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Article: Mesenchymal stem cells as delivery vectors for anti-tumor therapy.

Li, Zhenzhen / Fan, Dongmei / Xiong, Dongsheng

2015 Volume 2, Page(s) 6

Abstract: ... opened up an emerging field to utilize MSCs as vectors to deliver anti-cancer agents for targeted ... Recent studies have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to migrate specifically ... of MSCs, the current progress on MSC mediated anti-cancer agents delivery systems and the interaction ...

Abstract	Recent studies have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to migrate specifically to tumors and their metastatic sites when administered intravenously. This characteristic tumor tropism has opened up an emerging field to utilize MSCs as vectors to deliver anti-cancer agents for targeted therapies. Genetically engineered MSCs can specifically migrate to various tumors and locally secrete therapeutic proteins, such as interferon β (IFN-β) and IFN-γ, interleukin 12 and 24, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) or suicide gene/enzyme prodrug. In addition, MSCs have also been engineered to deliver oncolytic viruses and drug-loaded nanoparticles. Here, we present the characteristics of MSCs, the current progress on MSC mediated anti-cancer agents delivery systems and the interaction between MSCs and tumors.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-26
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2884645-X
ISSN	2313-0792 ; 2306-9759
ISSN (online)	2313-0792
ISSN	2306-9759
DOI	10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.03.01
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Article ; Online: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for management of prostate cancer: An updated view.

Lavi Arab, Fahimeh / Hoseinzadeh, Akram / Hafezi, Fatemeh / Sadat Mohammadi, Fatemeh / Zeynali, Farid / Hadad Tehran, Melika / Rostami, Amirreza

International immunopharmacology

2024 Volume 134, Page(s) 112171

Abstract: ... that transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can migrate by homing to tumor sites in the body. In prostate cancer ... therapeutic agents and induce an anti-tumor phenotype in immune cells and their recruitment to the tumor site ... offer great potential for application in targeted tumor therapy. ...

Abstract	Prostate cancer represents the second most prevalent form of cancer found in males, and stands as the fifth primary contributor to cancer-induced mortality on a global scale. Research has shown that transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can migrate by homing to tumor sites in the body. In prostate cancer, researchers have explored the fact that MSC-based therapies (including genetically modified delivery vehicles or vectors) and MSC-derived exosomes are emerging as attractive options to improve the efficacy and safety of traditional cancer therapies. In addition, researchers have reported new insights into the application of extracellular vesicle (EV)-MSC therapy as a novel treatment option that could provide a more effective and targeted approach to prostate cancer treatment. Moreover, the new generation of exosomes, which contain biologically functional molecules as signal transducers between cells, can simultaneously deliver different therapeutic agents and induce an anti-tumor phenotype in immune cells and their recruitment to the tumor site. The results of the current research on the use of MSCs in the treatment of prostate cancer may be helpful to researchers and clinicians working in this field. Nevertheless, it is crucial to emphasize that although dual-role MSCs show promise as a therapeutic modality for managing prostate cancer, further investigation is imperative to comprehensively grasp their safety and effectiveness. Ongoing clinical trials are being conducted to assess the viability of MSCs in the management of prostate cancer. The results of these trials will help determine the viability of this approach. Based on the current literature, engineered MSCs-EV offer great potential for application in targeted tumor therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Exosomes/transplantation ; Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology ; Animals ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2043785-7
ISSN	1878-1705 ; 1567-5769
ISSN (online)	1878-1705
ISSN	1567-5769
DOI	10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112171
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Zs.A 5408: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Systemic administration of mesenchymal stem cells loaded with a novel oncolytic adenovirus carrying a bispecific T cell engager against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Yuan, Xiangfei / Lu, Yang / Yang, Yuanyuan / Tian, Wencong / Fan, Dongmei / Liu, Ruoqi / Lei, Xiaomin / Xia, Yafei / Yang, Lei / Yan, Shu / Xiong, Dongsheng

Oncoimmunology

2023 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 2219544

Abstract: ... cells on AFP heterogeneous tumor models efficiently. Conclusion: Compared with the old system, the new ... replicative adenovirus (CRAd) delivered by human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs ... a better anti-tumor effect with no more damage to extrahepatic organs and less liver injury, and ...

