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  1. Article: Lymphedema: current issues in research and management.

    Petrek, J A / Pressman, P I / Smith, R A

    CA: a cancer journal for clinicians

    2000  Volume 50, Issue 5, Page(s) 292–307; quiz 308–11

    Abstract: ... evaluated the current state of knowledge about lymphedema. Recommendations and research initiatives proposed ... a summary of current knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, detection, and current treatment of lymphedema ... Lymphedema is a common and troublesome problem that can develop following breast cancer treatment ...

    Abstract Lymphedema is a common and troublesome problem that can develop following breast cancer treatment. As with other quality-of-life and nonlethal conditions, it receives less research funding and attention than do many other areas of study. In 1998, an invited workshop sponsored by the American Cancer Society reviewed and evaluated the current state of knowledge about lymphedema. Recommendations and research initiatives proposed by the 60 international participants are presented in the conclusion section of the article, following a summary of current knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, detection, and current treatment of lymphedema. The etiology of lymphedema is multifaceted; all of the factors that contribute to the condition and the nature of their interaction have not yet been identified. To compound the problem, methods of assessing the degree of arm and hand swelling vary and are not agreed upon, and reliable methods of assessing the functional impact of lymphedema have not yet been developed. In the absence of a cure for lymphedema, precautions and prevention are emphasized. Current treatments include elevation, elastic garments, pneumatic compression pumps, and complete decongestive therapy; surgical and medical techniques remain controversial. Elements and details of these treatments are described.
    MeSH term(s) American Cancer Society ; Breast Neoplasms/therapy ; Congresses as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphedema/classification ; Lymphedema/etiology ; Lymphedema/prevention & control ; Lymphedema/therapy ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-11-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 603553-x
    ISSN 1542-4863 ; 0007-9235
    ISSN (online) 1542-4863
    ISSN 0007-9235
    DOI 10.3322/canjclin.50.5.292
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Lymphedema.

    Akgül, Ahmet / Cirak, Musa / Birinci, Tansu

    Lymphatic research and biology

    2016  Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 206–209

    Abstract: ... of PRP in lymphedema treatment. Only two animal studies matched to our research yielded positive and ... the efficacy of PRP in the management of lymphedema. ... cardiovascular, general, and maxillofacial surgery. The current evidence obtained from in vitro and animal ...

    Abstract Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous concentrated preparation of human platelets contained in a small volume of plasma that is characterized by hemostatic and tissue-repairing effects. Being enriched by various kinds of growth factors, and their tissue-repairing effects have made them the focus of attention for use in tissue regeneration. PRP has been safely used and documented in many different fields, including orthopedics, sports injuries, dental and periodontal surgery, and cosmetic, plastic, cardiovascular, general, and maxillofacial surgery. The current evidence obtained from in vitro and animal studies pointed out that PRP may potentially be used to regenerate injured lymphatic vessels to treat or prevent lymphedema. Therefore, we have reviewed existing literature on the clinical uses of PRP in lymphedema and inquired whether there is enough evidence to support the use of PRP in clinical practice as a treatment option. In contrast to in vitro and animal models, there is no clinical trial regarding the use of PRP in lymphedema treatment. Only two animal studies matched to our research yielded positive and promising results in terms of the potential role of PRP in future for lymphedema therapies. In the light of these findings, it is clear that this is an important issue that should be studied in greater depth to clarify the efficacy of PRP in the management of lymphedema.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Lymphatic Vessels/physiopathology ; Lymphedema/physiopathology ; Lymphedema/therapy ; Platelet Transfusion/methods ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; Regenerative Medicine/methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology ; Wounds and Injuries/therapy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2147953-7
    ISSN 1557-8585 ; 1539-6851
    ISSN (online) 1557-8585
    ISSN 1539-6851
    DOI 10.1089/lrb.2015.0060
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2020 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology.

    Lymphology

    2020  Volume 53, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–19

    Abstract: ... along with dissatisfaction with current lymphedema evaluation and management is appropriate and to be ... of the 1995 Document for the evaluation and management of peripheral lymphedema (1). It is based ... patients with peripheral lymphedema in the light of currently available evidence. Therefore, the document ...

