdal, Line Dam

    APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica

    2024  Volume 132, Issue 4, Page(s) 236–244

    Abstract: ... evidence of strong humoral immunity in PLWH after receiving an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine as a third dose ... against SARS-CoV-2. In this literature review, we investigate evidence of humoral and cellular immunity ... the third dose. Five studies investigated cellular immunity and found an increased cellular response after ...

    Abstract People living with HIV (PLWH) were not included in the first efficacy studies of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this literature review, we investigate evidence of humoral and cellular immunity after a third dose of an mRNA vaccine in PLWH. We performed a literature search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and SCOPUS published between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022. Selection criteria were studies on immunological responses in PLWH, who were given an mRNA-based vaccine as a third vaccine dose against SARS-CoV-2. Eight articles complied with our selection criteria. All studies found a strong humoral response after the third dose. Five studies investigated cellular immunity and found an increased cellular response after the third vaccine dose in PLWH. No difference in humoral response was observed between PLWH and controls after three doses. However, some of the studies suggested a weaker cellular response among PLWH than in controls, which was associated with lower nadir or current CD4+ T-cell counts. In conclusion, we found evidence of strong humoral immunity in PLWH after receiving an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine as a third dose, while the cellular immunity may be impaired compared to controls.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; mRNA Vaccines ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunity, Cellular ; RNA, Messenger ; HIV Infections ; Antibodies, Viral
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; mRNA Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger ; Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-26
    Publishing country Denmark
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 93340-5
    ISSN 1600-0463 ; 0903-4641
    ISSN (online) 1600-0463
    ISSN 0903-4641
    DOI 10.1111/apm.13379
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: COVID-19 vaccination: Immune response in healthcare workers-A study with review of literature.

    Kumar, Rabish / Singh, Sarika / Chawla, Rohit / Balhara, Kirti / Dhar, Lity

    Indian journal of pathology & microbiology

    2023  Volume 66, Issue 4, Page(s) 758–763

    Abstract: Background: As the world has been going through a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ... Conclusion: This study shows that the antibody index among individuals who had both vaccination and COVID-19 ... were included in the study, and T cell, B cell and antibody response of the HCWs were analyzed ...

    Abstract Background: As the world has been going through a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the past two years, a safe and effective vaccine was urgently needed. Vaccination against the disease was launched in India on January 16, 2021 with healthcare workers, frontline workers, and the elderly above 60 years being the first beneficiaries. Vaccines being used in India are Covishield and Covaxin.
    Materials and methods: Fifteen healthcare workers (HCWs) who were vaccinated with Covishield or Covaxin were included in the study, and T cell, B cell and antibody response of the HCWs were analyzed. Blood samples collected from every subject were sent for antibody analysis, hematological workup for cell counts, and flow cytometry was performed for various subsets of lymphocytes. Hematological variables in naïve HCWs (who never had any natural infection) and recovered HCWs (those recovered from natural infection) were compared.
    Results: Antibody index among recovered HCWs was significantly higher than the naïve HCWs. All the leucocyte parameters showed a higher median value in the recovered group except total leucocyte count (TLC), T helper cell count (Th cell), T helper cell to T cytotoxic cell (Th cell: CTL) ratio and natural killer (NK) cell. But only Th: CTL ratio showed a statistically significant difference.
    Conclusion: This study shows that the antibody index among individuals who had both vaccination and COVID-19 infection is significantly higher than those who just had vaccination. T helper cell to T cytotoxic cell ratio is lowered in the recovered HCWs as compared to the naïve HCWs and this finding is statistically significant.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Humans ; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Vaccination ; Antibodies ; Health Personnel ; Leukocyte Count ; Immunity
    Chemical Substances ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (B5S3K2V0G8) ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Antibodies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-12
    Publishing country India
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197621-7
    ISSN 0974-5130 ; 0377-4929
    ISSN (online) 0974-5130
    ISSN 0377-4929
    DOI 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_126_22
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Immune response in COVID-19: A review.