Abstract	We previously established a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) targeting system of conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd) delivered by human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs). However, this system needed to be developed further to enhance the antitumor effect and overcome the limitations caused by the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) heterogeneity of HCC. In this study, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) targeting programmed death ligand 1 controlled by the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter was armed on the CRAd of the old system. It was demonstrated on orthotopic transplantation model mice that the new system had a better anti-tumor effect with no more damage to extrahepatic organs and less liver injury, and the infiltration and activation of T cells were significantly enhanced in the tumor tissues of the model mice treated with the new system. Importantly, we confirmed that the new system eliminated the AFP-negative cells on AFP heterogeneous tumor models efficiently. Conclusion: Compared with the old system, the new system provided a more effective and safer strategy against HCC.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology ; alpha-Fetoproteins/genetics ; alpha-Fetoproteins/metabolism ; Adenoviridae/genetics ; T-Lymphocytes ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
Chemical Substances	alpha-Fetoproteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2645309-5
ISSN	2162-402X ; 2162-402X
ISSN (online)	2162-402X
ISSN	2162-402X
DOI	10.1080/2162402X.2023.2219544
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Article ; Online: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes as novel vehicles for delivery of miRNAs in cancer therapy.

Sohrabi, Behnoush / Dayeri, Behnaz / Zahedi, Elahe / Khoshbakht, Shahrouz / Nezamabadi Pour, Najme / Ranjbar, Hamta / Davari Nejad, Abolfazl / Noureddini, Mahdi / Alani, Behrang

Cancer gene therapy

2022 Volume 29, Issue 8-9, Page(s) 1105–1116

Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as promising sources for cancer therapy and can be utilized ... therapy depends on the effectiveness of the delivery system. In the present review, we first provided ... exosomes for the aim of miRNA delivery in cancer therapy. ...

Abstract	Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as promising sources for cancer therapy and can be utilized as vehicles in cancer gene therapy. MSC-derived exosomes are central mediators in the therapeutic functions of MSCs, known as the novel cell-free alternatives to MSC-based cell therapy. MSC-derived exosomes show advantages including higher safety as well as more stability and convenience for storage, transport and administration compared to MSCs transplant therapy. Unmodified MSC-derived exosomes can promote or inhibit tumors while modified MSC-derived exosomes are involved in the suppression of cancer development and progression via the delivery of several therapeutics molecules including chemotherapeutic drugs, miRNAs, anti-miRNAs, specific siRNAs, and suicide gene mRNAs. In most malignancies, dysregulation of miRNAs not only occurs as a consequence of cancer progression but also is directly involved during tumor initiation and development due to their roles as oncogenes (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressors (TS-miRNAs). MiRNA restoration is usually achieved by overexpression of TS-miRNAs using synthetic miRNA mimics and viral vectors or even downregulation of oncomiRs using anti-miRNAs. Similar to other therapeutic molecules, the efficacy of miRNAs restoration in cancer therapy depends on the effectiveness of the delivery system. In the present review, we first provided an overview of the properties and potentials of MSCs in cancer therapy as well as the application of MSC-derived exosomes in cancer therapy. Finally, we specifically focused on harnessing the MSC-derived exosomes for the aim of miRNA delivery in cancer therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Exosomes/genetics ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms/therapy
Chemical Substances	MicroRNAs
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1212513-1
ISSN	1476-5500 ; 0929-1903
ISSN (online)	1476-5500
ISSN	0929-1903
DOI	10.1038/s41417-022-00427-8
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Zs.A 4125: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New Generation of Therapeutic Agents as Vehicles in Gene Therapy.

