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Article: Mechanisms of elongation in embryogenesis.

Keller, Ray

2006 Volume 133, Issue 12, Page(s) 2291–2302

Abstract: ... these questions. Fiber-wound, hydraulic mechanisms of elongation highlight the importance ... Here, I discuss selected examples of elongation in embryogenesis to identify common and unique ... mechanisms, useful questions for further work, and new systems that offer opportunities for answering ...

Abstract	Here, I discuss selected examples of elongation in embryogenesis to identify common and unique mechanisms, useful questions for further work, and new systems that offer opportunities for answering these questions. Fiber-wound, hydraulic mechanisms of elongation highlight the importance of biomechanical linkages of otherwise unrelated cellular behaviors during elongation. Little-studied examples of elongation by cell intercalation offer opportunities to study new aspects of this mode of elongation. Elongation by oriented cell division highlights the problem of mitotic spindle orientation and the maintenance of cell-packing patterns in anisotropic force environments. The balance of internal cell-adhesion and external traction forces emerges as a key issue in the formation of elongate structures from compact ones by directed migration.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Division/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/anatomy & histology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Embryonic Development/physiology ; Female ; Malpighian Tubules/anatomy & histology ; Malpighian Tubules/embryology ; Morphogenesis ; Notochord/anatomy & histology ; Notochord/physiology ; Ovary/anatomy & histology ; Ovary/embryology ; Stress, Mechanical
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	90607-4
ISSN	1477-9129 ; 0950-1991
ISSN (online)	1477-9129
ISSN	0950-1991
DOI	10.1242/dev.02406
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Article ; Online: Cold-induced secondary dormancy and its regulatory mechanisms in Beta vulgaris.

Hourston, James E / Steinbrecher, Tina / Chandler, Jake O / Pérez, Marta / Dietrich, Katrin / Turečková, Veronika / Tarkowská, Danuše / Strnad, Miroslav / Weltmeier, Fridtjof / Meinhard, Juliane / Fischer, Uwe / Fiedler-Wiechers, Karin / Ignatz, Michael / Leubner-Metzger, Gerhard

Plant, cell & environment

2022 Volume 45, Issue 4, Page(s) 1315–1332

Abstract: ... environmental sensors to adjust their sensitivity thresholds for germination by dormancy mechanisms. Here ... of an apparently nondormant crop species. The physiological and biophysical mechanisms underpinning this cold ... maturation programmes is proposed. The revealed mechanisms of the cold-induced secondary dormancy are ...

Abstract	The dynamic behaviour of seeds in soil seed banks depends on their ability to act as sophisticated environmental sensors to adjust their sensitivity thresholds for germination by dormancy mechanisms. Here we show that prolonged incubation of sugar beet fruits at low temperature (chilling at 5°C, generally known to release seed dormancy of many species) can induce secondary nondeep physiological dormancy of an apparently nondormant crop species. The physiological and biophysical mechanisms underpinning this cold-induced secondary dormancy include the chilling-induced accumulation of abscisic acid in the seeds, a reduction in the embryo growth potential and a block in weakening of the endosperm covering the embryonic root. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns in the different temperature regimes and upon secondary dormancy induction and maintenance. The chilling caused reduced expression of cell wall remodelling protein genes required for embryo cell elongation growth and endosperm weakening, as well as increased expression of seed maturation genes, such as for late embryogenesis abundant proteins. A model integrating the hormonal signalling and master regulator expression with the temperature-control of seed dormancy and maturation programmes is proposed. The revealed mechanisms of the cold-induced secondary dormancy are important for climate-smart agriculture and food security.
MeSH term(s)	Abscisic Acid/metabolism ; Beta vulgaris/genetics ; Germination/physiology ; Plant Dormancy/genetics ; Seeds/physiology
Chemical Substances	Abscisic Acid (72S9A8J5GW)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391893-2
ISSN	1365-3040 ; 0140-7791
ISSN (online)	1365-3040
ISSN	0140-7791
DOI	10.1111/pce.14264
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Article: Cold‐induced secondary dormancy and its regulatory mechanisms in Beta vulgaris

