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Article: Mechanisms of Myocardial Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Rali, Aniket S / Ranka, Sagar / Shah, Zubair / Sauer, Andrew J

2020 Volume 6, Page(s) e15

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough ... reports. In this article, the authors summarise the available literature on mechanisms of myocardial ... dysfunction and myocardial inflammation. Although the exact mechanism of myocardial inflammation in patients ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough and respiratory failure. However, it appears to have a unique interplay with cardiovascular disease (CVD); patients with pre-existing CVD are at highest risk for mortality from COVID-19, along with the elderly. COVID-19 contributes to cardiovascular complications including arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction and myocardial inflammation. Although the exact mechanism of myocardial inflammation in patients with COVID-19 is not known, several plausible mechanisms have been proposed based on early observational reports. In this article, the authors summarise the available literature on mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2960293-2
ISSN	2057-7559 ; 2057-7540
ISSN (online)	2057-7559
ISSN	2057-7540
DOI	10.15420/cfr.2020.10
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Mechanisms of Myocardial Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Rali, Aniket S. / Ranka, Sagar / Shah, Zubair / Sauer, Andrew J.

Cardiac failure review

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough ... reports In this article, the authors summarise the available literature on mechanisms of myocardial injury ... and myocardial inflammation Although the exact mechanism of myocardial inflammation in patients ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough and respiratory failure However, it appears to have a unique interplay with cardiovascular disease (CVD);patients with pre-existing CVD are at highest risk for mortality from COVID-19, along with the elderly COVID-19 contributes to cardiovascular complications including arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction and myocardial inflammation Although the exact mechanism of myocardial inflammation in patients with COVID-19 is not known, several plausible mechanisms have been proposed based on early observational reports In this article, the authors summarise the available literature on mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #601346
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Mechanisms of Myocardial Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Rali, Aniket S / Ranka, Sagar / Shah, Zubair / Sauer, Andrew J

Cardiac Failure Review

2020 Volume 6

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough and respiratory failure. However, it appears to have a unique interplay with cardiovascular disease (CVD); patients with pre-existing CVD are at highest risk for mortality from COVID-19, along with the elderly. COVID-19 contributes to cardiovascular complications including arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction and myocardial inflammation. Although the exact mechanism of myocardial inflammation in patients with COVID-19 is not known, several plausible mechanisms have been proposed based on early observational reports. In this article, the authors summarise the available literature on mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Radcliffe Group Ltd
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2960293-2
ISSN	2057-7559 ; 2057-7540
ISSN (online)	2057-7559
ISSN	2057-7540
DOI	10.15420/cfr.2020.10
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Diseases: From Cellular Mechanisms to Clinical Manifestations.

Shu, Hongyang / Wen, Zheng / Li, Na / Zhang, Zixuan / Ceesay, Bala Musa / Peng, Yizhong / Zhou, Ning / Wang, Dao Wen

Aging and disease

2023 Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 2071–2088

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ... in the pandemic. Finally, the issues related to myocardial injury post recovery, as well as vaccination-induced ... The strong association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by increased ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread worldwide and led to over 581 million confirmed cases and over 6 million deaths as 1 August 2022. The binding of the viral surface spike protein to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is the primary mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Not only highly expressed in the lung, ACE2 is also widely distributed in the heart, mainly in cardiomyocytes and pericytes. The strong association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by increased clinical evidence. Preexisting CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes etc., increase susceptibility to COVID-19. In turn, COVID-19 exacerbates the progression of CVD, including myocardial damage, arrhythmia, acute myocarditis, heart failure, and thromboembolism. Moreover, cardiovascular risks post recovery and the vaccination-associated cardiovascular problems have become increasingly evident. To demonstrate the association between COVID-19 and CVD, this review detailly illustrated the impact of COVID-19 on different cells (cardiomyocytes, pericytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) in myocardial tissue and provides an overview of the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvements in the pandemic. Finally, the issues related to myocardial injury post recovery, as well as vaccination-induced CVD, has also been emphasized.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2625789-0
ISSN	2152-5250 ; 2152-5250
ISSN (online)	2152-5250
ISSN	2152-5250
DOI	10.14336/AD.2023.0314
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Article ; Online: New Insights on the Mechanisms of Myocardial Injury in Hypertensive Patients With COVID-19.

