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  1. Article ; Online: Schizotypy from a developmental perspective.

    Debbané, Martin / Barrantes-Vidal, Neus

    Schizophrenia bulletin

    2015  Volume 41 Suppl 2, Page(s) S386–95

    Abstract: ... conceptualizations of schizotypy. Finally, we present a developmental psychopathology perspective of schizotypy ... article, we wish to convey some of the basic developmental tenets of schizotypy, and how they can inform ... that the consolidation of schizotypy, encompassing its 3 main dimensions, could be considered as a developmental mediator ...

    Abstract The schizotypy construct focuses attention on the liability to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, yet traditionally, the schizotypy models have put more emphasis on stress-vulnerability interactions rather than developmental dynamics of emerging risk for psychopathology. Indeed, developmental accounts of this emerging personality trait have rarely been explicitly formulated. In this position article, we wish to convey some of the basic developmental tenets of schizotypy, and how they can inform high-risk research. Firstly, we tackle the state vs trait issue to outline the possible relationship between high-risk states and trait schizotypy. Second, we review the evidence suggesting that the consolidation of schizotypy, encompassing its 3 main dimensions, could be considered as a developmental mediator between very early risk factors and transition into high-risk states. Importantly, developmental dynamics between endophenotypes, as well as transactional and epigenetics mechanisms should enter modern conceptualizations of schizotypy. Finally, we present a developmental psychopathology perspective of schizotypy sensitive to both the multifinality and equifinality of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. We conclude that schizotypy represents a crucial construct in a fully-developmental study of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Progression ; Disease Susceptibility/physiopathology ; Endophenotypes ; Humans ; Personality Development ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 439173-1
    ISSN 1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
    ISSN (online) 1745-1701
    ISSN 0586-7614
    DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbu175
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Schizotypy. A developmental perspective

    Debbané, Martin

    (In: Mason, Oliver J.; Claridge, Gordon (Ed.), Schizotypy. New dimensions (pp. 83-98). London: Routledge)

    2015  

    Abstract: Presented a developmental perspective on schizotypy research. The authors argue ... that a developmental account of trait schizotypy could play an important role in determining both research and clinical ... The developmental schizotypy account appears to be better equipped in facing the clinical heterogeneity ...

    Title translation Schizotypie. Eine Entwicklungsperspektive
    Series title In: Mason, Oliver J.; Claridge, Gordon (Ed.), Schizotypy. New dimensions (pp. 83-98). London: Routledge
    Abstract Presented a developmental perspective on schizotypy research. The authors argue that a developmental account of trait schizotypy could play an important role in determining both research and clinical targets. Possible links between the schizotypal account of risk and the contemporary ultra-high risk (UHR) and basic symptoms risk accounts were emphasized. The rationale for conceptualizing schizotypy as a developmental trait risk with a distal risk factor for the development of psychotic disorders was presented. The schizotypy risk account (as opposed to state risk accounts) is considered better suited for the identification of developmental interactions that construe the liability to develop psychotic disorders. The developmental schizotypy account appears to be better equipped in facing the clinical heterogeneity of developing psychotic disorders and could significantly help in elaborating meaningful early intervention strategies.
    Keywords Etiology ; Human Development ; Krankheitsbeginn ; Menschliche Entwicklung ; Onset (Disorders) ; Pathologie ; Pathology ; Psychose ; Psychosis ; Risikofaktoren ; Risk Factors ; Schizotypie ; Schizotypy ; Ätiologie
    Language English
    Document type Article
    Database PSYNDEX

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  3. Article ; Online: Working memory and sensory memory in subclinical high schizotypy: An avenue for understanding schizophrenia?