Gharbavi, Mahmoud / Sharafi, Ali / Ghanbarzadeh, Saeed

Current gene therapy

2020 Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) 269–284

Abstract: In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new tool for therapeutic gene delivery ... study, we discuss the status of gene therapy in both viral and non-viral vectors along ... Finally, we critically discuss the promising advantages of MSCs in targeted gene delivery, tumor ...

Abstract	In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new tool for therapeutic gene delivery in clinics have attracted much attention. Their advantages cover longer lifespan, better isolation, and higher transfection efficiency and proliferation rate. MSCs are the preferred approach for cell-based therapies because of their in vitro self-renewal capacity, migrating especially to tumor tissues, as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, they have considerable efficiency in genetic engineering for future clinical applications in cancer gene therapy and other diseases. For improving therapeutic efficiency, targeted therapy of cancers can be achieved through the sustained release of therapeutic agents and functional gene expression induction to the intended tissues. The development of a new vector in gene therapy can improve the durability of a transgene expression. Also, the safety of the vector, if administered systemically, may resolve several problems, such as durability of expression and the host immune response. Currently, MSCs are prominent candidates as cell vehicles for both preclinical and clinical trials due to the secretion of therapeutic agents in several cancers. In the present study, we discuss the status of gene therapy in both viral and non-viral vectors along with their limitations. Throughout this study, the use of several nano-carriers for gene therapy is also investigated. Finally, we critically discuss the promising advantages of MSCs in targeted gene delivery, tumor inhibition and their utilization as the gene carriers in clinical situations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Graphite ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Liposomes ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; Nanoparticles ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Quantum Dots ; Transgenes
Chemical Substances	Liposomes ; graphene oxide ; Graphite (7782-42-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-08
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2146187-9
ISSN	1875-5631 ; 1566-5232
ISSN (online)	1875-5631
ISSN	1566-5232
DOI	10.2174/1566523220666200607190339
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Zs.A 5883: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Engineering mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach in breast cancer.

Heidari, Razieh / Gholamian Dehkordi, Neda / Mohseni, Roohollah / Safaei, Mohsen

Journal of drug targeting

2020 Volume 28, Issue 7-8, Page(s) 732–741

Abstract: ... multipotent adult stem cells with important features for cell therapy, such as tissue homing to injured sites ... when dealing with foetal or embryonic stem cells. The MSCs exhibit both pro and anti-oncogenic properties ... have made them as a promising vector for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to tumours site ...

Abstract	Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers among women in the world because of its aggressive behaviour and inadequate response to conventional therapies. Cellular and gene therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent promising treatment strategies for multiple diseases, such as cancers. MSCs are multipotent adult stem cells with important features for cell therapy, such as tissue homing to injured sites, their differentiation potential, their capacity of secreting plenty of trophic factors, and low immunogenicity. The quite easy isolation of these cells from various types of tissues are associated with no ethical concern when dealing with foetal or embryonic stem cells. The MSCs exhibit both pro and anti-oncogenic properties. However, genetic engineering of MSCs and nanoparticles is being employed as a means to solve some of these problems and improve the antitumor properties of these cells. The tumour-homing ability of MSCs and their exosomes to tumour niches have made them as a promising vector for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to tumours site. The present study investigated MSCs specifications, pro- and anti-oncogenic properties of MSCs in breast cancer, and reviewed targeted breast cancer therapy
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bioengineering/methods ; Breast Neoplasms/therapy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology ; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Toll-Like Receptors
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1187110-6
ISSN	1029-2330 ; 1061-186X
ISSN (online)	1029-2330
ISSN	1061-186X
DOI	10.1080/1061186X.2020.1775842
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Zs.A 4481: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery of oncolytic immunotherapy improves CAR-T cell antitumor activity.

McKenna, Mary K / Englisch, Alexander / Brenner, Benjamin / Smith, Tyler / Hoyos, Valentina / Suzuki, Masataka / Brenner, Malcolm K

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy

2021 Volume 29, Issue 5, Page(s) 1808–1820

Abstract: ... cells while stimulating CAR-T cell anti-tumor activity by release of IL-12 and PD-L1 blocker ... of tumor-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, yet efficient delivery of OAds to solid tumors ... may disrupt the TME by infecting tumor cells, as well as surrounding stroma, to improve the functionality ...