Hourston, James E. / Steinbrecher, Tina / Chandler, Jake O. / Pérez, Marta / Dietrich, Katrin / Turečková, Veronika / Tarkowská, Danuše / Strnad, Miroslav / Weltmeier, Fridtjof / Meinhard, Juliane / Fischer, Uwe / Fiedler‐Wiechers, Karin / Ignatz, Michael / Leubner‐Metzger, Gerhard

Plant, cell and environment. 2022 Apr., v. 45, no. 4

2022

Abstract	The dynamic behaviour of seeds in soil seed banks depends on their ability to act as sophisticated environmental sensors to adjust their sensitivity thresholds for germination by dormancy mechanisms. Here we show that prolonged incubation of sugar beet fruits at low temperature (chilling at 5°C, generally known to release seed dormancy of many species) can induce secondary nondeep physiological dormancy of an apparently nondormant crop species. The physiological and biophysical mechanisms underpinning this cold‐induced secondary dormancy include the chilling‐induced accumulation of abscisic acid in the seeds, a reduction in the embryo growth potential and a block in weakening of the endosperm covering the embryonic root. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns in the different temperature regimes and upon secondary dormancy induction and maintenance. The chilling caused reduced expression of cell wall remodelling protein genes required for embryo cell elongation growth and endosperm weakening, as well as increased expression of seed maturation genes, such as for late embryogenesis abundant proteins. A model integrating the hormonal signalling and master regulator expression with the temperature‐control of seed dormancy and maturation programmes is proposed. The revealed mechanisms of the cold‐induced secondary dormancy are important for climate‐smart agriculture and food security.
Keywords	Beta vulgaris ; abscisic acid ; cell growth ; cell walls ; climate-smart agriculture ; crops ; endosperm ; environment ; food security ; gene expression ; germination ; models ; seed dormancy ; seed maturation ; soil ; sugar beet ; temperature ; transcriptomics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Size	p. 1315-1332.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	391893-2
ISSN	1365-3040 ; 0140-7791
ISSN (online)	1365-3040
ISSN	0140-7791
DOI	10.1111/pce.14264
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Article ; Online: Epigenetic mechanisms underlie the crosstalk between growth factors and a steroid hormone.

Enuka, Yehoshua / Feldman, Morris E / Chowdhury, Animesh / Srivastava, Swati / Lindzen, Moshit / Sas-Chen, Aldema / Massart, Renaud / Cheishvili, David / Suderman, Matthew J / Zaltsman, Yoav / Mazza, Chiara A / Shukla, Kirti / Körner, Cindy / Furth, Noa / Lauriola, Mattia / Oren, Moshe / Wiemann, Stefan / Szyf, Moshe / Yarden, Yosef

Nucleic acids research

2017

Abstract: ... in pathology, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our data from mammary cells imply that the crosstalk ... Crosstalk between growth factors (GFs) and steroid hormones recurs in embryogenesis and is co-opted ... of the GC receptor to DNA and, in synergy with GCs, promote productive RNAPII elongation. Reciprocally ...

Abstract	Crosstalk between growth factors (GFs) and steroid hormones recurs in embryogenesis and is co-opted in pathology, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our data from mammary cells imply that the crosstalk between the epidermal GF and glucocorticoids (GCs) involves transcription factors like p53 and NF-κB, along with reduced pausing and traveling of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at both promoters and bodies of GF-inducible genes. Essentially, GCs inhibit positive feedback loops activated by GFs and stimulate the reciprocal inhibitory loops. As expected, no alterations in DNA methylation accompany the transcriptional events instigated by either stimulus, but forced demethylation of regulatory regions broadened the repertoire of GF-inducible genes. We report that enhancers, like some promoters, are poised for activation by GFs and GCs. In addition, within the cooperative interface of the crosstalk, GFs enhance binding of the GC receptor to DNA and, in synergy with GCs, promote productive RNAPII elongation. Reciprocally, within the antagonistic interface GFs hyper-acetylate chromatin at unmethylated promoters and enhancers of genes involved in motility, but GCs hypoacetylate the corresponding regions. In conclusion, unmethylated genomic regions that encode feedback regulatory modules and differentially recruit RNAPII and acetylases/deacetylases underlie the crosstalk between GFs and a steroid hormone.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	186809-3
ISSN	1362-4962 ; 1362-4954 ; 0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
ISSN (online)	1362-4962 ; 1362-4954
ISSN	0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
DOI	10.1093/nar/gkx865
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Article: Dynamics and mechanisms of posterior axis elongation in the vertebrate embryo