    Chowdhury, Mohammad Asaduzzaman / Hossain, Nayem / Kashem, Mohammod Abul / Shahid, Md Abdus / Alam, Ashraful

    Journal of infection and public health

    2020  Volume 13, Issue 11, Page(s) 1619–1629

    Abstract: ... from COVID-19; illustrates the process of the immune system, how it works, and its mechanism to fight virus ... and presents information on the most recent COVID-19 treatments and experimental data. Various types ... This review presents a brief overview of the immune system regarding its protection of the human body ...

    Abstract The immune system protects against viruses and diseases and produces antibodies to kill pathogens. This review presents a brief overview of the immune system regarding its protection of the human body from COVID-19; illustrates the process of the immune system, how it works, and its mechanism to fight virus; and presents information on the most recent COVID-19 treatments and experimental data. Various types of potential challenges for the immunes system are also discussed. At the end of the article, foods to consume and avoid are suggested, and physical exercise is encouraged. This article can be used worldwide as a state of the art in this critical moment for promising alternative solutions related to surviving the coronavirus.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptive Immunity ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunization, Passive ; Nutrition Policy ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2467587-8
    ISSN 1876-035X ; 1876-0341
    ISSN (online) 1876-035X
    ISSN 1876-0341
    DOI 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: A review of the effect of COVID-19 on immune responses of the body.

    Hekmatnia, Yasaman / Rahmani, Faeze / Feili, Zohreh / Ebrahimzadeh, Farnoosh

    Journal of family medicine and primary care

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 1624–1632

    Abstract: ... of COVID-19 were searched. The main focus of the reviewed studies was on immune response in COVID-19 ... However, these immune system responses are involved in the progression of COVID-19 to a severe and lethal process ... When the period of COVID-19 in the body increases, the regulation between protective and altered responses will be ...

    Abstract After the world faced the epidemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), novel clinical evidence and genetics related to this virus are emerging. This virus presents a broad range of clinical manifestations that mainly include various asymptomatic infections and severe pneumonia that are followed by multiple organ failures which could lead to death. The immune system has a critical role in the protection of the body against viruses and diseases and the production of antibodies against pathogens. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on immune responses of the body. A comprehensive collection of related clinical trials and reviews on the issue of COVID-19 were searched. The main focus of the reviewed studies was on immune response in COVID-19. In this regard, various databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were reviewed and all related articles from 2010 to 2021 were investigated. All records were searched in the English language and finally records with the highest thematic relevance were included in the main criteria of the study. It is well-known that the immune system's response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus involves all the components of the immune system that are responsible for viral elimination and recovery of the body. However, these immune system responses are involved in the progression of COVID-19 to a severe and lethal process. When the period of COVID-19 in the body increases, the regulation between protective and altered responses will be lost because of exacerbation of the inflammatory components. Therefore, all the responsible factors which affect immunity should be investigated just like that performed in this study.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-14
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2735275-4
    ISSN 2278-7135 ; 2249-4863
    ISSN (online) 2278-7135
    ISSN 2249-4863
    DOI 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_677_21
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: COVID-19-related headache and innate immune response - a narrative review.

    Straburzyński, Marcin / Kuca-Warnawin, Ewa / Waliszewska-Prosół, Marta

    Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska

    2022  Volume 57, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–52

    Abstract: ... disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is generally accepted that this symptom is a form of secondary headache due ... Toll-like receptor 7). Moreover, some data on post-COVID-19 headache and after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 ... of the most compelling is related to innate immune response to viral infection. This rationale is supported ...