Abstract	The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is a formidable barrier to the success of adoptive cell therapies for solid tumors. Oncolytic immunotherapy with engineered adenoviruses (OAd) may disrupt the TME by infecting tumor cells, as well as surrounding stroma, to improve the functionality of tumor-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, yet efficient delivery of OAds to solid tumors has been challenging. Here we describe how mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be used to systemically deliver a binary vector containing an OAd together with a helper-dependent Ad (HDAd; combinatorial Ad vector [CAd]) that expresses interleukin-12 (IL-12) and checkpoint PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) blocker. CAd-infected MSCs deliver and produce functional virus to infect and lyse lung tumor cells while stimulating CAR-T cell anti-tumor activity by release of IL-12 and PD-L1 blocker. The combination of this approach with administration of HER.2-specific CAR-T cells eliminates 3D tumor spheroids in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in two orthotopic lung cancer models in vivo. Treatment with CAd MSCs increases the overall numbers of human T cells in vivo compared to CAR-T cell only treatment and enhances their polyfunctional cytokine secretion. These studies combine the predictable targeting of CAR-T cells with the advantages of cancer cell lysis and TME disruption by systemic MSC delivery of oncolytic virotherapy: incorporation of immunostimulation by cytokine and checkpoint inhibitor production through the HDAd further enhances anti-tumor activity.
MeSH term(s)	A549 Cells ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology ; B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Dependovirus/physiology ; Helper Viruses/genetics ; Helper Viruses/physiology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors ; Interleukin-12/genetics ; Interleukin-12/metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/virology ; Oncolytic Virotherapy ; Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Viral Tropism ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; B7-H1 Antigen ; CD274 protein, human ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ; Interleukin-12 (187348-17-0) ; ERBB2 protein, human (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Receptor, ErbB-2 (EC 2.7.10.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2010592-7
ISSN	1525-0024 ; 1525-0016
ISSN (online)	1525-0024
ISSN	1525-0016
DOI	10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.02.004
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Zs.A 5640: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Mesenchymal stem cells as carrier of the therapeutic agent in the gene therapy of blood disorders.

Shomali, Navid / Gharibi, Tohid / Vahedi, Ghasem / Mohammed, Rebar N / Mohammadi, Hamed / Salimifard, Sevda / Marofi, Faroogh

Journal of cellular physiology

2019 Volume 235, Issue 5, Page(s) 4120–4134

Abstract: ... and high transfection capacity. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the choice of the cells ... for gene and cell therapy due to high self-renewal capacity, high migration rate to the site of the tumor ... Nonhematopoietic stem cells as a delivery platform of therapeutic useful genes have attracted ...

Abstract	Nonhematopoietic stem cells as a delivery platform of therapeutic useful genes have attracted widespread attention in recent years, owing to gained a long lifespan, easy separation, high proliferation, and high transfection capacity. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the choice of the cells for gene and cell therapy due to high self-renewal capacity, high migration rate to the site of the tumor, and with immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, it has a high potential of safety genetic modification of MSCs for antitumor gene expression and has paved the way for the clinical application of these cells to target the therapy of cancers and other diseases. The aim of gene therapy is targeted treatment of cancers and diseases through recovery, change, or enhancement cell performance to the sustained secretion of useful therapeutic proteins and induction expression of the functional gene in intended tissue. Recent developments in the vectors designing leading to the increase and durability of expression and improvement of the safety of the vectors that overcome a lot of problems, such as durability of expression and the host immune response. Nowadays, gene therapy approach is used by MSCs as a delivery vehicle in the preclinical and the clinical trials for the secretion of erythropoietin, recombinant antibodies, coagulation factors, cytokines, as well as angiogenic inhibitors in many blood disorders like anemia, hemophilia, and malignancies. In this study, we critically discuss the status of gene therapy by MSCs as a delivery vehicle for the treatment of blood disorders. Finally, the results of clinical trial studies are assessed, highlighting promising advantages of this emerging technology in the clinical setting.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/methods ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	3116-1
ISSN	1097-4652 ; 0021-9541
ISSN (online)	1097-4652
ISSN	0021-9541
DOI	10.1002/jcp.29324
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Article: Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Agent Delivery in Anti-tumor Treatment.