    Abstract This International Society of Lymphology (ISL) Consensus Document is the latest revision of the 1995 Document for the evaluation and management of peripheral lymphedema (1). It is based upon modifications: [A] suggested and published following the 1997 XVI International Congress of Lymphology (ICL) in Madrid, Spain (2), discussed at the 1999 XVII ICL in Chennai, India (3), and considered confirmed at the 2000 (ISL) Executive Committee meeting in Hinterzarten, Germany (4); [B] derived from integration of discussions and written comments obtained during and following the 2001 XVIII ICL in Genoa, Italy as modified at the 2003 ISL Executive Committee meeting in Cordoba, Argentina (5); [C] suggested from comments, criticisms, and rebuttals as published in the December 2004 issue of Lymphology (6); [D] discussed in both the 2005 XX ICL in Salvador, Brazil and the 2007 XXI ICL in Shanghai, China and modified at the 2008 Executive Committee meeting in Naples, Italy (7,8); [E] modified from discussions and written comments from the 2009 XXII ICL in Sydney, Australia, the 2011 XXIII ICL in Malmö, Sweden, the 2012 Executive Committee Meetings (9); [F] discussions at the 2013 XXIV ICL in Rome, Italy, and the 2015 XXV ICL in San Francisco, USA, as well as multiple written comments and feedback from Executive Committee and other ISL members during the 2016 drafting (10); informal discussions at the XXVI ICL in Barcelona, Spain; and [G] discussions at a dedicated, focused Post-Congress session at the XXVII ICL in Iguazú, Argentina (2019) followed by additional written comments from the Executive Committee and others. The document attempts to amalgamate the broad spectrum of protocols and practices advocated worldwide for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema into a coordinated proclamation representing a "Consensus" of the international community based on various levels of evidence. The document is not meant to override individual clinical considerations for complex patients nor to stifle progress. It is also not meant to be a legal formulation from which variations define medical malpractice. The Society understands that in some clinics the method of treatment derives from national standards while in others access to medical equipment, technical expertise, and supplies is limited; therefore, the suggested treatments might be impractical. Adaptability and inclusiveness does come at the price that members can rightly be critical of what they see as vagueness or imprecision in definitions, qualifiers in the choice of words (e.g., the use of "may... perhaps... unclear", etc.) and mentions (albeit without endorsement) of treatment options supported by limited hard data. Most members are frustrated by the reality that NO treatment method has really undergone a satisfactory meta-analysis (let alone rigorous, randomized, stratified, long-term, controlled study). With this understanding, the absence of definitive answers and optimally conducted clinical trials, and with emerging technologies and new approaches and discoveries on the horizon, some degree of uncertainty, ambiguity, and flexibility along with dissatisfaction with current lymphedema evaluation and management is appropriate and to be expected. We continue to struggle to keep the document concise while balancing the need for depth and details. With these considerations in mind, we believe that this 2020 version presents a Consensus that embraces the entire ISL membership, rises above national standards, identifies and stimulates promising areas for future research, and represents the best judgment of the ISL membership on how to approach patients with peripheral lymphedema in the light of currently available evidence. Therefore, the document has been and should continue to be challenged and debated in the pages of Lymphology (e.g., as Letters to the Editor) and ideally will remain a continued focal point for robust discussion at local, national and international conferences in lymphology and related disciplines. We further anticipate as experience evolves and new ideas and technologies emerge that this "living document" will undergo further periodic revision and refinement as the practice and conceptual foundations of medicine and specifically lymphology change and advance.
    MeSH term(s) Consensus ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Lymphedema/diagnosis ; Lymphedema/therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards ; Societies, Medical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80181-1
    ISSN 2522-7963 ; 0024-7766
    ISSN (online) 2522-7963
    ISSN 0024-7766
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Lymphedema in patients with head and neck cancer.

    Deng, Jie / Ridner, Sheila H / Murphy, Barbara A

    Oncology nursing forum

    2011  Volume 38, Issue 1, Page(s) E1–E10

    Abstract: ... lymphedema in patients with head and neck cancer is a significant but understudied issue.: Implications ... Purpose/objectives: to describe the current state of the science on secondary lymphedema ... empirical evidence to help them manage lymphedema after head and neck cancer treatment. ...