Moll-Bernardes, Renata / Ferreira, Juliana R / Schaustz, Eduardo B / Sousa, Andréa S / Mattos, João D / Tortelly, Mariana B / Pimentel, Adriana L / Figueiredo, Ana Cristina B S / Noya-Rabelo, Marcia M / Fortier, Sergio / Matos E Silva, Flavia A / Vera, Narendra / Conde, Luciana / Cabral-Castro, Mauro Jorge / Albuquerque, Denilson C / Rosado-de-Castro, Paulo Henrique / Camargo, Gabriel C / Pinheiro, Martha V T / Freitas, Daniele O L /

Pittella, Ana M / Araújo, José Afonso M / Marques, André C / Gouvêa, Elias P / Terzi, Flavia V O / Zukowski, Cleverson N / Gismondi, Ronaldo A O C / Bandeira, Bruno S / Oliveira, Renée S / Abufaiad, Barbara E J / Miranda, Jacqueline S S / Miranda, Luiz Guilherme / Souza, Olga F / Bozza, Fernando A / Luiz, Ronir R / Medei, Emiliano

Journal of clinical immunology

2023 Volume 43, Issue 7, Page(s) 1496–1505

Abstract: Purpose: Myocardial injury is common in hypertensive patients with 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID ... hypertensive patients with no myocardial injury. Biomarkers and immune cell subsets were quantified and ... of clinical and immune variables with myocardial injury.: Results: The sample comprised 193 patients ...

Abstract	Purpose: Myocardial injury is common in hypertensive patients with 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Immune dysregulation could be associated to cardiac injury in these patients, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Methods: All patients were selected prospectively from a multicenter registry of adults hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. Cases had hypertension and myocardial injury, defined by troponin levels above the 99th percentile upper reference limit, and controls were hypertensive patients with no myocardial injury. Biomarkers and immune cell subsets were quantified and compared between the two groups. A multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the associations of clinical and immune variables with myocardial injury. Results: The sample comprised 193 patients divided into two groups: 47 cases and 146 controls. Relative to controls, cases had lower total lymphocyte count, percentage of T lymphocytes, CD8 Conclusion: Our findings suggest that lymphopenia, CD8
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 ; COVID-19/complications ; HLA-DR Antigens ; Biomarkers ; Lymphocyte Activation
Chemical Substances	ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 (EC 3.2.2.6) ; HLA-DR Antigens ; Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Multicenter Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	779361-3
ISSN	1573-2592 ; 0271-9142
ISSN (online)	1573-2592
ISSN	0271-9142
DOI	10.1007/s10875-023-01523-6
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Article ; Online: Mechanisms of thrombosis and cardiovascular complications in COVID-19.

Page, Eden M / Ariëns, Robert A S

Thrombosis research

2021 Volume 200, Page(s) 1–8

Abstract: ... myocardial infarction" and "acute lung injury", as well as terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "2019 novel coronavirus" and ... Background: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the 2019-2020 global (COVID-19 ... 2019-nCoV".: Results and conclusions: COVID-19 disease is characterised by the interactions between ...

Abstract	Background: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the 2019-2020 global (COVID-19) pandemic, is a respiratory virus associated with the development of thromboembolic complications and respiratory failure in severe cases. Increased risk of pulmonary embolism and thrombosis has been identified in COVID-19 patients, alongside accompanying elevations in potential prognostic biomarkers, including D-dimer, IL-6 and cardiac specific troponins. Our aim was to provide a scoping review of the available literature regarding thrombosis risk, other cardiovascular implications, and their biomarkers in COVID-19 to highlight potential disease mechanisms. Methods: Authors conducted a literature search in PubMed using MeSH headings "disseminated intravascular coagulation", "pulmonary embolism", "thromb", "stroke", "myocardial infarction" and "acute lung injury", as well as terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "2019 novel coronavirus" and "2019-nCoV". Results and conclusions:* COVID-19 disease is characterised by the interactions between hyperactive coagulation and complement systems - induced by hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in a pro-thrombotic state and diffuse tissue injury. There are several promising prognostic markers of disease severity, with D-dimer the most significant. The presence of thrombocytopenia appears to be a key indicator of patient deterioration. Further research is required to understand the underlying pathophysiology in COVID-19 and its implications in disease progression and patient management. Randomised trials are urgently needed to determine the safety of proposed therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin and the role for anti-platelet agents, such as Ticagrelor, in patient management.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers ; COVID-19/complications ; Humans ; Thrombocytopenia/virology ; Thromboembolism/virology ; Thrombosis/virology
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	121852-9
ISSN	1879-2472 ; 0049-3848
ISSN (online)	1879-2472
ISSN	0049-3848
DOI	10.1016/j.thromres.2021.01.005
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Article ; Online: Direct mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiomyocyte damage: an update.

Yang, Yicheng / Wei, Zhiyao / Xiong, Changming / Qian, Haiyan

Virology journal

2022 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 108

Abstract: ... a comprehensive understanding of the cardiac manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ... Myocardial injury induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is ... mechanisms. Limited by insufficient evidence, myocardial injury caused by direct viral invasion ...

Abstract	Myocardial injury induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is reportedly related to disease severity and mortality, attracting attention to exploring relevant pathogenic mechanisms. Limited by insufficient evidence, myocardial injury caused by direct viral invasion of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is not fully understood. Based on recent studies, endosomal dependence can compensate for S protein priming to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of CMs, damage the contractile function of CMs, trigger electrical dysfunction, and tip the balance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to exert a myocardial injury effect. In this review, we shed light on the direct injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 to provide a comprehensive understanding of the cardiac manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2160640-7
ISSN	1743-422X ; 1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-022-01833-y
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Article: Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Options.