    Haigh, Sarah M / Berryhill, Marian E / Kilgore-Gomez, Alexandrea / Dodd, Michael

    The European journal of neuroscience

    2023  Volume 57, Issue 9, Page(s) 1577–1596

    Abstract: ... in those with schizophrenia-related traits (schizotypy) in the general population can accelerate progress in understanding ... their smaller effects in individuals with nonclinical schizotypy. Third, we note irregularities across research ... particularly when focusing on schizotypy where data are either scarce or inconsistent. Together, this review ...

    Abstract The search for robust, reliable biomarkers of schizophrenia remains a high priority in psychiatry. Biomarkers are valuable because they can reveal the underlying mechanisms of symptoms and monitor treatment progress and may predict future risk of developing schizophrenia. Despite the existence of various promising biomarkers that relate to symptoms across the schizophrenia spectrum, and despite published recommendations encouraging multivariate metrics, they are rarely investigated simultaneously within the same individuals. In those with schizophrenia, the magnitude of purported biomarkers is complicated by comorbid diagnoses, medications and other treatments. Here, we argue three points. First, we reiterate the importance of assessing multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Second, we argue that investigating biomarkers in those with schizophrenia-related traits (schizotypy) in the general population can accelerate progress in understanding the mechanisms of schizophrenia. We focus on biomarkers of sensory and working memory in schizophrenia and their smaller effects in individuals with nonclinical schizotypy. Third, we note irregularities across research domains leading to the current situation in which there is a preponderance of data on auditory sensory memory and visual working memory, but markedly less in visual (iconic) memory and auditory working memory, particularly when focusing on schizotypy where data are either scarce or inconsistent. Together, this review highlights opportunities for researchers without access to clinical populations to address gaps in knowledge. We conclude by highlighting the theory that early sensory memory deficits contribute negatively to working memory and vice versa. This presents a mechanistic perspective where biomarkers may interact with one another and impact schizophrenia-related symptoms.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Memory, Short-Term ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/complications ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Biomarkers
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-22
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 645180-9
    ISSN 1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
    ISSN (online) 1460-9568
    ISSN 0953-816X
    DOI 10.1111/ejn.15961
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: A Developmental Study of Mirror-Gazing-Induced Anomalous Self-Experiences and Self-Reported Schizotypy from 7 to 28 Years of Age.

    Derome, Mélodie / Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo / Caputo, Giovanni Battista / Debbané, Martin

    Psychopathology

    2021  Volume 55, Issue 1, Page(s) 49–61

    Abstract: ... Results: Results confirmed the developmental trajectory of the different schizotypy dimensions ... through a developmental approach and links the concept of schizotypy with processes of perceptual self-distortions. ... traits on proneness to experiencing induced ASEs from a developmental perspective, from childhood ...

    Abstract Introduction: The mirror-gazing task (MGT) is an experimental paradigm inducing anomalous perceptions and anomalous experiences of self-face (ASEs) in the general population, ranging from changes in light and color, to face deformation, to experiencing one's specular image as another identity. Subclinical ASEs have been related to the emergence of the risk for developing psychotic disorders, and inducing such states in the general population could shed light on the factors underlying interindividual differences in proneness to these phenomena. We aimed to examine the influence of schizotypal personality traits on proneness to experiencing induced ASEs from a developmental perspective, from childhood to adulthood.
    Methods: Two hundred and sixteen children, adolescents, and young adults participated in the MGT, and their schizotypal personality traits were assessed with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Statistical analyses assessed the relationship between schizotypy dimensions and induced ASEs, and we further tested their dynamic relationship as function of age (from childhood to adulthood).
    Results: Results confirmed the developmental trajectory of the different schizotypy dimensions, with scores peaking during adolescence, and proneness to induced ASEs seemed to follow a similar developmental trajectory. Moreover, positive (p = 0.001) and disorganized (p = 0.004) dimensions were found to contribute to the proneness to experiencing induced ASEs. Finally, the developmental model showed that positive schizotypy (p = 0.035) uniquely distinguished between experiencing other-identity phenomena between childhood and adulthood.
    Conclusion: This study has the potential to inform research on early detection of psychosis through a developmental approach and links the concept of schizotypy with processes of perceptual self-distortions.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Personality ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder ; Self Report ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-28
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605604-0
    ISSN 1423-033X ; 0254-4962
    ISSN (online) 1423-033X
    ISSN 0254-4962
    DOI 10.1159/000520984
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  5. Article ; Online: Developing psychosis and its risk states through the lens of schizotypy.