    Abstract Purpose/objectives: to describe the current state of the science on secondary lymphedema in patients with head and neck cancer.
    Data sources: published journal articles and books and data from the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and other healthcare-related professional association Web sites.
    Data synthesis: survivors of head and neck cancer may develop secondary lymphedema as a result of the cancer or its treatment. Secondary lymphedema may involve external (e.g., submental area) and internal (e.g., laryngeal, pharyngeal, oral cavity) structures. Although lymphedema affects highly visible anatomic sites (e.g., face, neck), and profoundly influences critical physical functions (e.g., speech, breathing, swallowing, cervical range of motion), research regarding this issue is lacking. Studies are needed to address a variety of vital questions, including incidence and prevalence, optimal measurement techniques, associated symptom burden, functional loss, and psychosocial impact.
    Conclusions: secondary lymphedema in patients with head and neck cancer is a significant but understudied issue.
    Implications for nursing: a need exists to systematically examine secondary lymphedema related to treatment for head and neck cancer and address gaps in the current literature, such as symptom burden, effects on body functions, and influences on quality of life. Oncology nurses and other healthcare professionals should have empirical evidence to help them manage lymphedema after head and neck cancer treatment.
    MeSH term(s) Head and Neck Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/nursing ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymphedema/epidemiology ; Lymphedema/nursing ; Lymphedema/physiopathology ; Oncology Nursing ; Prevalence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604886-9
    ISSN 1538-0688 ; 0190-535X ; 1538-0688
    ISSN (online) 1538-0688 ; 0190-535X
    ISSN 1538-0688
    DOI 10.1188/11.ONF.E1-E10
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2013 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology.

    Lymphology

    2013  Volume 46, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–11

    Abstract: ... of the 1995 Document for the evaluation and management of peripheral lymphedema (1) for discussion at the XXIV ... of uncertainty, ambiguity, and flexibility along with dissatisfaction with current lymphedema evaluation and ... management is appropriate and to be expected. We continue to struggle to keep the document concise ...

    Abstract This International Society of Lymphology (ISL) Consensus Document is the current revision of the 1995 Document for the evaluation and management of peripheral lymphedema (1) for discussion at the XXIV International Congress of Lymphology. It is based upon modifications: [A] suggested and published following the 1997 XVI International Congress of Lymphology (ICL) in Madrid, Spain (2) discussed at the 1999 XVII ICL in Chennai, India (3) and considered/ confirmed at the 2000 (ISL) Executive Committee meeting in Hinterzarten, Germany (4); [B] derived from integration of discussions and written comments obtained during and following the 2001 XVIII ICL in Genoa, Italy as modified at the 2003 ISL Executive Committee meeting in Cordoba, Argentina (5); [C] suggested from comments, criticisms, and rebuttals as published in the December 2004 issue of Lymphology (6); [D] discussed in both the 2005 XX ICL in Salvador, Brazil and the 2007 XXI ICL in Shanghai, China and modified at the 2008 Executive Committee Meeting in Naples, Italy (7,8); and [E] modified from discussions and written comments from the 2009 XXII ICL in Sydney, Australia, the 2011 XXIII ICL in Malmo, Sweden and 2012 Executive Committee Meetings. The document attempts to amalgamate the broad spectrum of protocols advocated worldwide for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema into a coordinated proclamation representing a "Consensus" of the international community. The document is not meant to override individual clinical considerations for problematic patients nor to stifle progress. It is also not meant to be a legal formulation from which variations define medical malpractice. The Society understands that in some clinics the method of treatment derives from national standards while in others access to medical equipment and supplies is limited, and therefore the suggested treatments are impractical. Adaptability and inclusiveness does come at the price that members can rightly be critical of what they see as vagueness or imprecision in definitions, qualifiers in the choice of words (e.g., the use of "may... perhaps... unclear", etc.) and mention (albeit without endorsement) of treatment options supported by limited hard data. Most members are frustrated by the reality that NO treatment method has really undergone a satisfactory meta-analysis (let alone rigorous, randomized, stratified, long-term, controlled study). With this understanding, the absence of definitive answers and optimally conducted clinical trials, and with emerging technologies and new approaches and discoveries on the horizon, some degree of uncertainty, ambiguity, and flexibility along with dissatisfaction with current lymphedema evaluation and management is appropriate and to be expected. We continue to struggle to keep the document concise while balancing the need for depth and details. With these considerations in mind, we believe that this latest version presents a Consensus that embraces the entire ISL membership, rises above national standards, identifies and stimulates promising areas for future research and represents the best judgment of the ISL membership on how to approach patients with peripheral lymphedema as of 2013. Therefore the document has been, and should continue to be, challenged and debated in the pages of Lymphology (e.g., as Letters to the Editor), and ideally will remain a continued focal point for robust discussion at local, national and international conferences in lymphology and related disciplines. We further anticipate as experience evolves and new ideas and technologies emerge that this "living document" will undergo further periodic revision and refinement as the practice and theories of medicine and specifically lymphology change and advance.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; International Agencies ; Lymphedema/diagnosis ; Lymphedema/therapy ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Societies, Medical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Consensus Development Conference ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80181-1
    ISSN 0024-7766
    ISSN 0024-7766
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Lymphedema in Canada: a qualitative study to help develop a clinical, research, and education strategy.