Bénazéraf, Bertrand

Cellular and molecular life sciences. 2019 Jan., v. 76, no. 1

2019

Abstract: ... the posterior part of the embryonic body. This multi-tissue framework does not only concern axis elongation ...

Abstract	During development, the vertebrate embryo undergoes significant morphological changes which lead to its future body form and functioning organs. One of these noticeable changes is the extension of the body shape along the antero-posterior (A–P) axis. This A–P extension, while taking place in multiple embryonic tissues of the vertebrate body, involves the same basic cellular behaviors: cell proliferation, cell migration (of new progenitors from a posterior stem zone), and cell rearrangements. However, the nature and the relative contribution of these different cellular behaviors to A–P extension appear to vary depending upon the tissue in which they take place and on the stage of embryonic development. By focusing on what is known in the neural and mesodermal tissues of the bird embryo, I review the influences of cellular behaviors in posterior tissue extension. In this context, I discuss how changes in distinct cell behaviors can be coordinated at the tissue level (and between tissues) to synergize, build, and elongate the posterior part of the embryonic body. This multi-tissue framework does not only concern axis elongation, as it could also be generalized to morphogenesis of any developing organs.
Keywords	birds ; cell movement ; cell proliferation ; embryogenesis ; morphogenesis ; tissues
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-01
Size	p. 89-98.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
Note	Review
ZDB-ID	1358415-7
ISSN	1420-9071 ; 1420-682X
ISSN (online)	1420-9071
ISSN	1420-682X
DOI	10.1007/s00018-018-2927-4
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Article ; Online: Sterol Methyl Oxidases Affect Embryo Development via Auxin-Associated Mechanisms.

Zhang, Xia / Sun, Shuangli / Nie, Xiang / Boutté, Yohann / Grison, Magali / Li, Panpan / Kuang, Susu / Men, Shuzhen

Plant physiology

2016 Volume 171, Issue 1, Page(s) 468–482

Abstract: Sterols are essential molecules for multiple biological processes, including embryogenesis ... cell elongation, and endocytosis. The plant sterol biosynthetic pathway is unique in the involvement of two ... accumulation, auxin response, and PIN1 expression to regulate Arabidopsis embryogenesis and postembryonic ...

Abstract	Sterols are essential molecules for multiple biological processes, including embryogenesis, cell elongation, and endocytosis. The plant sterol biosynthetic pathway is unique in the involvement of two distinct sterol 4α-methyl oxidase (SMO) families, SMO1 and SMO2, which contain three and two isoforms, respectively, and are involved in sequential removal of the two methyl groups at C-4. In this study, we characterized the biological functions of members of the SMO2 gene family. SMO2-1 was strongly expressed in most tissues during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) development, whereas SMO2-2 showed a more specific expression pattern. Although single smo2 mutants displayed no obvious phenotype, the smo2-1 smo2-2 double mutant was embryonic lethal, and the smo2-1 smo2-2/+ mutant was dwarf, whereas the smo2-1/+ smo2-2 mutant exhibited a moderate phenotype. The phenotypes of the smo2 mutants resembled those of auxin-defective mutants. Indeed, the expression of DR5rev:GFP, an auxin-responsive reporter, was reduced and abnormal in smo2-1 smo2-2 embryos. Furthermore, the expression and subcellular localization of the PIN1 auxin efflux facilitator also were altered. Consistent with these observations, either the exogenous application of auxin or endogenous auxin overproduction (YUCCA9 overexpression) partially rescued the smo2-1 smo2-2 embryonic lethality. Surprisingly, the dwarf phenotype of smo2-1 smo2-2/+ was completely rescued by YUCCA9 overexpression. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed a substantial accumulation of 4α-methylsterols, substrates of SMO2, in smo2 heterozygous double mutants. Together, our data suggest that SMO2s are important for correct sterol composition and function partially through effects on auxin accumulation, auxin response, and PIN1 expression to regulate Arabidopsis embryogenesis and postembryonic development.
MeSH term(s)	Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Endosperm/genetics ; Endosperm/growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phytosterols/metabolism ; Plant Roots/genetics ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Seeds/growth & development ; Seeds/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Arabidopsis Proteins ; Indoleacetic Acids ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; PIN1 protein, Arabidopsis ; Phytosterols ; Mixed Function Oxygenases (EC 1.-) ; methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.18.9)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208914-2
ISSN	1532-2548 ; 0032-0889
ISSN (online)	1532-2548
ISSN	0032-0889
DOI	10.1104/pp.15.01814
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Conference proceedings: Biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of cold hardiness in woody plants