    Debbané, Martin / Eliez, Stephan / Badoud, Deborah / Conus, Philippe / Flückiger, Rahel / Schultze-Lutter, Frauke

    Schizophrenia bulletin

    2015  Volume 41 Suppl 2, Page(s) S396–407

    Abstract: ... needed to better define the position of the construct of schizotypy within a developmental ... Starting from the early descriptions of Kraepelin and Bleuler, the construct of schizotypy was ... detection of psychosis. The schizotypy construct, now dissociated from strict familial risk, also informed ...

    Abstract Starting from the early descriptions of Kraepelin and Bleuler, the construct of schizotypy was developed from observations of aberrations in nonpsychotic family members of schizophrenia patients. In contemporary diagnostic manuals, the positive symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder were included in the ultra high-risk (UHR) criteria 20 years ago, and nowadays are broadly employed in clinical early detection of psychosis. The schizotypy construct, now dissociated from strict familial risk, also informed research on the liability to develop any psychotic disorder, and in particular schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, even outside clinical settings. Against the historical background of schizotypy it is surprising that evidence from longitudinal studies linking schizotypy, UHR, and conversion to psychosis has only recently emerged; and it still remains unclear how schizotypy may be positioned in high-risk research. Following a comprehensive literature search, we review 18 prospective studies on 15 samples examining the evidence for a link between trait schizotypy and conversion to psychosis in 4 different types of samples: general population, clinical risk samples according to UHR and/or basic symptom criteria, genetic (familial) risk, and clinical samples at-risk for a nonpsychotic schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. These prospective studies underline the value of schizotypy in high-risk research, but also point to the lack of evidence needed to better define the position of the construct of schizotypy within a developmental psychopathology perspective of emerging psychosis and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Susceptibility/diagnosis ; Humans ; Prodromal Symptoms ; Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 439173-1
    ISSN 1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
    ISSN (online) 1745-1701
    ISSN 0586-7614
    DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbu176
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Developing psychosis and its risk states through the lens of schizotypy

    Debbané, Martin / Eliez, Stephan / Badoud, Deborah / Conus, Philippe / Flückiger, Rahel / Schultze-Lutter, Frauke

    Schizophrenia Bulletin

    2015  Volume 41, Issue 2, Page(s) S396–S407

    Abstract: ... needed to better define the position of the construct of schizotypy within a developmental ... Starting from the early descriptions of Kraepelin and Bleuler, the construct of schizotypy was ... detection of psychosis. The schizotypy construct, now dissociated from strict familial risk, also informed ...

    Abstract Starting from the early descriptions of Kraepelin and Bleuler, the construct of schizotypy was developed from observations of aberrations in nonpsychotic family members of schizophrenia patients. In contemporary diagnostic manuals, the positive symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder were included in the ultra high-risk (UHR) criteria 20 years ago, and nowadays are broadly employed in clinical early detection of psychosis. The schizotypy construct, now dissociated from strict familial risk, also informed research on the liability to develop any psychotic disorder, and in particular schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, even outside clinical settings. Against the historical background of schizotypy it is surprising that evidence from longitudinal studies linking schizotypy, UHR, and conversion to psychosis has only recently emerged; and it still remains unclear how schizotypy may be positioned in high-risk research. Following a comprehensive literature search, we review 18 prospective studies on 15 samples examining the evidence for a link between trait schizotypy and conversion to psychosis in 4 different types of samples: general population, clinical risk samples according to UHR and/or basic symptom criteria, genetic (familial) risk, and clinical samples at-risk for a nonpsychotic schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. These prospective studies underline the value of schizotypy in high-risk research, but also point to the lack of evidence needed to better define the position of the construct of schizotypy within a developmental psychopathology perspective of emerging psychosis and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
    Keywords At Risk Populations ; Etiology ; Prodrome ; Risikofaktoren ; Risikogruppen ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia ; Schizophrenie ; Schizotypie ; Schizotypy ; Ätiologie
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 439173-1
    ISSN 1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
    ISSN (online) 1745-1701
    ISSN 0586-7614
    DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbu176
    Database PSYNDEX