    Hodgson, P / Towers, A / Keast, D H / Kennedy, A / Pritzker, R / Allen, J

    Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)

    2010  Volume 18, Issue 6, Page(s) e260–4

    Abstract: ... a national strategy and agenda for lymphedema management.: Methods: The Canadian Lymphedema Framework ... discussing strategies to improve the management of lymphedema and related disorders in Canada. Participants ... identified barriers, challenges, and issues related to the need to raise awareness about lymphedema ...

    Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to gather data from Canadian stakeholders to help construct a national strategy and agenda for lymphedema management.
    Methods: The Canadian Lymphedema Framework, a collaboration of medical academics, lymphedema therapists, patient advocates, and others, used participatory action research and Open Space Technology to identify issues and build consensus at a national meeting of lymphedema stakeholders. Proceedings were videotaped and underwent content analysis. Existing Canadian documentation on lymphedema services was analyzed. Using those data sources, the Canadian Lymphedema Framework drafted a development strategy.
    Results: Of 320 invited stakeholders (patients, therapists, physicians, industry representatives, and health policymakers), 108 participated in a day-long videotaped meeting discussing strategies to improve the management of lymphedema and related disorders in Canada. Participants identified barriers, challenges, and issues related to the need to raise awareness about lymphedema with patients, physicians, and the public. Five priority areas for development were articulated: education, standards, research, reimbursement and access to treatment, and advocacy. The main barrier to development was identified as the lack of clear responsibility within the health care system for lymphedema care.
    Conclusions: Data from stakeholders was obtained to solidly define priority areas for lymphedema development at a national level. The Canadian Lymphedema Framework has created a working plan, an advisory board, and working groups to implement the strategy.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-08-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1236972-x
    ISSN 1718-7729 ; 1198-0052
    ISSN (online) 1718-7729
    ISSN 1198-0052
    DOI 10.3747/co.v18i5.787
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Home management of lower limb lymphoedema with an intermittent pneumatic compression device: a feasibility study.

    Dunn, Nyree / Williams, E Mark / Fishbourne, Michelle / Dolan, Gina / Davies, Jane H

    Pilot and feasibility studies

    2019  Volume 5, Page(s) 113

    Abstract: ... there is no cure for lymphoedema; instead, current treatment is aimed at lifelong management to help ... within the planned time frame with a retention rate of 80%. Issues relating to potential recruitment bias and study ... to standard lymphoedema care; however, research regarding the efficacy of this treatment modality is limited ...

