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Article ; Online: Patterns of IgG and IgM antibody response in COVID-19 patients.

Liu, Xuemei / Wang, Jing / Xu, Xiaolei / Liao, Guojian / Chen, Yaokai / Hu, Chang-Hua

2020 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 1269–1274

MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Betacoronavirus/immunology ; Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; China/epidemiology ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods ; Cohort Studies ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2681359-2
ISSN	2222-1751 ; 2222-1751
ISSN (online)	2222-1751
ISSN	2222-1751
DOI	10.1080/22221751.2020.1773324
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Article: Patterns of IgG and IgM antibody response in COVID-19 patients

Liu, Xuemei / Wang, Jing / Xu, Xiaolei / Liao, Guojian / Chen, Yaokai / Hu, Chang-Hua

Emerg Microbes Infect

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #591913
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Patterns of IgG and IgM antibody response in COVID-19 patients

Liu, Xuemei / Wang, Jing / Xu, Xiaolei / Liao, Guojian / Chen, Yaokai / Hu, Chang-Hua

Emerging Microbes & Infections

2020 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 1269–1274

Keywords	Immunology ; Epidemiology ; Microbiology ; Drug Discovery ; Parasitology ; Virology ; Infectious Diseases ; General Medicine ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Informa UK Limited
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2681359-2
ISSN	2222-1751
ISSN	2222-1751
DOI	10.1080/22221751.2020.1773324
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Article ; Online: Proteomics Investigation of Diverse Serological Patterns in COVID-19.

Liang, Xiao / Sun, Rui / Wang, Jing / Zhou, Kai / Li, Jun / Chen, Shiyong / Lyu, Mengge / Li, Sainan / Xue, Zhangzhi / Shi, Yingqiu / Xie, Yuting / Zhang, Qiushi / Yi, Xiao / Pan, Juan / Wang, Donglian / Xu, Jiaqin / Zhu, Hongguo / Zhu, Guangjun / Zhu, Jiansheng /

Zhu, Yi / Zheng, Yufen / Shen, Bo / Guo, Tiannan

Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP

2023 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 100493

Abstract: Serum antibodies IgM and IgG are elevated during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to defend ... patients, 3.5% were both IgM and IgG negative, whereas 29.2% remained only IgM negative. The remaining ... patients exhibited positive IgM and IgG expression, with 9.3% of them exhibiting over 20-fold higher titers ...

Abstract	Serum antibodies IgM and IgG are elevated during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to defend against viral attacks. Atypical results such as negative and abnormally high antibody expression were frequently observed whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive. In our cohort of 144 COVID-19 patients, 3.5% were both IgM and IgG negative, whereas 29.2% remained only IgM negative. The remaining patients exhibited positive IgM and IgG expression, with 9.3% of them exhibiting over 20-fold higher titers of IgM than the others at their plateau. IgG titers in all of them were significantly boosted after vaccination in the second year. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we classed the patients into four groups with diverse serological patterns and analyzed their 2-year clinical indicators. Additionally, we collected 111 serum samples for TMTpro-based longitudinal proteomic profiling and characterized 1494 proteins in total. We found that the continuously negative IgM and IgG expression during COVID-19 were associated with mild inflammatory reactions and high T cell responses. Low levels of serum IgD, inferior complement 1 activation of complement cascades, and insufficient cellular immune responses might collectively lead to compensatory serological responses, causing overexpression of IgM. Serum CD163 was positively correlated with antibody titers during seroconversion. This study suggests that patients with negative serology still developed cellular immunity for viral defense and that high titers of IgM might not be favorable to COVID-19 recovery.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 ; Proteomics ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulin G
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulin G
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2075924-1
ISSN	1535-9484 ; 1535-9476
ISSN (online)	1535-9484
ISSN	1535-9476
DOI	10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100493
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Article ; Online: Proteomics Investigation of Diverse Serological Patterns in COVID-19

Zhu, Yi / Zheng, Yufen / Shen, Bo / Guo, Tiannan

medRxiv

Abstract: ... whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive. In our cohort of 144 COVID-19 patients, 3.5% were both IgM and ... Serum antibodies IgM and IgG are elevated during COVID-19 to defend against viral attack. Atypical ... We found that the continuously negative IgM and IgG expression during COVID-19 were associated with mild ...

