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Article ; Online: Reliability of "Google" for obtaining medical information.

Kothari, Mihir / Moolani, Samita

2015 Volume 63, Issue 3, Page(s) 267–269

Abstract: Internet is used by many patients to obtain relevant medical information. We assessed the impact ... that "Google" search was useful and reliable source of information for the patients with regards to the disease ... of "Google" search on the knowledge of the parents whose ward suffered from squint. In 21 consecutive ...

Abstract	Internet is used by many patients to obtain relevant medical information. We assessed the impact of "Google" search on the knowledge of the parents whose ward suffered from squint. In 21 consecutive patients, the "Google" search improved the mean score of the correct answers from 47% to 62%. We found that "Google" search was useful and reliable source of information for the patients with regards to the disease etiopathogenesis and the problems caused by the disease. The internet-based information, however, was incomplete and not reliable with regards to the disease treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Amblyopia ; Health Information Exchange/utilization ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Internet ; Parents ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Search Engine ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	187392-1
ISSN	1998-3689 ; 0301-4738
ISSN (online)	1998-3689
ISSN	0301-4738
DOI	10.4103/0301-4738.156934
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Reliability of "Google" for obtaining medical information

Mihir Kothari / Samita Moolani

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol 63, Iss 3, Pp 267-

2015 Volume 269

Abstract	Internet is used by many patients to obtain relevant medical information. We assessed the impact of "Google" search on the knowledge of the parents whose ward suffered from squint. In 21 consecutive patients, the "Google" search improved the mean score of the correct answers from 47% to 62%. We found that "Google" search was useful and reliable source of information for the patients with regards to the disease etiopathogenesis and the problems caused by the disease. The internet-based information, however, was incomplete and not reliable with regards to the disease treatment.
Keywords	Intraocular ; lymphoma ; retina ; vitreous ; Conjunctiva ; cornea ; melanoma ; ocular surface ; ocular surface squamous neoplasia ; tumor ; Brachytherapy ; chemotherapy ; cryopexy ; intra ocular tumors ; photocoagulation ; Animal uveitis model ; cytomegalovirus retinitis animal model ; endotoxin-induced uveitis ; experimental autoimmune uveitis ; spontaneous ; tubercular uveitis animal model ; India ; genetics ; retinoblastoma ; review ; Glaucoma ; heavy silicone oil ; light silicone oil ; ocular hypertension ; retinal detachment ; standard silicone oil ; Adults ; blue sclera ; keratoglobus ; management ; pediatric patients ; Choroid ; hypertension ; optic coherence tomography ; Choroidal thickness ; enhanced depth imaging ; hypothyroidism ; intraocular pressure ; optical coherence tomography ; A pattern ; disc foveal angle ; intorsion ; superior oblique split lengthening ; Blind schools ; cataract ; corneal scar ; hereditary diseases ; ocular morbidity ; prevention of blindness ; Intraocular lens dislocation ; ocular trauma ; pseudophacocele ; subconjunctival hemorrhage ; Acrochordons ; fibro-epithelial polyps ; fibroma ; giant soft fibroma ; skin tags ; Ascher′s syndrome ; blepharochalasis ; double upper lip ; Laffer-Ascher′s syndrome ; nontoxic goiter ; Evaluation of Google ; information on internet ; medical information ; patient counseling ; patient information ; web content ; Ophthalmology ; RE1-994 ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Improving the Reliability of Literature Reviews

Elena Pastor-Ramón / Ivan Herrera-Peco / Oskia Agirre / María García-Puente / José María Morán

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, Vol 12, Iss 34, Pp 458-

Detection of Retracted Articles through Academic Search Engines

2022 Volume 464

Abstract: ... This will reduce the possibility of including retracted articles and will avoid affecting the reliability ... The results showed that although Google Scholar was the search engine with the highest capacity to retrieve ... information on the retraction of articles. The use of different scientific search engines to retrieve ...