Pelle, Maria Chiara / Zaffina, Isabella / Lucà, Stefania / Forte, Valentina / Trapanese, Vincenzo / Melina, Melania / Giofrè, Federica / Arturi, Franco

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 12, Issue 10

Abstract: ... of the current pandemic that is a heterogeneous disease, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 ... SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus found in Wuhan (China) at the end of 2019, is the etiological agent ... in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In fact, ACE2 is used as a receptor by SARS-CoV-2, leading ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus found in Wuhan (China) at the end of 2019, is the etiological agent of the current pandemic that is a heterogeneous disease, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 affects primarily the lungs, but it can induce multi-organ involvement such as acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, thromboembolic eventsandrenal failure. Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity increase the risk of severe complications of COVID-19. There is no certain explanation for this systemic COVID-19 involvement, but it could be related to endothelial dysfunction, due to direct (endothelial cells are infected by the virus) and indirect damage (systemic inflammation) factors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), expressed in human endothelium, has a fundamental role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In fact, ACE2 is used as a receptor by SARS-CoV-2, leading to the downregulation of these receptors on endothelial cells; once inside, this virus reduces the integrity of endothelial tissue, with exposure of prothrombotic molecules, platelet adhesion, activation of coagulation cascades and, consequently, vascular damage. Systemic microangiopathy and thromboembolism can lead to multi-organ failure with an elevated risk of death. Considering the crucial role of the immunological response and endothelial damage in developing the severe form of COVID-19, in this review, we will attempt to clarify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life12101605
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Article: Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Injury Associated With Myocardial SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Liu, Xianfang / Lou, Longquan / Zhou, Lei

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine

2022 Volume 8, Page(s) 643958

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS ... resulting in myocardial injury. ... CoV-2) has spread around the world. The development of cardiac injury is a common condition ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread around the world. The development of cardiac injury is a common condition in patients with COVID-19, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. The RNA-Seq dataset (GSE150392) comparing expression profiling of mock human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and SARS-CoV-2-infected hiPSC-CMs was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We identified 1,554 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on GSE150392. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Gene ontology (GO) analysis, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that immune-inflammatory responses were activated by SARS-CoV-2, while muscle contraction, cellular respiration, and cell cycle of hiPSC-CMs were inhibited. A total of 15 hub genes were identified according to protein-protein interaction (PPI), among which 11 upregulated genes were mainly involved in cytokine activation related to the excessive inflammatory response. Moreover, we identified potential drugs based on these hub genes. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection of cardiomyocytes caused a strong defensive response, leading to excessive immune inflammation, cell hypoxia, functional contractility reduction, and apoptosis, ultimately resulting in myocardial injury.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2781496-8
ISSN	2297-055X
ISSN	2297-055X
DOI	10.3389/fcvm.2021.643958
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Article ; Online: Myocardial injury and COVID-19: Possible mechanisms.

Babapoor-Farrokhran, Savalan / Gill, Deanna / Walker, Jackson / Rasekhi, Roozbeh Tarighati / Bozorgnia, Behnam / Amanullah, Aman

Life sciences

2020 Volume 253, Page(s) 117723

Abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly progressed to a global health emergency ... mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 can cause myocardial injury are not clearly understood. The proposed mechanisms ... infection with other coronavirus infections such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory ...

Abstract	Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly progressed to a global health emergency. Respiratory illness is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients with the disease spectrum ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infection, to severe pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome. There is growing evidence describing pathophysiological resemblance of SARS-CoV-2 infection with other coronavirus infections such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 receptors play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the virus. Disruption of this receptor leads to cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. Patients with cardiovascular disease are more likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and they are more likely to develop severe symptoms. Hypertension, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease are amongst major cardiovascular disease comorbidities seen in severe cases of COVID-19. There is growing literature exploring cardiac involvement in SARS-CoV-2. Myocardial injury is one of the important pathogenic features of COVID-19. As a surrogate for myocardial injury, multiple studies have shown increased cardiac biomarkers mainly cardiac troponins I and T in the infected patients especially those with severe disease. Myocarditis is depicted as another cause of morbidity amongst COVID-19 patients. The exact mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 can cause myocardial injury are not clearly understood. The proposed mechanisms of myocardial injury are direct damage to the cardiomyocytes, systemic inflammation, myocardial interstitial fibrosis, interferon mediated immune response, exaggerated cytokine response by Type 1 and 2 helper T cells, in addition to coronary plaque destabilization, and hypoxia.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/pathology ; Humans ; Myocarditis/virology ; Myocardium/pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/virology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ; Pneumonia, Viral/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	3378-9
ISSN	1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
ISSN (online)	1879-0631
ISSN	0024-3205
DOI	10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117723
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