    Abstract Background: Lymphoedema is a chronic condition that causes swelling in the body tissues. Presently, there is no cure for lymphoedema; instead, current treatment is aimed at lifelong management to help control symptoms. Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy can be considered as an adjunct to standard lymphoedema care; however, research regarding the efficacy of this treatment modality is limited.
    Methods: Twenty participants were recruited from an outpatient lymphoedema clinic (South Wales, UK) to a feasibility randomised control trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of an IPC device (LymphAssist, Huntleigh Healthcare) in reducing lower limb volume. The primary objective was to assess feasibility in terms of (1) study feasibility, including recruitment, retention and assessment of outcome measures, and (2) intervention feasibility, including intervention fidelity and acceptability to participants. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (
    Results: The study recruited to target within the planned time frame with a retention rate of 80%. Issues relating to potential recruitment bias and study attrition were identified and possible solutions explored. In addition, supplementary primary outcome measures that are important to the study population were identified and will be incorporated into the design of future studies.
    Conclusion: This feasibility study identified that a larger randomised controlled trial investigating the efficacy of home use IPC devices is feasible with modifications to the study protocol.
    Trial registration: This trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03825263).
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2809935-7
    ISSN 2055-5784
    ISSN 2055-5784
    DOI 10.1186/s40814-019-0496-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Home management of lower limb lymphoedema with an intermittent pneumatic compression device

    Nyree Dunn / E. Mark Williams / Michelle Fishbourne / Gina Dolan / Jane H. Davies

    Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    a feasibility study

    2019  Volume 9

    Abstract: ... Presently, there is no cure for lymphoedema; instead, current treatment is aimed at lifelong management ... to standard lymphoedema care; however, research regarding the efficacy of this treatment modality is limited ... in terms of (1) study feasibility, including recruitment, retention and assessment of outcome measures, and ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Lymphoedema is a chronic condition that causes swelling in the body tissues. Presently, there is no cure for lymphoedema; instead, current treatment is aimed at lifelong management to help control symptoms. Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy can be considered as an adjunct to standard lymphoedema care; however, research regarding the efficacy of this treatment modality is limited. Methods Twenty participants were recruited from an outpatient lymphoedema clinic (South Wales, UK) to a feasibility randomised control trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of an IPC device (LymphAssist, Huntleigh Healthcare) in reducing lower limb volume. The primary objective was to assess feasibility in terms of (1) study feasibility, including recruitment, retention and assessment of outcome measures, and (2) intervention feasibility, including intervention fidelity and acceptability to participants. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 10) or intervention group (n = 10). The control group received their standard lymphoedema care only for a 6-month period, whereas the intervention group received their standard lymphoedema care plus an IPC device to use for 6 months. A bilateral lower limb assessment and quality of life survey were undertaken at baseline and 3- and 6-month time points. Results The study recruited to target within the planned time frame with a retention rate of 80%. Issues relating to potential recruitment bias and study attrition were identified and possible solutions explored. In addition, supplementary primary outcome measures that are important to the study population were identified and will be incorporated into the design of future studies. Conclusion This feasibility study identified that a larger randomised controlled trial investigating the efficacy of home use IPC devices is feasible with modifications to the study protocol. Trial registration This trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03825263).
    Keywords Lymphoedema ; Intermittent pneumatic compression ; Leg volume ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Subject code 420
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article: Treating breast cancer-related lymphoedema at the London Haven: clinical audit results.

    Jeffs, Eunice

    European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society

    2006  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 71–79

    Abstract: ... outcomes of treatment: Results highlight the key issues around current practice at the London Haven and the need ... for further research in promising areas in lymphoedema management. ... Lymphoedema is recognised as a significant management problem for both patients and clinicians ...

    Abstract Lymphoedema is recognised as a significant management problem for both patients and clinicians. Around 25% of those undergoing axillary intervention as treatment for breast cancer will go on to develop some degree of lymphoedema, which will impact their everyday life and wellbeing [Moffatt et al., 2003. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 96, 731-738; Mortimer et al., 1996. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 89, 377-380; Tobin et al., 1993. Cancer 72, 3248-3252]. This paper outlines an audit of the presenting characteristics of all 263 patients seen in The London Haven Lymphoedema Service (TLHLS) between 10th February 2000 and 4th June 2003 for treatment of breast cancer-related lymphoedema and reports outcomes of treatment: Results highlight the key issues around current practice at the London Haven and the need for further research in promising areas in lymphoedema management.
    MeSH term(s) Anthropometry ; Bandages ; Breast Neoplasms/complications ; Clinical Competence/standards ; Exercise Therapy/methods ; Female ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; London ; Lymphedema/etiology ; Lymphedema/prevention & control ; Male ; Massage/methods ; Nursing Assessment ; Nursing Audit ; Nursing Evaluation Research ; Oncology Nursing/organization & administration ; Patient Care Planning/organization & administration ; Patient Education as Topic/organization & administration ; Self Care/methods ; Severity of Illness Index ; Skin Care/methods ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-02
    Publishing country Scotland
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2017117-1
    ISSN 1462-3889
    ISSN 1462-3889
    DOI 10.1016/j.ejon.2005.02.005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Antibiotics / anti-inflammatories for reducing acute inflammatory episodes in lymphoedema of the limbs.