Abstract	Nowadays, a multitude of scientific publications on health science are being developed that require correct bibliographic search in order to avoid the use and inclusion of retracted literature in them. The use of these articles could directly affect the consistency of the scientific studies and could affect clinical practice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of the main scientific literature search engines, both general (Gooogle Scholar) and scientific (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science), used in health sciences in order to check their ability to detect and warn users of retracted articles in the searches carried out. The sample of retracted articles was obtained from RetractionWatch. The results showed that although Google Scholar was the search engine with the highest capacity to retrieve selected articles, it was the least effective, compared with scientific search engines, at providing information on the retraction of articles. The use of different scientific search engines to retrieve as many scientific articles as possible, as well as never using only a generic search engine, is highly recommended. This will reduce the possibility of including retracted articles and will avoid affecting the reliability of the scientific studies carried out.
Keywords	research methodology ; biomedical publishing ; publication ethics ; scientific misconduct ; retraction of publication ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Psychology ; BF1-990
Subject code	001
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Asociación Universitaria de Educación
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Reliability and readability analysis of GPT-4 and google bard as a patient information source for the most commonly applied radionuclide treatments in cancer patients.

Şan, Hüseyin / Bayrakçi, Özkan / Çağdaş, Berkay / Serdengeçti, Mustafa / Alagöz, Engin

Revista espanola de medicina nuclear e imagen molecular

2024 , Page(s) 500021

Abstract: ... Based on mean DISCERN scores, the reliability of the responses of GPT-4 and Google Bard about RAI, PSMA ... in some responses of Google Bard, but there were no references in GPT-4.: Conclusion: Although the information ... to guide patients and caregivers to obtain accurate medical advice. Referencing is significant in terms ...

Abstract	Purpose: Searching for online health information is a popular approach employed by patients to enhance their knowledge for their diseases. Recently developed AI chatbots are probably the easiest way in this regard. The purpose of the study is to analyze the reliability and readability of AI chatbot responses in terms of the most commonly applied radionuclide treatments in cancer patients. Methods: Basic patient questions, thirty about RAI, PRRT and TARE treatments and twenty-nine about PSMA-TRT, were asked one by one to GPT-4 and Bard on January 2024. The reliability and readability of the responses were assessed by using DISCERN scale, Flesch Reading Ease(FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade Level(FKRGL). Results: The mean (SD) FKRGL scores for the responses of GPT-4 and Google Bard about RAI, PSMA-TRT, PRRT and TARE treatmens were 14.57 (1.19), 14.65 (1.38), 14.25 (1.10), 14.38 (1.2) and 11.49 (1.59), 12.42 (1.71), 11.35 (1.80), 13.01 (1.97), respectively. In terms of readability the FRKGL scores of the responses of GPT-4 and Google Bard about RAI, PSMA-TRT, PRRT and TARE treatments were above the general public reading grade level. The mean (SD) DISCERN scores assesses by nuclear medicine phsician for the responses of GPT-4 and Bard about RAI, PSMA-TRT, PRRT and TARE treatments were 47.86 (5.09), 48.48 (4.22), 46.76 (4.09), 48.33 (5.15) and 51.50 (5.64), 53.44 (5.42), 53 (6.36), 49.43 (5.32), respectively. Based on mean DISCERN scores, the reliability of the responses of GPT-4 and Google Bard about RAI, PSMA-TRT, PRRT, and TARE treatments ranged from fair to good. The inter-rater reliability correlation coefficient of DISCERN scores assessed by GPT-4, Bard and nuclear medicine physician for the responses of GPT-4 about RAI, PSMA-TRT, PRRT and TARE treatments were 0.512(95% CI 0.296: 0.704), 0.695(95% CI 0.518: 0.829), 0.687(95% CI 0.511: 0.823) and 0.649 (95% CI 0.462: 0.798), respectively (p < 0.01). The inter-rater reliability correlation coefficient of DISCERN scores assessed by GPT-4, Bard and nuclear medicine physician for the responses of Bard about RAI, PSMA-TRT, PRRT and TARE treatments were 0.753(95% CI 0.602: 0.863), 0.812(95% CI 0.686: 0.899), 0.804(95% CI 0.677: 0.894) and 0.671 (95% CI 0.489: 0.812), respectively (p < 0.01). The inter-rater reliability for the responses of Bard and GPT-4 about RAİ, PSMA-TRT, PRRT and TARE treatments were moderate to good. Further, consulting to the nuclear medicine physician was rarely emphasized both in GPT-4 and Google Bard and references were included in some responses of Google Bard, but there were no references in GPT-4. Conclusion: Although the information provided by AI chatbots may be acceptable in medical terms, it can not be easy to read for the general public, which may prevent it from being understandable. Effective prompts using 'prompt engineering' may refine the responses in a more comprehensible manner. Since radionuclide treatments are specific to nuclear medicine expertise, nuclear medicine physician need to be stated as a consultant in responses in order to guide patients and caregivers to obtain accurate medical advice. Referencing is significant in terms of confidence and satisfaction of patients and caregivers seeking information.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-29
Publishing country	Spain
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2253-8089
ISSN (online)	2253-8089
DOI	10.1016/j.remnie.2024.500021
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Evaluating the readability, quality and reliability of online patient education materials on transcutaneuous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).