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  7. Article: Investigating the role of alexithymia on the empathic deficits found in schizotypy and autism spectrum traits.

    Aaron, Rachel V / Benson, Taylor L / Park, Sohee

    Personality and individual differences

    2015  Volume 77, Page(s) 215–220

    Abstract: ... alexithymia represents one possible mechanism for the development of empathic deficits in these populations ... students. Specifically, we examined higher-order components of empathic processing that involve perspective ... These results are consistent with the perspective that awareness of one's own emotional state may predicate ...

    Abstract Alexithymia, the inability to identify and describe one's emotional experience, is elevated in many clinical populations, and related to poor interpersonal functioning. Alexithymia is also associated with empathic deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Accordingly, a better understanding of alexithymia could elucidate the nature of social-cognitive deficits transdiagnostically. We investigated alexithymia and components of empathy in relation to schizotypal and autism spectrum traits in healthy college students. Specifically, we examined higher-order components of empathic processing that involve perspective taking and other-oriented concern, which are reduced in alexithymia. Higher-order empathic processing was inversely correlated with both schizotypal and autism spectrum traits. Bootstrapping techniques revealed that alexithymia had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between higher-order empathy and these personality traits; thus, alexithymia contributes uniquely to their relationship. These findings suggest alexithymia represents one possible mechanism for the development of empathic deficits in these populations. These results are consistent with the perspective that awareness of one's own emotional state may predicate a successful empathic response to another's. This work highlights the importance of a consideration of alexithymia in elucidating the nature of empathic deficits in various clinical populations, and points to a potential point of social intervention.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 625323-4
    ISSN 0191-8869
    ISSN 0191-8869
    DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.032
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Developmental instability and schizotypy.

    Rosa, A / van Os, J / Fañanás, L / Barrantes, N / Caparrós, B / Gutiérrez, B / Obiols, J

    Schizophrenia research

    2000  Volume 43, Issue 2-3, Page(s) 125–134

    Abstract: ... lateralisation in schizophrenia can be best understood from the perspective of developmental stability (DS ... dimension of schizotypy may be associated with early developmental instability, resembling the pattern seen ... Introduction: It has been suggested that evidence of developmental disturbance of cognition and ...

    Abstract Introduction: It has been suggested that evidence of developmental disturbance of cognition and lateralisation in schizophrenia can be best understood from the perspective of developmental stability (DS), an indicator of the extent to which an individual develops according to a specified ontogenic programme in the presence of environmental noise. Higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA; the difference between right and left side of a quantitative morphological trait such as dermatoglyphics) are thought to reflect less DS. We examined this issue for dimensions of schizotypy.
    Methods: Associations between FA, measures of laterality and cognitive function on the one hand, and negative and positive dimensions of schizotypy on the other, were examined in a sample of 260 healthy adolescents aged 11.9-15.6years. FA was measured as a-b ridge count right-left differences. Neuropsychological measures yielded a general cognitive ability score and a frontal function score. Laterality was assessed with the Annett scale.
    Results: Measures of psychosis proneness were normally distributed. Negative schizotypy was associated with more FA and lower general cognitive ability in a dose-response fashion. The association with FA was more apparent in boys. No associations existed with laterality or frontal function.
    Conclusion: The negative dimension of schizotypy may be associated with early developmental instability, resembling the pattern seen in the negative symptom dimension of schizophrenia. Measures of fluctuating asymmetry may be more sensitive with regard to the schizotypy phenotype than measures of laterality.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Child ; Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis ; Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology ; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/physiopathology ; Spain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-06-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639422-x
    ISSN 1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
    ISSN (online) 1573-2509
    ISSN 0920-9964
    DOI 10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00149-8
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  9. Article: A Janusian perspective on the nature, development and structure of schizophrenia and schizotypy.