Chulpanova, Daria S / Kitaeva, Kristina V / Tazetdinova, Leysan G / James, Victoria / Rizvanov, Albert A / Solovyeva, Valeriya V

Frontiers in pharmacology

2018 Volume 9, Page(s) 259

Abstract: ... therapeutic agent and drug delivery vector. Recruited by the tumor, MSCs can exhibit both pro- and anti ... for therapeutic agent delivery to tumors and metastatic niches. MSCs can be genetically modified by virus vectors ... Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic progenitor cells, which can be isolated ...

Abstract	Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic progenitor cells, which can be isolated from different types of tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, tooth pulp, and placenta/umbilical cord blood. There isolation from adult tissues circumvents the ethical concerns of working with embryonic or fetal stem cells, whilst still providing cells capable of differentiating into various cell lineages, such as adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. An important feature of MSCs is the low immunogenicity due to the lack of co-stimulatory molecules expression, meaning there is no need for immunosuppression during allogenic transplantation. The tropism of MSCs to damaged tissues and tumor sites makes them a promising vector for therapeutic agent delivery to tumors and metastatic niches. MSCs can be genetically modified by virus vectors to encode tumor suppressor genes, immunomodulating cytokines and their combinations, other therapeutic approaches include MSCs priming/loading with chemotherapeutic drugs or nanoparticles. MSCs derived membrane microvesicles (MVs), which play an important role in intercellular communication, are also considered as a new therapeutic agent and drug delivery vector. Recruited by the tumor, MSCs can exhibit both pro- and anti-oncogenic properties. In this regard, for the development of new methods for cancer therapy using MSCs, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular interactions between MSCs and the tumor microenvironment is necessary. In this review, we discuss MSC and tumor interaction mechanisms and review the new therapeutic strategies using MSCs and MSCs derived MVs for cancer treatment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2587355-6
ISSN	1663-9812
ISSN	1663-9812
DOI	10.3389/fphar.2018.00259
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Article: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Antineoplastic Drug Loading and Delivery.

Petrella, Francesco / Rimoldi, Isabella / Rizzo, Stefania / Spaggiari, Lorenzo

Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

2017 Volume 4, Issue 4

Abstract: ... by mesenchymal stromal cells and therefore are not suitable for advanced antineoplastic therapy. This review focuses ... clinical settings. Another clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells is the targeted delivery ... collateral damage to non-neoplastic tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are home to the stroma of several primary ...

Abstract	Mesenchymal stromal cells are a population of undifferentiated multipotent adult cells possessing extensive self-renewal properties and the potential to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal lineage cells. They express broad anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity on the immune system and after transplantation can interact with the surrounding microenvironment, promoting tissue healing and regeneration. For this reason, mesenchymal stromal cells have been widely used in regenerative medicine, both in preclinical and clinical settings. Another clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells is the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to neoplastic cells, maximizing the cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and minimizing collateral damage to non-neoplastic tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are home to the stroma of several primary and metastatic neoplasms and hence can be used as vectors for targeted delivery of antineoplastic drugs to the tumour microenvironment, thereby reducing systemic toxicity and maximizing antitumour effects. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine are the chemotherapeutic drugs best loaded by mesenchymal stromal cells and delivered to neoplastic cells, whereas other agents, like pemetrexed, are not internalized by mesenchymal stromal cells and therefore are not suitable for advanced antineoplastic therapy. This review focuses on the state of the art of advanced antineoplastic cell therapy and its future perspectives, emphasizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical results and future clinical applications.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2777965-8
ISSN	2305-6320
ISSN	2305-6320
DOI	10.3390/medicines4040087
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