Erkin, Yüksel / Hanci, Volkan / Ozduran, Erkan

Medicine

2023 Volume 102, Issue 16, Page(s) e33529

Abstract: ... of online health information. In this study, we aimed to examine the readability, reliability, and quality ... found to be highly reliable according to the Journal of American Medical Association scores. There was ... Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation" and obtained information from 200 websites. The readability of the websites was evaluated using ...

Abstract	Increasing digitization also raises concerns regarding the reliability and comprehensibility of online health information. In this study, we aimed to examine the readability, reliability, and quality of internet-based patient education materials on "transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation." On September 15, 2022, we used Google search engine to search the keyword "Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation" and obtained information from 200 websites. The readability of the websites was evaluated using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Gunning Fog. The Journal of American Medical Association score and Health on the Net Foundation code of conduct were used to determine the reliability of the websites, whereas the DISCERN score and Global Quality Score were used to evaluate the quality of the websites. In the readability analysis of 102 websites that met the inclusion criteria of this study, we found that the Flesch Reading Ease Score was 47.91 ± 13.79 (difficult), average Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook were 11.20 ± 2.85 and 10.53 ± 2.11 years, respectively, and average Gunning Fog score was 14.04 ± 2.74 (very difficult). Commercial websites constituted the highest proportion of websites (n = 36, 35.5%). Overall, 16.7% of the websites were found to be of high quality according to the Global Quality Score, 16 (15.7%) websites had Health on the Net Foundation code of conduct certification, and 8.8% of the websites were found to be highly reliable according to the Journal of American Medical Association scores. There was a statistically significant difference between website typologies and quality and reliability scores (P < .001). Compared with the sixth-grade level recommended by the American Medical Association and the National Institute of Health, the readability of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation-related internet-based patient education materials was considerably high, but they showed low reliability and moderate-to-poor quality. Thus, the quality, reliability, and readability of websites developed by health professionals play a major role in conveying accurate and easily understandable information.
MeSH term(s)	United States ; Humans ; Comprehension ; Reproducibility of Results ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Patient Education as Topic ; Reading ; Internet
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80184-7
ISSN	1536-5964 ; 0025-7974
ISSN (online)	1536-5964
ISSN	0025-7974
DOI	10.1097/MD.0000000000033529
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Review on the Reliability of Medical Contents on YouTube

Hilary I Okagbue / Pelumi E Oguntunde / Sheila A Bishop / Emmanuela C M Obasi / Abiodun A Opanuga / Opeyemi P Ogundile

International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering, Vol 16, Iss 01, Pp 83-

2020 Volume 99

Abstract: ... frequent assessment tools used by authors in the determination of the reliability of medical videos ... and general health information. This paper reviews the different reliability methods, results ... conclusions and recommendations of contributions on the medical videos on YouTube. A keyword search was done ...

Abstract	Abstract— Social media and YouTube, in particular, has become an avenue for quick dissemination of information. Patients now search the YouTube website for information on diseases, treatment options, surgery, and general health information. This paper reviews the different reliability methods, results, conclusions and recommendations of contributions on the medical videos on YouTube. A keyword search was done on different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar to generate articles related to the subject matter. No eligibility criteria were defined because the research is partly systematic. Descriptive statistics were used to present the information obtained from the analysis of the previously published papers in this context. � � The results are as follows: (i). DISCERN, JAMAS and GQS are the most frequent assessment tools used by authors in the determination of the reliability of medical videos on YouTube. (ii). 60% of the independent reviewers that assessed the reliability of the YouTube videos are often two in number. (iii). 65% of the articles concluded that medical videos on YouTube contain misleading information. (iv). User engagements for low and high-quality videos are 58% and 42% respectively. (v). 36.3 % of the total videos were uploaded by trusted sources such as medical and health professionals from recognized or prestigious hospitals, while 63.7% were uploaded by other sources whose affiliations cannot be independently verified. (vi). Out of the total 2675 medical videos assessed, 1589 (59%) are categorized as having useful contents that can influence positively on patient education while 1086 (41%) are categorized as misleading and (vii). Only 35% of the papers strongly recommended that medical videos on YouTube are useful and can be a good source of patient education. Awareness is needed to educate patients on the benefits and dangers of assessing medical videos on YouTube. Videos uploaded by authentic medical personnel or organizations are strongly recommended.
Keywords	youtube ; patient education ; statistics ; discern ; gqs ; jama criteria ; user engagement ; social media ; Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7
Subject code	302 ; 027
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluating the reliability and readability of online information on osteoporosis