Wisniewski, M. / Wolf, T. / Fuchigami, L. / Henick-Kling, T. / Wolf, T. E. / Harkness, E. M. (Eds.)

1997 , Page(s) pp. II.14–II.22

Abstract: ... dehydrins, late-embryogenesis-abundant proteins and translation elongation factors. The list continues ... limits. Despite these extensive research efforts, the mechanism(s) that regulate the expression ...

Institution	United States Dep. of Agriculture, ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 24530, USA
Event/congress	Proceedings for the Fourth International Symposium on Cool Climate Viticulture and Enology, Rochester, NY, USA, 16-20 July, 1996
Abstract	Although not comprehensive in its coverage, this literature review (>70 references and presentation of research carried out by the authors provides a good summary of the major components that are currently considered to be associated with cold hardiness in woody plants. The focus on grapevines is appropriate given the forum and the continued expansion of Vitis vinifera plantings to what appears to be its environmental limits. Despite these extensive research efforts, the mechanism(s) that regulate the expression of 'cold hardiness genes' remain elusive. The list of potential factors has included lipid transfer proteins, dehydrins, late-embryogenesis-abundant proteins and translation elongation factors. The list continues to grow, increasing the possibility that more than one such 'regulator' exists for this complex physiological response. Although the search for these answers must continue, the existence of multiple regulators will make the probability, as suggested by these authors, of genetically manipulating plants to increase cold hardiness difficult. [A 3354] (R. Wample, Prosser)
Keywords	BUD ; SHOOT ; COLD ; RESISTANCE ; VARIETY OF VINE ; TEMPERATURE ; PROTEIN ; REPORT
Language	English
Document type	Conference proceedings
Database	Viticulture and Oenology Abstracts

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Article ; Online: Mechanics of Anteroposterior Axis Formation in Vertebrates.

Mongera, Alessandro / Michaut, Arthur / Guillot, Charlène / Xiong, Fengzhu / Pourquié, Olivier

Annual review of cell and developmental biology

2019 Volume 35, Page(s) 259–283

Abstract: ... embryogenesis. This process is based on tissue-autonomous mechanisms of force generation and intertissue ... The vertebrate anteroposterior axis forms through elongation of multiple tissues during ... parameters has recently been explored in the context of vertebrate body elongation, the study of this process ...

Abstract	The vertebrate anteroposterior axis forms through elongation of multiple tissues during embryogenesis. This process is based on tissue-autonomous mechanisms of force generation and intertissue mechanical coupling whose failure leads to severe developmental anomalies such as body truncation and spina bifida. Similar to other morphogenetic modules, anteroposterior body extension requires both the rearrangement of existing materials-such as cells and extracellular matrix-and the local addition of new materials, i.e., anisotropic growth, through cell proliferation, cell growth, and matrix deposition. Numerous signaling pathways coordinate body axis formation via regulation of cell behavior during tissue rearrangements and/or volumetric growth. From a physical perspective, morphogenesis depends on both cell-generated forces and tissue material properties. As the spatiotemporal variation of these mechanical parameters has recently been explored in the context of vertebrate body elongation, the study of this process is likely to shed light on the cross talk between signaling and mechanics during morphogenesis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Body Patterning ; Cell Movement ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; Vertebrates/embryology ; Vertebrates/metabolism
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1293750-2
ISSN	1530-8995 ; 1081-0706
ISSN (online)	1530-8995
ISSN	1081-0706
DOI	10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125436
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Article ; Online: An equatorial contractile mechanism drives cell elongation but not cell division.