    Badger, C / Seers, K / Preston, N / Mortimer, P

    The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    2004  , Issue 2, Page(s) CD003143

    Abstract: Background: Lymphoedema is a chronic and progressive condition and current debate revolves ... Lymphology Society, the National Research Register (NRR) and the International Society of Lymphology congress ... episodes in filarial lymphoedema. Foot care may be important in reducing ADL episodes, and penicillin ...

    Abstract Background: Lymphoedema is a chronic and progressive condition and current debate revolves around the best course of management for infective/inflammatory episodes.
    Objectives: To determine whether antibiotic/anti-inflammatory drugs given prophylactically reduce the number and severity of infective/inflammatory episodes in patients with lymphoedema.
    Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group register in September 2003, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003), CINAHL, MEDLINE, PASCAL, SIGLE, UnCover, reference lists produced by The British Lymphology Society, the National Research Register (NRR) and the International Society of Lymphology congress proceedings.
    Selection criteria: Types of studies considered for review were randomised controlled trials testing an antibiotic or anti-inflammatory drug against placebo (with or without physical therapies).
    Data collection and analysis: Eligibility for inclusion was confirmed by two blinded reviewers who screened the papers independently using a checklist of criteria relating to the randomisation and blinding of a trial. Both reviewers extracted data from the eligible studies using a data extraction form.
    Main results: Overall, four studies (364 randomised patients) were included. Two of these studied the effects of intensive physical treatment plus selenium or placebo in preventing AIE, and two studied the effects of Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) (anti-filarial agents) and penicillin as prophylactic treatment for adeno lymphangitis(ADL) versus placebo. Both selenium trials reported no inflammatory episodes during the trial period in the treated group but one case of infection in the two placebo groups respectively during the first three weeks of each trial. Seven additional cases of infection in trial one and 14 cases in trial two required treatment in the three month follow up period. One anti filarial trial reported a total of 127 ADL episodes for all groups during the treatment year (compared with 684 episodes reported for the same participants during the pre-treatment year). Another 228 ADL episodes were reported during the trial follow-up year but no significant differences were found between the three groups. No apparent link was found between the grade of oedema and the frequency of ADL episodes. However, there was a significant link between increased episodes and the rainy season. In the penicillin group the mean number of inflammatory episodes was reduced from 4.6 to 0.5 after treatment and increased to 1.9 at the end of the follow-up year.
    Reviewers' conclusions: The effectiveness of selenium in preventing AIE in lymphoedema remains inconclusive in the absence of properly conducted randomised controlled trials. Anti-filarials (DEC and Ivermectin) do not appear to reduce ADL episodes in filarial lymphoedema. Foot care may be important in reducing ADL episodes, and penicillin appears to contribute to a significant reduction in ADL, when combined with foot-care. It seems reasonable to emphasise the importance of foot-care to patients and practitioners in preventing infection and this may also apply to care of the arm in women who develop lymphoedema following breast cancer treatment. However, properly conducted trials are needed to demonstrate any efficacy of these interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Cellulitis/drug therapy ; Erysipelas/drug therapy ; Filaricides/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Lymphadenitis/drug therapy ; Lymphangitis/drug therapy ; Lymphedema/complications ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Selenium/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Filaricides ; Selenium (H6241UJ22B)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-04-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 1469-493X
    ISSN (online) 1469-493X
    DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003143.pub2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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