Ozan Volkan Yurdakul / Mehmet Serkan Kilicoglu / Fatih Bagcier

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 65, Iss 1, Pp 85-

2020 Volume 92

Abstract: ... information. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability and readability of osteoporosis ... the increased reliability of information and decreased readability. Conclusion: Osteoporosis-related content ... on the internet generally has low reliability. High-reliable information is available online in scientific ...

Abstract	ABSTRACT Objective: Internet usage for obtaining health-related information is widely popular among patients. However, there are still concerns about the reliability and comprehensibility of online information. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability and readability of osteoporosis-related websites. Materials and methods: On April 2, 2020, we searched the term “osteoporosis” on Google (https://www.google.com). We evaluated the first 200 uniform resource locators (URLs) in the query results regarding typology, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) scores, Health on the Net Foundation Code of conduct (HONcode) certification, Flesch–Kincaid Grade (FKG), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) scores. The JAMA scoring system and HONcode stamp were used for assessing the reliability, whereas FKG and SMOG scores were used to assess the readability of online information. Results: Of the 151 analyzed websites, 57 (37.7%) were classified as highly reliable, and 19 (12.6%) were assigned with HONcode certification. The average FKG scores (8.81 ± 2.21) and SMOG scores (7.63 ± 1.81) were below the recommended grade, which is considered as easily readable. High reliable information was found to have higher readability scores, thereby representing the difficulty of readability. We observed a weak correlation between the increased reliability of information and decreased readability. Conclusion: Osteoporosis-related content on the internet generally has low reliability. High-reliable information is available online in scientific published materials, health portals, and news. Although the readability of the overall material is acceptable, the high-reliable websites still require high literacy and comprehension skills.
Keywords	Osteoporosis ; Google ; internet ; web pages ; Medicine ; R ; Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology ; RC648-665
Subject code	302
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of the quality, reliability and content of YouTube™ videos related to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Yapici, O / Akman, E A

European review for medical and pharmacological sciences

2021 Volume 26, Issue 20, Page(s) 7719–7723

Abstract: ... healthcare professionals, which people use for obtaining information.: Materials and methods: The data of this study ... information about CCHF, there is a need to increase the number of high-quality and reliable content ... on people's opinions, habits, and decisions. With this study, we aimed at testing the content, reliability ...

Abstract	Objective: The production, use, and sharing of information in health-related fields are increasing at an exponential rate in this age. Because they are so common today, social media platforms have a big impact on people's opinions, habits, and decisions. With this study, we aimed at testing the content, reliability, and quality of the videos about CCHF disease published on YouTube™ for patients and healthcare professionals, which people use for obtaining information. Materials and methods: The data of this study were obtained by searching on YouTube™ on January 1, 2022, using the keywords "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever". Google Trends was used to identify the most common search terms for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Video reliability was evaluated by using the DISCERN tool and Global Quality Scale (GQS) was performed to evaluate video quality. Results: After the exclusion criteria, 75 videos were reviewed. Videos for healthcare professionals were more sufficient than videos for patients (p=0.004). DISCERN and GQS scores were higher in sufficient videos than in partially sufficient/insufficient videos (p=0.000 and p=0.000, respectively). Conclusions: As YouTube is an important source of health information about CCHF, there is a need to increase the number of high-quality and reliable content for patients on YouTube™.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Video Recording ; Reproducibility of Results ; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/diagnosis ; Social Media
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-11
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605550-3
ISSN	2284-0729 ; 1128-3602 ; 0392-291X
ISSN (online)	2284-0729
ISSN	1128-3602 ; 0392-291X
DOI	10.26355/eurrev_202210_30049
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Article ; Online: Quality and reliability of web-based information regarding restorative treatment in pediatric patients.