Sehring, Ivonne M / Dong, Bo / Denker, Elsa / Bhattachan, Punit / Deng, Wei / Mathiesen, Birthe T / Jiang, Di

PLoS biology

2014 Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) e1001781

Abstract: ... development. During embryogenesis of the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis, elongation of individual ... of the larval body plan. The mechanism of cell elongation is elusive. Here we show that although notochord cells ... do not divide, they use a cytokinesis-like actomyosin mechanism to drive cell elongation ...

Abstract	Cell shape changes and proliferation are two fundamental strategies for morphogenesis in animal development. During embryogenesis of the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis, elongation of individual notochord cells constitutes a crucial stage of notochord growth, which contributes to the establishment of the larval body plan. The mechanism of cell elongation is elusive. Here we show that although notochord cells do not divide, they use a cytokinesis-like actomyosin mechanism to drive cell elongation. The actomyosin network forming at the equator of each notochord cell includes phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain, α-actinin, cofilin, tropomyosin, and talin. We demonstrate that cofilin and α-actinin are two crucial components for cell elongation. Cortical flow contributes to the assembly of the actomyosin ring. Similar to cytokinetic cells, membrane blebs that cause local contractions form at the basal cortex next to the equator and participate in force generation. We present a model in which the cooperation of equatorial actomyosin ring-based constriction and bleb-associated contractions at the basal cortex promotes cell elongation. Our results demonstrate that a cytokinesis-like contractile mechanism is co-opted in a completely different developmental scenario to achieve cell shape change instead of cell division. We discuss the occurrences of actomyosin rings aside from cell division, suggesting that circumferential contraction is an evolutionally conserved mechanism to drive cell or tissue elongation.
MeSH term(s)	Actin Depolymerizing Factors/metabolism ; Actinin/metabolism ; Actomyosin/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; Cell Shape ; Ciona intestinalis/cytology ; Ciona intestinalis/embryology ; Cytokinesis ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; Notochord/embryology ; Notochord/ultrastructure ; Protein Multimerization
Chemical Substances	Actin Depolymerizing Factors ; Actinin (11003-00-2) ; Actomyosin (9013-26-7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.1001781
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Article ; Online: An equatorial contractile mechanism drives cell elongation but not cell division.

Ivonne M Sehring / Bo Dong / Elsa Denker / Punit Bhattachan / Wei Deng / Birthe T Mathiesen / Di Jiang

PLoS Biology, Vol 12, Iss 2, p e

2014 Volume 1001781

Abstract	Cell shape changes and proliferation are two fundamental strategies for morphogenesis in animal development. During embryogenesis of the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis, elongation of individual notochord cells constitutes a crucial stage of notochord growth, which contributes to the establishment of the larval body plan. The mechanism of cell elongation is elusive. Here we show that although notochord cells do not divide, they use a cytokinesis-like actomyosin mechanism to drive cell elongation. The actomyosin network forming at the equator of each notochord cell includes phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain, α-actinin, cofilin, tropomyosin, and talin. We demonstrate that cofilin and α-actinin are two crucial components for cell elongation. Cortical flow contributes to the assembly of the actomyosin ring. Similar to cytokinetic cells, membrane blebs that cause local contractions form at the basal cortex next to the equator and participate in force generation. We present a model in which the cooperation of equatorial actomyosin ring-based constriction and bleb-associated contractions at the basal cortex promotes cell elongation. Our results demonstrate that a cytokinesis-like contractile mechanism is co-opted in a completely different developmental scenario to achieve cell shape change instead of cell division. We discuss the occurrences of actomyosin rings aside from cell division, suggesting that circumferential contraction is an evolutionally conserved mechanism to drive cell or tissue elongation.
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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