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Article ; Online: Mucosal antibody response and SARS-CoV-2 shedding in patients with COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction.

Sharma, Shilpee / Thiriard, Anaïs / Olislagers, Véronique / Lechien, Jerome R / Jurion, Marie-Hélène / Delforge, Marie-Luce / Marchant, Arnaud / Saussez, Sven

Journal of medical virology

2024 Volume 96, Issue 1, Page(s) e29398

Abstract: ... antibody responses in patients with OD. Boosting mucosal immunity may limit nasal SARS-CoV-2 replication and thereby ... to investigate the potential relationship between nasal SARS-CoV-2 viral load and antibody levels in patients ... patients were still anosmic or hyposmic and 53 were normosmic. SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in nasal wash ...

Abstract	Olfactory dysfunction (OD) was one of the most common symptom of infection with the Wuhan strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and could persist for several months after symptom onset. The pathogenesis of prolonged OD remains poorly understood but probably involves sustained viral replication associated with limited mucosal immune response to the virus. This prospective study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between nasal SARS-CoV-2 viral load and antibody levels in patients with loss of smell. One hundred and five patients were recruited 2 weeks after presenting with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 associated OD. Based on the identification sniffing test performed at enrollment, 52 patients were still anosmic or hyposmic and 53 were normosmic. SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in nasal wash of about 50% of anosmic and normosmic patients. Higher viral load was detected in anosmic patients with lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific nasal immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG and IgA. This association was not observed in normosmic patients. No relationship between nasal viral load and antibodies to endemic coronaviruses was observed. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nasal cavity may be promoted by defective mucosal antibody responses in patients with OD. Boosting mucosal immunity may limit nasal SARS-CoV-2 replication and thereby help in the control of persistent OD.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibody Formation ; Prospective Studies ; Antibodies, Viral ; Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	752392-0
ISSN	1096-9071 ; 0146-6615
ISSN (online)	1096-9071
ISSN	0146-6615
DOI	10.1002/jmv.29398
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 multi-antigen protein microarray for detailed characterization of antibody responses in COVID-19 patients.

Celikgil, Alev / Massimi, Aldo B / Nakouzi, Antonio / Herrera, Natalia G / Morano, Nicholas C / Lee, James H / Yoon, Hyun Ah / Garforth, Scott J / Almo, Steven C

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) e0276829

Abstract: ... substitutions in COVID-19 patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic. Here we demonstrated ... demonstrated to be reliable and comparable to ELISA. We analyzed antibodies from 18 COVID-19 patients and 12 ... recovered convalescent donors. The S IgG level was higher than N IgG in most of the COVID-19 patients, and ...

Abstract	Antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) target multiple epitopes on different domains of the spike protein, and other SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We developed a SARS-CoV-2 multi-antigen protein microarray with the nucleocapsid, spike and its domains (S1, S2), and variants with single (D614G, E484K, N501Y) or double substitutions (N501Y/Deletion69/70), allowing a more detailed high-throughput analysis of the antibody repertoire following infection. The assay was demonstrated to be reliable and comparable to ELISA. We analyzed antibodies from 18 COVID-19 patients and 12 recovered convalescent donors. The S IgG level was higher than N IgG in most of the COVID-19 patients, and the receptor-binding domain of S1 showed high reactivity, but no antibodies were detected against the heptad repeat domain 2 of S2. Furthermore, antibodies were detected against S variants with single and double substitutions in COVID-19 patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic. Here we demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 multi-antigen protein microarray is a powerful tool for detailed characterization of antibody responses, with potential utility in understanding the disease progress and assessing current vaccines and therapies against evolving SARS-CoV-2.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/genetics ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibody Formation/genetics ; Antibody Formation/immunology ; COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/virology ; Immunoglobulin G ; Protein Array Analysis ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0276829
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Article: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody response to the third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors in Japanese hemodialysis patients.

Hirai, Keiji / Shimotashiro, Masako / Okumura, Toshiaki / Ookawara, Susumu / Morishita, Yoshiyuki

Kidney research and clinical practice

2024

Abstract: ... SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine.: Methods: Overall, 64 ... mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Japanese hemodialysis patients and determined factors associated with the anti ... the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine was comparable between hemodialysis patients and healthcare workers ...