Abstract	Serum antibodies IgM and IgG are elevated during COVID-19 to defend against viral attack. Atypical results such as negative and abnormally high antibody expression were frequently observed whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive. In our cohort of 144 COVID-19 patients, 3.5% were both IgM and IgG negative whereas 29.2% remained only IgM negative. The remaining patients exhibited positive IgM and IgG expression, with 9.3% of them exhibiting over 20-fold higher titers of IgM than the others at their plateau. IgG titers in all of them were significantly boosted after vaccination in the second year. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we classed the patients into four groups with diverse serological patterns and analyzed their two-year clinical indicators. Additionally, we collected 111 serum samples for TMTpro-based longitudinal proteomic profiling and characterized 1494 proteins in total. We found that the continuously negative IgM and IgG expression during COVID-19 were associated with mild inflammatory reactions and high T cell responses. Low levels of serum IgD, inferior complement 1 activation of complement cascades, and insufficient cellular immune responses might collectively lead to compensatory serological responses, causing overexpression of IgM. Serum CD163 was positively correlated with antibody titers during seroconversion. This study suggests that patients with negative serology still developed cellular immunity for viral defense, and that high titers of IgM might not be favorable to COVID-19 recovery.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-22
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2022.08.21.22278967
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Heterogeneity of humoral response patterns in mildly symptomatic, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A one-year longitudinal study.

Andrade, Luis Af / Bagno, Flávia F / Sérgio, Sarah Ar / Parise, Pierina L / Toledo-Teixeira, Daniel A / Fernandes, Ana Psm / Teixeira, Santuza Mr / Granja, Fabiana / Proenca-Modena, José Luiz / da Fonseca, Flavio G

Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)

2023 Volume 248, Issue 10, Page(s) 874–882

Abstract: ... neutralization potency indexes persisted over time. In this study, humoral responses in mild COVID-19 patients persisted ... 19 patients before and after vaccination, a scenery that has become increasingly difficult ... antibodies at screening. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM levels peaked around two weeks post-COVID-19 diagnostics ...

Abstract	The duration and protectiveness of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in infected subjects are still uncertain; nonetheless, anti-S-specific antibodies can contribute to protective immunity against new infections. It has been described that the level of antibodies produced in COVID-19 is related to the severity of symptoms, and the majority of the humoral response studies have been conducted in hospitalized patients who have been, then, followed over time. However, about 80% of SARS-CoV-2 infections in unvaccinated people are mild to asymptomatic, and this percentage reaches more than 95% in vaccinated individuals. Therefore, understanding the long-term dynamics of the antibody responses in this predominant part of the COVID-19-affected population is essential. In this study, we followed a cohort of individuals with mild COVID-19 who did not require hospitalization. We collected blood samples at sequential times after the SARS-CoV-2-positive qRT-PCR result. From 65 recruited patients, 50 had detectable antibodies at screening. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM levels peaked around two weeks post-COVID-19 diagnostics, becoming undetectable after 65 days. IgG levels reached a peak in approximately one month and remained detectable for more than one year. In contrast to the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2, antibody neutralization potency indexes persisted over time. In this study, humoral responses in mild COVID-19 patients persisted for more than one year. This is an important long-term follow-up study that includes responses from COVID-19 patients before and after vaccination, a scenery that has become increasingly difficult to evaluate due to the growing vaccination of the world human population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Follow-Up Studies ; Longitudinal Studies ; Immunoglobulin M ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Immunity, Humoral
Chemical Substances	Immunoglobulin M ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4015-0
ISSN	1535-3699 ; 1525-1373 ; 0037-9727
ISSN (online)	1535-3699 ; 1525-1373
ISSN	0037-9727
DOI	10.1177/15353702231157941
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Article ; Online: Antibody response patterns in COVID-19 patients with different levels of disease severity in Japan.

Imai, Kazuo / Kitagawa, Yutaro / Tabata, Sakiko / Kubota, Katsumi / Nagura-Ikeda, Mayu / Matsuoka, Masaru / Miyoshi, Kazuyasu / Sakai, Jun / Ishibashi, Noriomi / Tarumoto, Norihito / Takeuchi, Shinichi / Ito, Toshimitsu / Maesaki, Shigefumi / Tamura, Kaku / Maeda, Takuya

Journal of medical virology

2021 Volume 93, Issue 5, Page(s) 3211–3218

Abstract: ... with COVID-19 (mild, 170; severe, 31; critical, 30). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against ... than in the mild cases. Our findings show that a stronger antibody response occurred in COVID-19 patients ... We analyzed antibody response patterns according to the level of disease severity in patients ...