    Abstract Headache is one of the most prevalent, although often underreported, symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is generally accepted that this symptom is a form of secondary headache due to systemic viral infection. There are several hypotheses that try to explain its aetiopathogenesis. One of the most compelling is related to innate immune response to viral infection. This rationale is supported by similarities to other viral infections and the temporal overlap between immunological reactions and headache. Moreover, several key factors in innate immunity have been shown to facilitate headache e.g. interferons, interleukin (IL) -1-β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor. There is also a possibility that the virus causes headache by the direct activation of afferents through pattern recognition receptors (i.e. Toll-like receptor 7). Moreover, some data on post-COVID-19 headache and after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests a similar cytokine-mediated pathomechanism in these clinical situations. Future research should look for evidence of causality between particular immune response factors and headache. Identifying key molecules responsible for headache during acute viral infection would be an important step towards managing one of the most prevalent secondary headache disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunity, Innate ; Cytokines ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-27
    Publishing country Poland
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 415519-1
    ISSN 1897-4260 ; 0028-3843
    ISSN (online) 1897-4260
    ISSN 0028-3843
    DOI 10.5603/PJNNS.a2022.0049
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: A comprehensive review on immunogen and immune-response proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their applications in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

    Zhang, Daohong / Kukkar, Deepak / Kim, Ki-Hyun / Bhatt, Poornima

    International journal of biological macromolecules

    2024  Volume 259, Issue Pt 2, Page(s) 129284

    Abstract: ... plasma cells. In this work, we review immunogenic and immune-response proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 ... people as a vaccination to improve their coping ability against COVID-19 through the generation of memory ... COVID-19 are discussed along with the contemporary circumstances and future challenges. ...

    Abstract Exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) prompts humoral immune responses in the human body. As the auxiliary diagnosis of a current infection, the existence of viral proteins can be checked from specific antibodies (Abs) induced by immunogenic viral proteins. For people with a weakened immune system, Ab treatment can help neutralize viral antigens to resist and treat the disease. On the other hand, highly immunogenic viral proteins can serve as effective markers for detecting prior infections. Additionally, the identification of viral particles or the presence of antibodies may help establish an immune defense against the virus. These immunogenic proteins rather than SARS-CoV-2 can be given to uninfected people as a vaccination to improve their coping ability against COVID-19 through the generation of memory plasma cells. In this work, we review immunogenic and immune-response proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 with regard to their classification, origin, and diverse applications (e.g., prevention (vaccine development), diagnostic testing, and treatment (via neutralizing Abs)). Finally, advanced immunization strategies against COVID-19 are discussed along with the contemporary circumstances and future challenges.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use ; Vaccination ; Antigens, Viral ; COVID-19 Testing
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antigens, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 282732-3
    ISSN 1879-0003 ; 0141-8130
    ISSN (online) 1879-0003
    ISSN 0141-8130
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129284
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: The effects of methotrexate on the immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccines in the patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: A systematic review of clinical evidence.

    Al-Haideri, Maysoon T / Mannani, Reza / Kaboli, Roghayyeh / Gharebakhshi, Farshad / Darvishzadehdeldari, Shahram / Tahmasebi, Safa / Faramarzi, Fatemeh / Cotrina-Aliaga, Juan Carlos / Khorasani, Sahar / Alimohammadi, Mina / Darvishi, Mohammad / Akhavan-Sigari, Reza

    Transplant immunology

    2023  Volume 79, Page(s) 101858

    Abstract: ... diseases (IMIDs) remains scarce. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the immune responses to the COVID ... of MTX on immune responses in patients with COVID-19. The PRISMA checklist protocol was applied ... on the effects of immunomodulators on the consequences of COVID-19 in patients with Immune-mediated inflammatory ...