Abstract	Background: We assessed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody response to the third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Japanese hemodialysis patients and determined factors associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: Overall, 64 patients (37 males, 27 females; mean age 71.4 ± 11.7 years) were enrolled in this single-center, prospective, longitudinal study. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers were compared between hemodialysis patients and 18 healthcare workers (8 males, 10 females; mean age 45.9 ± 12.2 years). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the third vaccination. Results: There was no significant difference in anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 4 weeks after the third vaccination between hemodialysis patients and healthcare workers (18,500 [interquartile range, 11,000-34,500] vs. 11,500 [interquartile range, 7,918-19,500], all values in AU/mL; p = 0.17). Uric acid (standard coefficient [β] = -0.203, p = 0.02), transferrin saturation (β = -0.269, p = 0.003), and log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 1 week before the third vaccination (β = 0.440, p < 0.001) correlated with the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 4 weeks after the third vaccination. In contrast, only the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 1 week before the third vaccination (β = 0.410, p < 0.001) correlated with the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 12 weeks after the third vaccination. Conclusion: The anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine was comparable between hemodialysis patients and healthcare workers. Uric acid concentration, transferrin saturation, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer before the third dose were associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the third dose in Japanese hemodialysis patients.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2656420-8
ISSN	2211-9132
ISSN	2211-9132
DOI	10.23876/j.krcp.23.121
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Article: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Response to the Fourth Dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients.

Hirai, Keiji / Shimotashiro, Masako / Okumura, Toshiaki / Ookawara, Susumu / Morishita, Yoshiyuki

International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease

2024 Volume 17, Page(s) 135–149

Abstract: ... COVID-19 vaccine in Japanese hemodialysis patients and determined factors associated with the anti-SARS ... CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the fourth dose.: Methods: Fifty-one patients were enrolled ... Background: We assessed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody response to four doses of BNT162b2 mRNA ...

Abstract	Background: We assessed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody response to four doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Japanese hemodialysis patients and determined factors associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the fourth dose. Methods: Fifty-one patients were enrolled in this single-center, prospective, longitudinal study. Change in anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers between after the second and fourth doses were evaluated. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the fourth dose. Results: The anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer was higher 4 weeks after the fourth dose compared with 4 weeks after the third dose (30,000 [interquartile range (IQR), 14,000-56,000] vs 18,000 [IQR, 11,000-32,500] AU/mL, p<0.001) and 4 weeks after the second dose (vs 2896 [IQR, 1110-4358] AU/mL, p<0.001). Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor use (standard coefficient [β]=0.217, p=0.011), and the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 1 week before the fourth dose (β=0.810, p<0.001) were correlated with the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 4 weeks after the fourth dose, whereas only the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 1 week before the fourth dose (β=0.677, p<0.001) was correlated with the log-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer 12 weeks after the fourth dose. Conclusion: Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor use and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer before the fourth dose were associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titer after the fourth dose in Japanese hemodialysis patients.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-17
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2508160-3
ISSN	1178-7058
ISSN	1178-7058
DOI	10.2147/IJNRD.S452964
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Article ; Online: Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in Patients with Different COVID-19 Clinical Profiles.

Soares, Sinei Ramos / da Silva Torres, Maria Karoliny / Lima, Sandra Souza / de Sarges, Kevin Matheus Lima / Santos, Erika Ferreira Dos / de Brito, Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhães / da Silva, Andréa Luciana Soares / de Meira Leite, Mauro / da Costa, Flávia Póvoa / Cantanhede, Marcos Henrique Damasceno / da Silva, Rosilene / de Oliveira Lameira Veríssimo, Adriana / Vallinoto, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres / Feitosa, Rosimar Neris Martins / Quaresma, Juarez Antônio Simões / Chaves, Tânia do Socorro Souza / Viana, Giselle Maria Rachid / Falcão, Luiz Fábio Magno / Santos, Eduardo José Melo Dos /

Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário / da Silva, Andréa Nazaré Monteiro Rangel

Viruses

2023 Volume 15, Issue 4

Abstract: ... to the S1, S2 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in different COVID-19 clinical profiles. This study enrolled 136 ... impact of COVID-19, the present study aimed to analyze the specificity of IgG antibody responses ... coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Brazil was diagnosed on February 26, 2020. Due to the important epidemiological ...