Abstract	We analyzed antibody response patterns according to the level of disease severity in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan. We analyzed 611 serum specimens from 231 patients with COVID-19 (mild, 170; severe, 31; critical, 30). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against nucleocapsid protein (N) and spike 1 protein (S1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The peaks of fitting curves for the optical density (OD) values of IgM and IgG antibodies against N appeared simultaneously, while those against S1 were delayed compared with N. The OD values of IgM against N and IgG against both N and S1 were significantly higher in the severe and critical cases than in the mild cases at 11 days after symptom onset. The seroconversion rates of IgG were higher than those of IgM against both N and S1 during the clinical course based on the optimal cut-off values defined in this study. The seroconversion rates of IgG and IgM against N and S1 were higher in the severe and critical cases than in the mild cases. Our findings show that a stronger antibody response occurred in COVID-19 patients with greater disease severity and there were low seroconversion rates of antibodies against N and S1 in the mild cases.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/classification ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/pathology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/classification ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/classification ; Japan/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	752392-0
ISSN	1096-9071 ; 0146-6615
ISSN (online)	1096-9071
ISSN	0146-6615
DOI	10.1002/jmv.26899
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Article ; Online: Profiling Antibody Response Patterns in COVID-19: Spike S1-Reactive IgA Signature in the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Siracusano, Gabriel / Brombin, Chiara / Pastori, Claudia / Cugnata, Federica / Noviello, Maddalena / Tassi, Elena / Princi, Denise / Cantoni, Diego / Malnati, Mauro S / Maugeri, Norma / Bozzi, Carla / Saretto, Gianni / Clementi, Nicola / Mancini, Nicasio / Uberti-Foppa, Caterina / Temperton, Nigel / Bonini, Chiara / Di Serio, Clelia / Lopalco, Lucia

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 772239

Abstract: ... to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 141 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibiting a broad ... of the levels of antibodies. Our results showed that the majority of COVID-19 patients developed an early virus ... of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Italy. We determined the IgM, IgA, and IgG levels towards SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, and ...

Abstract	This contribution explores in a new statistical perspective the antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 141 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibiting a broad range of clinical manifestations. This cohort accurately reflects the characteristics of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Italy. We determined the IgM, IgA, and IgG levels towards SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, and NP antigens, evaluating their neutralizing activity and relationship with clinical signatures. Moreover, we longitudinally followed 72 patients up to 9 months postsymptoms onset to study the persistence of the levels of antibodies. Our results showed that the majority of COVID-19 patients developed an early virus-specific antibody response. The magnitude and the neutralizing properties of the response were heterogeneous regardless of the severity of the disease. Antibody levels dropped over time, even though spike reactive IgG and IgA were still detectable up to 9 months. Early baseline antibody levels were key drivers of the subsequent antibody production and the long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified anti-S1 IgA as a good surrogate marker to predict the clinical course of COVID-19. Characterizing the antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection is relevant for the early clinical management of patients as soon as they are diagnosed and for implementing the current vaccination strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/immunology ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.772239
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Article ; Online: Relationship between gene expression patterns from nasopharyngeal swabs and serum biomarkers in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, following treatment with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab.

Sims, Jonathan T / Poorbaugh, Josh / Chang, Ching-Yun / Holzer, Timothy R / Zhang, Lin / Engle, Sarah M / Beasley, Stephanie / Doman, Thompson N / Naughton, Lynn / Higgs, Richard E / Kallewaard, Nicole / Benschop, Robert J

Journal of translational medicine

2022 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 134

Abstract: ... in the serum of patients with COVID-19 versus healthy controls and linked with observations of inflammatory and ... from patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in the presence or absence of bamlanivimab ... treatment.: Methods: 23 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were randomized to receive a single dose ...

