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Article ; Online: IMMUNE CELL PHENOTYPE AND FUNCTION IN SEPSIS.

Rimmelé, Thomas / Payen, Didier / Cantaluppi, Vincenzo / Marshall, John / Gomez, Hernando / Gomez, Alonso / Murray, Patrick / Kellum, John A

Shock (Augusta, Ga.)

2015 Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s) 282–291

Abstract: Cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems play a critical role in the host response to sepsis ... also reviewed and the impact on cellular phenotypes and leukocyte function of nonextracorporeal ... of cell subtypes, and the cell function. ...

Abstract	Cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems play a critical role in the host response to sepsis. Moreover, their accessibility for sampling and their capacity to respond dynamically to an acute threat increases the possibility that leukocytes might serve as a measure of a systemic state of altered responsiveness in sepsis.The working group of the 14th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) conference sought to obtain consensus on the characteristic functional and phenotypic changes in cells of the innate and adaptive immune system in the setting of sepsis. Techniques for the study of circulating leukocytes were also reviewed and the impact on cellular phenotypes and leukocyte function of nonextracorporeal treatments and extracorporeal blood purification therapies proposed for sepsis was analyzed.A large number of alterations in the expression of distinct neutrophil and monocyte surface markers have been reported in septic patients. The most consistent alteration seen in septic neutrophils is their activation of a survival program that resists apoptotic death. Reduced expression of HLA-DR is a characteristic finding on septic monocytes, but monocyte antimicrobial function does not appear to be significantly altered in sepsis. Regarding adaptive immunity, sepsis-induced apoptosis leads to lymphopenia in patients with septic shock and it involves all types of T cells (CD4, CD8, and Natural Killer) except T regulatory cells, thus favoring immunosuppression. Finally, numerous promising therapies targeting the host immune response to sepsis are under investigation. These potential treatments can have an effect on the number of immune cells, the proportion of cell subtypes, and the cell function.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Apoptosis/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Sepsis/immunology ; Sepsis/pathology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1185432-7
ISSN	1540-0514 ; 1073-2322
ISSN (online)	1540-0514
ISSN	1073-2322
DOI	10.1097/SHK.0000000000000495
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Article: Immune Cell Number, Phenotype, and Function in the Elderly with Sepsis.

He, Wanxue / Xiao, Kun / Fang, Min / Xie, Lixin

Aging and disease

2021 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 277–296

Abstract: ... immune cells in elderly mice and patients with sepsis, including alterations in their number, phenotype, and ... types in the innate and adaptive immune systems. In elderly patients with sepsis, these alterations ... a decline in normal immune system function associated with physiological aging that affects almost all cell ...

Abstract	Sepsis is a form of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host responses to an infection that can be partly attributed to immune dysfunction. Although sepsis affects patients of all ages, elderly individuals display increased susceptibility and mortality. This is partly due to immunosenescence, a decline in normal immune system function associated with physiological aging that affects almost all cell types in the innate and adaptive immune systems. In elderly patients with sepsis, these alterations in immune cells such as endothelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, are largely responsible for their poor prognosis and increased mortality. Here, we review recent studies investigating the events affecting both innate and adaptive immune cells in elderly mice and patients with sepsis, including alterations in their number, phenotype, and function, to shed light on possible new therapeutic strategies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2152-5250
ISSN	2152-5250
DOI	10.14336/AD.2020.0627
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Article ; Online: The landscape of immune dysregulation in pediatric sepsis at a single-cell resolution.

Alhamdan, Fahd / Koutsogiannaki, Sophia / Yuki, Koichi

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)

2024 Volume 262, Page(s) 110175

Abstract: ... healthy children. 16 single-cell transcriptomic datasets were analyzed and compared to adult sepsis dataset ... like CD4 T cells were predominantly and uniquely observed in acute phase of pediatric sepsis. Our study ... major attention of investigation. While adult and pediatric sepsis are clinically distinct ...

Abstract	Recognizing immune dysregulation as a hallmark of sepsis pathophysiology, leukocytes have attracted major attention of investigation. While adult and pediatric sepsis are clinically distinct, their immunological delineation remains limited. Single cell technologies facilitated the characterization of immune signatures. We tackled to delineate immunological profiles of pediatric sepsis at a single-cell level by analyzing blood samples from six septic children, at both acute and recovery phases, and four healthy children. 16 single-cell transcriptomic datasets were analyzed and compared to adult sepsis dataset. We showed a unique shift in neutrophil subpopulations and functions between acute and recovery phases, along with the regulatory role of resistin. Neutrophil signatures were comparable between adult and pediatric sepsis. Innate-like CD4 T cells were predominantly and uniquely observed in acute phase of pediatric sepsis. Our study serves as a rich source of information about the phenotypic diversity and trajectory of circulating immune cells during pediatric sepsis.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Child ; Sepsis/genetics ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Transcriptome ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Neutrophils
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1459903-x
ISSN	1521-7035 ; 1521-6616
ISSN (online)	1521-7035
ISSN	1521-6616
DOI	10.1016/j.clim.2024.110175
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Article ; Online: Comparison of Rapid Cytokine Immunoassays for Functional Immune Phenotyping.

Bonavia, Anthony S / Samuelsen, Abigail / Chroneos, Zissis C / Halstead, Eric Scott

Frontiers in immunology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 940030

Abstract: ... with complex, heterogeneous immune disorders such as sepsis. Given the heterogeneity of patient responses and ... the uncertain immune pathogenesis of sepsis, these assays must first be defined and calibrated in the healthy ... precise assay for functional interrogation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in healthy ...