    Gruzelier, John

    Schizophrenia research

    2002  Volume 54, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 95–103

    Abstract: ... to asymmetry). The three syndromes have developmental associations including immune competence, ventricular ... Replication of the syndromal structure in psychometric schizotypy indicates that syndrome expression is based ...

    Abstract A personal review is presented of the functional basis of activation, withdrawal and unreality, individual differences in schizophrenia that Venables et al. pioneered. Activated and withdrawn syndromes were delineated from the totality of symptoms by classifying unmedicated patients on the basis of lateral asymmetries in electrodermal responses. A neuropsychological syndrome translation led to a syndrome hemispheric imbalance model supported by a literature review disclosing widespread cortical and infracortical involvement extending to motoneurone excitability, with validation from tests of learning, memory and evoked responses including the P300. It is contended that the centrality of arousal, the extensive substrate and the evidence of asymmetry modification with recovery and treatment all implicate specific and nonspecific thalamo-cortical systems whose uncoupling may lead to dysfunction of input, cognition and to unreality symptoms (found inconsistently related to asymmetry). The three syndromes have developmental associations including immune competence, ventricular changes and lateral asymmetry, putative regressive neuronal changes in connectivity and electrocortical measures of connectivity, as well as sensory gating and anomalies of P50 suppression and habituation. Replication of the syndromal structure in psychometric schizotypy indicates that syndrome expression is based on the premorbid personality, compatible with evidence of early determinants of the approach/withdrawal balance in social encounters. Functional considerations for the nature of schizophrenia support neurophysiological approaches to treatment such as neurofeedback.
    MeSH term(s) Arousal/physiology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology ; Feedback/physiology ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Nerve Net/physiopathology ; Puberty/physiology ; Puberty/psychology ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/physiopathology ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-01-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Festschrift ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639422-x
    ISSN 1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
    ISSN (online) 1573-2509
    ISSN 0920-9964
    DOI 10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00356-5
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  10. Article: Sexually deviant behavior and schizotypy: a theoretical perspective with supportive data.

    Henderson, M C / Kalichman, S C

    The Psychiatric quarterly

    1990  Volume 61, Issue 4, Page(s) 273–284

    Abstract: ... which indicates signs of thought disturbances among some sex offenders are reviewed in the context schizotypy ... offender populations. In the present paper, we utilize the growing literature on schizotypic personality ...

    Abstract Sexual offenses against adults and children continue to increase annually. Although theory and research have helped explain the personality functioning and motivation of sexual offenders, most treatment approaches have been found to have high recidivism rates and have failed to address the heterogeneity of sex offender populations. In the present paper, we utilize the growing literature on schizotypic personality organization to describe a subgroup of sex offenders. Data from the sex offender personality literature which indicates signs of thought disturbances among some sex offenders are reviewed in the context schizotypy. We conclude that treatment programs which address the heterogeneity of sex offenders and employ interventions to treat cognitive disturbances will likely result in greater efficacy.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; MMPI ; Paraphilic Disorders/diagnosis ; Paraphilic Disorders/psychology ; Personality Development ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology ; Sex Offenses/psychology ; Thinking
    Language English
    Publishing date 1990
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 207521-0
    ISSN 1573-6709 ; 0033-2720
    ISSN (online) 1573-6709
    ISSN 0033-2720
    DOI 10.1007/bf01064867
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