    Abstract COVID-19 vaccines exhibit high levels of immunogenicity in the overall population. Data on the effects of immunomodulators on the consequences of COVID-19 in patients with Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) remains scarce. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccines in IMID patients receiving methotrexate (MTX) compared to healthy individuals. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase up to August 2022 to identify eligible RCTs evaluating the effect of MTX on immune responses in patients with COVID-19. The PRISMA checklist protocol was applied for the quality assessment of the selected trials. Our findings demonstrated that MTX lowered the responses of T cells and antibodies in IMID patients compared to healthy controls. We also discovered that young age (<60 years) was the main parameter influencing the antibody response after vaccination, while MTX had little effect. Following vaccination, MTX-hold and age were considered the main factors influencing the antibody response. In patients older than 60 years of age, the time point of 10 days of MTX discontinuation was critical to boosting the humoral response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Because many IMID patients did not have adequate humoral and cellular responses, our findings highlighted the importance of second or booster doses of vaccine and temporary MTX discontinuation. As a result, it implies that individuals with IMIDs should be subjected to more research, particularly humoral and cellular immunity efficiency trials after COVID-19 vaccination, until credible information is achieved.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Middle Aged ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 ; Methotrexate/therapeutic use ; Immunomodulating Agents ; Immunoglobulin G ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunity, Cellular
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Methotrexate (YL5FZ2Y5U1) ; Immunomodulating Agents ; Immunoglobulin G ; Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-24
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1160846-8
    ISSN 1878-5492 ; 0966-3274
    ISSN (online) 1878-5492
    ISSN 0966-3274
    DOI 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101858
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: COVID-19 and the Concept of Thrombo-Inflammation: Review of the Relationship between Immune Response, Endothelium and Coagulation.

    de Maistre, Emmanuel / Savard, Philippe / Guinot, Pierre-Gregoire

    Journal of clinical medicine

    2023  Volume 12, Issue 23

    Abstract: ... Widespread vaccination and post-COVID-19 immunization allows control over the severity of this pandemic ... COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has revealed a complex interplay between inflammation and ... that COVID-19 is not solely a respiratory illness, but a systemic disease with significant vascular and ...

    Abstract COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has revealed a complex interplay between inflammation and coagulation, leading to the emergence of the concept of thrombo-inflammation. This concept recognizes that COVID-19 is not solely a respiratory illness, but a systemic disease with significant vascular and hematological components. COVID-19 is associated with an unusual prothrombotic state, with intense endothelial activation leading to vasculopathy, cytokine storm, complement system activation and a hypercoagulability state (the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade, impaired fibrinolysis). The aim of this review is to discuss the different pathological pathways described in COVID-19 that lead to thromboembolic events. Widespread vaccination and post-COVID-19 immunization allows control over the severity of this pandemic. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can improve the management of frail patients who are hospitalized in intensive care units.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2662592-1
    ISSN 2077-0383
    ISSN 2077-0383
    DOI 10.3390/jcm12237245
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: COVID-19: The Course, Vaccination and Immune Response in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Review.

    Bazylewicz, Marcin / Gudowska-Sawczuk, Monika / Mroczko, Barbara / Kochanowicz, Jan / Kułakowska, Alina

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2023  Volume 24, Issue 11

    Abstract: ... symptoms, course, and mortality of COVID-19 as well as immune response to vaccinations against COVID-19 ... When the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) appeared, it was unknown what impact it would have ... of infection, hospitalization, symptoms, and mortality due to COVID-19, mostly similar to the general population. The presence ...

    Abstract When the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) appeared, it was unknown what impact it would have on the condition of patients with autoimmunological disorders. Attention was focused on the course of infection in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS), specially treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) or glucocorticoids. The impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on the occurrence of MS relapses or pseudo-relapses was important. This review focuses on the risk, symptoms, course, and mortality of COVID-19 as well as immune response to vaccinations against COVID-19 in patients with MS (PwMS). We searched the PubMed database according to specific criteria. PwMS have the risk of infection, hospitalization, symptoms, and mortality due to COVID-19, mostly similar to the general population. The presence of comorbidities, male sex, a higher degree of disability, and older age increase the frequency and severity of the COVID-19 course in PwMS. For example, it was reported that anti-CD20 therapy is probably associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. After SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, MS patients acquire humoral and cellular immunity, but the degree of immune response depends on applied DMTs. Additional studies are necessary to corroborate these findings. However, indisputably, some PwMS need special attention within the context of COVID-19.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Immunity, Cellular ; Multiple Sclerosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms24119231
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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