Abstract	The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Brazil was diagnosed on February 26, 2020. Due to the important epidemiological impact of COVID-19, the present study aimed to analyze the specificity of IgG antibody responses to the S1, S2 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in different COVID-19 clinical profiles. This study enrolled 136 individuals who were diagnosed with or without COVID-19 based on clinical findings and laboratory results and classified as asymptomatic or as having mild, moderate or severe disease. Data collection was performed through a semistructured questionnaire to obtain demographic information and main clinical manifestations. IgG antibody responses to the S1 and S2 subunits of the spike (S) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The results showed that among the participants, 87.5% (119/136) exhibited IgG responses to the S1 subunit and 88.25% (120/136) to N. Conversely, only 14.44% of the subjects (21/136) displayed S2 subunit responses. When analyzing the IgG antibody response while considering the different proteins of the virus, patients with severe disease had significantly higher antibody responses to N and S1 than asymptomatic individuals (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibody Formation ; COVID-19 ; Immunoglobulin G ; Nucleocapsid Proteins ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Nucleocapsid Proteins ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15040898
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Article: Determining clinical biomarkers to predict long-term SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh.

Ahmed, Tasnuva / Hasan, S M Tafsir / Akter, Afroza / Tauheed, Imam / Akhtar, Marjahan / Rahman, Sadia Isfat Ara / Bhuiyan, Taufiqur Rahman / Ahmed, Tahmeed / Qadri, Firdausi / Chowdhury, Fahima

Frontiers in medicine

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 1111037

Abstract: Background: Information on antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including ... that can predict long-term antibody responses following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.: Methodology ... The measurement of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses requires improved techniques and is not feasible ...

Abstract	Background: Information on antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the magnitude and duration of responses, is limited. In this analysis, we aimed to identify clinical biomarkers that can predict long-term antibody responses following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology: In this prospective study, we enrolled 100 COVID-19 patients between November 2020 and February 2021 and followed them for 6 months. The association of clinical laboratory parameters on enrollment, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, procalcitonin (PCT), and D-dimer, with predicting the geometric mean (GM) concentration of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibody at 3 and 6 months post-infection was assessed in multivariable linear regression models. Result: The mean ± SD age of patients in the cohort was 46.8 ± 14 years, and 58.8% were male. Data from 68 patients at 3 months follow-up and 55 patients at 6 months follow-up were analyzed. Over 90% of patients were seropositive against RBD-specific IgG till 6 months post-infection. At 3 months, for any 10% increase in absolute lymphocyte count and NLR, there was a 6.28% (95% CI: 9.68, -2.77) decrease and 4.93% (95% CI: 2.43, 7.50) increase, respectively, in GM of IgG concentration, while any 10% increase for LDH, CRP, ferritin, and procalcitonin was associated with a 10.63, 2.87, 2.54, and 3.11% increase in the GM of IgG concentration, respectively. Any 10% increase in LDH, CRP, and ferritin was similarly associated with an 11.28, 2.48, and 3.0% increase in GM of IgG concentration at 6 months post-infection. Conclusion: Several clinical biomarkers in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with enhanced IgG antibody response detected after 6 months of disease onset. The measurement of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses requires improved techniques and is not feasible in all settings. Baseline clinical biomarkers can be a useful alternative as they can predict antibody response during the convalescence period. Individuals with an increased level of NLR, CRP, LDH, ferritin, and procalcitonin may benefit from the boosting effect of vaccines. Further analyses will determine whether biochemical parameters can predict RBD-specific IgG antibody responses at later time points and the association of neutralizing antibody responses.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2775999-4
ISSN	2296-858X
ISSN	2296-858X
DOI	10.3389/fmed.2023.1111037
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients

OKBA, NISREEN M.A. / Muller, Marcel A / Li, Wentao / Wang, Chunyan / GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H. / Corman, Victor M. / Lamers, Mart M. / Sikkema, Reina S. / de Bruin, Erwin / Chandler, Felicity D. / Yazdanpanah, Yazdan / Le Hingrat, Quentin / Descamps, Diane / Houhou-Fidouh, Nadhira / Reusken, Chantal B. E. M. / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Drosten, Christian / Koopmans, Marion P.G. / Haagmans, Bart L.

Abstract: ... nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed infections of SARS-CoV-2 ... A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic ... epidemiological studies. Here, we developed serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike- and ...