Kuter, Berna / Atesci, Alp Abidin / Eden, Ece

European oral research

2021 Volume 55, Issue 3, Page(s) 104–109

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of the present study is to assess the quality and reliability of web-based ... patients on Google and Yandex were included in the study. The study was conducted in English on a total ... DISCERN toolkit), Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and Health on the Net Code ...

Abstract	Purpose: The aim of the present study is to assess the quality and reliability of web-based information about restorative treatment in pediatric patients on the internet using different scales. Materials and methods: Websites obtained by using keywords about restorative treatment in pediatric patients on Google and Yandex were included in the study. The study was conducted in English on a total of 440 websites. Websites were evaluated using the quality criteria for consumer health information (DISCERN toolkit), Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and Health on the Net Code of Conduct Certification (HONCode). Results: The mean DISCERN points of the websites were moderate. Among the evaluated websites, the quality of the knowledge in 20% of the websites was low. The rate of websites with a score below 40 was 37.5%. None of them has reached an excellent score. No websites met all JAMA criteria. There was no HONCode Certificate on any website. Conclusion: This study showed that the quality of the web-based information about restorative treatment in pediatric patients was generally inadequate and scientifically imperfect.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-27
Publishing country	Turkey
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3017973-7
ISSN	2651-2823 ; 2630-6158
ISSN (online)	2651-2823
ISSN	2630-6158
DOI	10.26650/eor.2021812053
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Article ; Online: Quality and reliability evaluation of current Internet information regarding mesh use in inguinal hernia surgery using HONcode and the DISCERN instrument.

Fullard, Anna C / Johnston, Sean M / Hehir, Dermot J

Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery

2021 Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 1325–1330

Abstract: ... the gap between the public and high quality medical information.: Conclusions: Online information ... Instrument and HONcode tool can be used to assess the quality and reliability of online health information ... The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability and quality of online information pertaining ...

Abstract	Introduction: Mesh-related complications following pelvic prolapse surgery has potentiated societal fear and led to increased investigation into mesh use in inguinal hernia repair (IHR) surgery online. However concern exists regarding the quality of Internet health informatics. The DISCERN Instrument and HONcode tool can be used to assess the quality and reliability of online health information. The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability and quality of online information pertaining to mesh use in IHR surgery using the DISCERN instrument and HONcode tool. Methods: An Internet search using the keywords: 'mesh', 'inguinal hernia' and 'surgery' was carried out via Google, Yahoo, Bing, Facebook and Twitter. The HONcode and DISCERN scores were generated for each of the first ten search engine result pages (SERPs). Results: Google provided the most reliable [Median HONcode score 77% (IQR 25.5%)] and highest quality information [Median DISCERN score; 61.5 (IQR 18.25)]. Social media yielded both the most unreliable and lowest quality information. Facebook was the most unreliable [Median HONcode score 21% (IQR 14.25%)], while Twitter imparted the lowest quality information [Median DISCERN score of 18.5 (IQR 25.25)]. Discussion: A 2018 Cochrane review concluded the use of mesh in IHR to be safe and associated with superior outcomes. However, numerous SERPs present results contradicting this, based solely upon Level 5 evidence. Commercialisation of the Internet has resulted in search engine optimisation, which can permit lesser quality sites to obtain higher SERP ranking. Alarmingly if only a limited search is carried out by patients [4], lower quality, sensationalist evidence may be the only information they are exposed to. As such this may negatively influence the patient decision-making process detrimentally. However utilisation of social media by healthcare professionals may offer a solution to bridge the gap between the public and high quality medical information. Conclusions: Online information regarding mesh repair of inguinal herniae is of variable quality and reliability. Enhanced quality assurance of online health information is necessary. However, increased presence by hernia societies on social media may help to disseminate high quality information to patients, thus enabling pre-hospital education to set the scene prior to formal hospital consultation.
MeSH term(s)	Hernia, Inguinal/surgery ; Herniorrhaphy/adverse effects ; Humans ; Internet ; Internet Use ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surgical Mesh/adverse effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-14
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1388125-5
ISSN	1248-9204 ; 1265-4906
ISSN (online)	1248-9204
ISSN	1265-4906
DOI	10.1007/s10029-021-02406-8
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