Abstract	Background: A thorough understanding of a patient's inflammatory response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is crucial to discerning the associated, underlying immunological processes and to the selection and implementation of treatment strategies. Defining peripheral blood biomarkers relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection is fundamental to detecting and monitoring this systemic disease. This safety-focused study aims to monitor and characterize the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection via analysis of peripheral blood and nasopharyngeal swab samples obtained from patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in the presence or absence of bamlanivimab treatment. Methods: 23 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were randomized to receive a single dose of the neutralizing monoclonal antibody, bamlanivimab (700 mg, 2800 mg or 7000 mg) or placebo, at study initiation (Clinical Trial; NCT04411628). Serum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at multiple time points over 1 month. A Proximity Extension Array was used to detect inflammatory profiles from protein biomarkers in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients relative to age/sex-matched healthy controls. RNA sequencing was performed on nasopharyngeal swabs. A Luminex serology assay and Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay were used to detect endogenous antibody formation and to monitor seroconversion in each cohort over time. A mixed model for repeated measures approach was used to analyze changes in serology and serum proteins over time. Results: Levels of IL-6, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFNγ and MCP-3 were > fourfold higher in the serum of patients with COVID-19 versus healthy controls and linked with observations of inflammatory and viral-induced interferon response genes detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples from the same patients. While IgA and IgM titers peaked around 7 days post-dose, IgG titers remained high, even after 28 days. Changes in biomarkers over time were not significantly different between the bamlanivimab and placebo groups. Conclusions: Similarities observed between nasopharyngeal gene expression patterns and peripheral blood biomarker profiles reveal a connection between the circulation and processes in the nasopharyngeal cavity, reinforcing the potential utility of systemic blood biomarker profiling for therapeutic monitoring of patient response. Serological antibody responses in patients correlated closely with reductions in the COVID-19 inflammatory protein biomarker signature. Bamlanivimab did not affect the biomarker dynamics in this hospitalized patient population.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Biomarkers ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Nasopharynx ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Biomarkers ; bamlanivimab (45I6OFJ8QH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2118570-0
ISSN	1479-5876 ; 1479-5876
ISSN (online)	1479-5876
ISSN	1479-5876
DOI	10.1186/s12967-022-03345-3
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Article ; Online: Relationship between gene expression patterns from nasopharyngeal swabs and serum biomarkers in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, following treatment with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab

Jonathan T. Sims / Josh Poorbaugh / Ching-Yun Chang / Timothy R. Holzer / Lin Zhang / Sarah M. Engle / Stephanie Beasley / Thompson N. Doman / Lynn Naughton / Richard E. Higgs / Nicole Kallewaard / Robert J. Benschop

Journal of Translational Medicine, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 12

Abstract: ... in the serum of patients with COVID-19 versus healthy controls and linked with observations of inflammatory and ... from patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in the presence or absence of bamlanivimab ... treatment. Methods 23 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were randomized to receive a single dose ...

Abstract	Abstract Background A thorough understanding of a patient’s inflammatory response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is crucial to discerning the associated, underlying immunological processes and to the selection and implementation of treatment strategies. Defining peripheral blood biomarkers relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection is fundamental to detecting and monitoring this systemic disease. This safety-focused study aims to monitor and characterize the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection via analysis of peripheral blood and nasopharyngeal swab samples obtained from patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in the presence or absence of bamlanivimab treatment. Methods 23 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were randomized to receive a single dose of the neutralizing monoclonal antibody, bamlanivimab (700 mg, 2800 mg or 7000 mg) or placebo, at study initiation (Clinical Trial; NCT04411628). Serum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at multiple time points over 1 month. A Proximity Extension Array was used to detect inflammatory profiles from protein biomarkers in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients relative to age/sex-matched healthy controls. RNA sequencing was performed on nasopharyngeal swabs. A Luminex serology assay and Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay were used to detect endogenous antibody formation and to monitor seroconversion in each cohort over time. A mixed model for repeated measures approach was used to analyze changes in serology and serum proteins over time. Results Levels of IL-6, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFNγ and MCP-3 were > fourfold higher in the serum of patients with COVID-19 versus healthy controls and linked with observations of inflammatory and viral-induced interferon response genes detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples from the same patients. While IgA and IgM titers peaked around 7 days post-dose, IgG titers remained high, even after 28 days. Changes in biomarkers over time were not significantly ...
Keywords	Biomarkers ; COVID-19 ; Gene expression ; Bamlanivimab ; Luminex ; RNA-seq ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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