Abstract	A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Whereas molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are important for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir and epidemiological studies. Here, we developed serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike- and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed infections of SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrate that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals seroconverted, as revealed by sensitive and specific in-house ELISAs. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity while sensitivity varied between the two, with IgA showing higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described here can be instrumental for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiological and vaccine evaluation studies.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	MedRxiv; WHO
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients

medRxiv

Abstract	A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Whereas molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are important for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir and epidemiological studies. Here, we developed serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike- and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed infections of SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrate that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals seroconverted, as revealed by sensitive and specific in-house ELISAs. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity while sensitivity varied between the two, with IgA showing higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described here can be instrumental for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiological and vaccine evaluation studies.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-20
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059
Database	COVID19

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Article: Antibody and T Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Peptides in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients.

Garanina, Ekaterina / Hamza, Shaimaa / Stott-Marshall, Robert J / Martynova, Ekaterina / Markelova, Maria / Davidyuk, Yuriy / Shakirova, Venera / Kaushal, Neha / Baranwal, Manoj / Khaertynova, Ilsiyar M / Rizvanov, Albert / Foster, Toshana L / Khaiboullina, Svetlana

Frontiers in microbiology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 842232

Abstract: ... patients from Tatarstan, Russia. We identified multiple SARS-CoV-2 peptides that were reactive with serum ... ELISpot) immune responses to spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as to human ... Identifying immunogenic targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is ...

Abstract	Identifying immunogenic targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to advance diagnostic and disease control strategies. We analyzed humoral (ELISA) and T-cell (ELISpot) immune responses to spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as to human endemic coronavirus (eCoV) peptides in serum from convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from Tatarstan, Russia. We identified multiple SARS-CoV-2 peptides that were reactive with serum antibodies and T cells from convalescent COVID-19. In addition, age and gender associated differences in the reactivity to S and N protein peptides were identified. Moreover, several SARS-CoV-2 peptides tested negatively correlated with disease severity and lung damage. Cross-reactivity to eCoV peptides was analyzed and found to be lower in COVID-19 compared to controls. In this study, we demonstrate the changing pattern of immunogenic peptide reactivity in COVID-19 serum based on age, gender and previous exposure to eCoVs. These data highlight how humoral immune responses and cytotoxic T cell responses to some of these peptides could contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2587354-4
ISSN	1664-302X
ISSN	1664-302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2022.842232
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Article ; Online: Early and strong antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 predict disease severity in COVID-19 patients.

Plūme, Jānis / Galvanovskis, Artis / Šmite, Sindija / Romanchikova, Nadezhda / Zayakin, Pawel / Linē, Aija

Journal of translational medicine

2022 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 176

Abstract: ... antigens or their fragments was developed and used to examine IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM responses to SARS-CoV-2 ... the first study assessing the prevalence and dynamics IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM responses to multiple SARS-CoV-2 ... in sera from 103 patients with COVID-19 including 34 patients for whom sequential samples were available ...

Abstract	Background: Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is a valuable biomarker for the assessment of the spread of the virus in a population and evaluation of the vaccine candidates. Recent data suggest that antibody levels also may have a prognostic significance in COVID-19. Most of the serological studies so far rely on testing antibodies against spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) protein, however antibodies can be directed against other structural and nonstructural proteins of the virus, whereas their frequency, biological and clinical significance is unknown. Methods: A novel antigen array comprising 30 SARS-CoV-2 antigens or their fragments was developed and used to examine IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM responses to SARS-CoV-2 in sera from 103 patients with COVID-19 including 34 patients for whom sequential samples were available, and 20 pre-pandemic healthy controls. Results: Antibody responses to various antigens are highly correlated and the frequencies and peak levels of antibodies are higher in patients with severe/moderate disease than in those with mild disease. This finding supports the idea that antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may exacerbate the severity of the disease via antibody-dependent enhancement. Moreover, early IgG and IgA responses to full length S protein may be used as an additional biomarker for the identification of patients who are at risk of developing severe disease. Importantly, this is the first study reporting that SARS-CoV-2 elicits IgE responses and their serum levels positively correlate with the severity of the disease thus suggesting a link between high levels of antibodies and mast cell activation. Conclusions: This is the first study assessing the prevalence and dynamics IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM responses to multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens simultaneously. Results provide important insights into the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and have implications in planning and interpreting antibody-based epidemiological studies.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral ; Antibody Formation ; Biomarkers ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Biomarkers ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulin E (37341-29-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2118570-0
ISSN	1479-5876 ; 1479-5876
ISSN (online)	1479-5876
ISSN	1479-5876
DOI	10.1186/s12967-022-03382-y
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