Abstract	Background: Cell-based functional immune-assays may allow for risk stratification of patients with complex, heterogeneous immune disorders such as sepsis. Given the heterogeneity of patient responses and the uncertain immune pathogenesis of sepsis, these assays must first be defined and calibrated in the healthy population. Objective: Our objective was to compare the internal consistency and practicality of two immune assays that may provide data on surrogate markers of the innate and adaptive immune response. We hypothesized that a rapid turnaround, microfluidic-based immune assay (ELLA) would be comparable to a dual-color, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay in identifying tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)γ production following Design: This was a prospective, observational cohort analysis. Whole blood samples from ten healthy, immune-competent volunteers were stimulated for either 4 hours or 18 hours with lipopolysaccharide, anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate with ionomycin to interrogate innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively. Measurements and main results: ELLA analysis produced more precise measurement of TNF and IFNγ concentrations as compared with ELISpot, as well as a four- to five-log Conclusions: We describe, for the first time, a rapid and precise assay for functional interrogation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in healthy volunteers. The advantages of the ELLA microfluidic platform may represent a step forward in generating a point-of-care test with clinical utility, for identifying deranged immune phenotypes in septic patients.
MeSH term(s)	Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; Prospective Studies ; Sepsis/diagnosis ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate (NI40JAQ945)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2022.940030
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Article ; Online: An overview of the effects and mechanisms of m6 A methylation on innate immune cells in sepsis.

Qian, Weiwei / Cao, Yu

Frontiers in immunology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 1041990

Abstract: ... can manipulate the immunophenotype and functional activity of immune cells to participate in sepsis progression ... in immune cell-mediated sepsis through keyword search.: Methods: Literature retrieval.: Results and discussion ... can regulate sepsis by inhibiting the chemotaxis of neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular ...

Abstract	Introduction: Sepsis is a severe clinical syndrome caused by dysregulated systemic inflammatory responses to infection. Methylation modification, as a crucial mechanism of RNA functional modification, can manipulate the immunophenotype and functional activity of immune cells to participate in sepsis progression. This study aims to explore the mechanism of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification in immune cell-mediated sepsis through keyword search. Methods: Literature retrieval. Results and discussion: Literature retrieval reveals that m6A methylation is implicated in sepsis-induced lung injury and myocardial injury,as well as sepsis-related encephalopathy. Furthermore, it is found that m6A methylation can regulate sepsis by inhibiting the chemotaxis of neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and suppressing macrophage phagocytosis, thereby playing a role in sepsis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041990
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Article ; Online: Urinary immune cell phenotype of severe AKI in critically ill patients.

Coelho, Sílvia / Cabral, Maria Guadalupe / Salvador, Rute / Andrade, Cláudia / Martins, Ana / Correia, Bruna / Freitas, Paulo / Cruzado, Josep Maria / Jacinto, António

International urology and nephrology

2022 Volume 54, Issue 8, Page(s) 2047–2055

Abstract: ... of acute kidney injury (AKI) are understudied. We aim to characterize the urinary immune cell phenotype of patients ... The urinary immune cell phenotype of severe AKI patients was composed essentially of neutrophils, mononuclear ... renal function had more M2 macrophages at day 2 (p = 0.043) and less B cells at admission (p = 0.006). M2 ...

Abstract	Purpose: Cellular mechanisms involved in human renal recovery after an episode of acute kidney injury (AKI) are understudied. We aim to characterize the urinary immune cell phenotype of patients with AKI and evaluate its ability to predict renal recovery. Methods: A prospective study of critically ill patients with stage ≥ 2 AKI by KDIGO and sterile leukocyturia at admission was performed. Urine samples were collected fresh at day 0 and 2 and samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for different leukocytes. Patients were categorized in renal recovery or no-recovery groups. Results: 28 patients were included, all with sepsis, 60.7% of which recovered renal function. The main urinary leukocytes present were neutrophils, followed by mononuclear phagocytic cells and B cells. Patients who recovered renal function had more M2 macrophages at day 2 (p = 0.043) and less B cells at admission (p = 0.006). M2 macrophages had an AUC-ROC of 0.796 (0.601-0.990) for recovery prediction and B cells an AUC-ROC of 0.743 (0.560-0.926) for no recovery. B regulatory cells were found in the urine of AKI patients. Conclusions: The urinary immune cell phenotype of severe AKI patients was composed essentially of neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytic cells and B cells. Our data suggest that M2 macrophages may promote and B cells preclude renal recovery. More studies are needed to validate our results and further explore the role of immune cells in renal recovery.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Kidney Injury/urine ; Biomarkers/urine ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Prospective Studies ; Sepsis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	204048-7
ISSN	1573-2584 ; 0301-1623 ; 0042-1162
ISSN (online)	1573-2584
ISSN	0301-1623 ; 0042-1162
DOI	10.1007/s11255-021-03088-y
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Zs.A 733: Show issues

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Article: Innovative immune mechanisms and antioxidative therapies of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Wei, Bingqian / Zhao, Yingjing / Li, Weihang / Zhang, Shilei / Yan, Ming / Hu, Zebing / Gao, Bo

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 1023877

Abstract: ... proliferation, cell senescence, autophagy as well as sepsis process, among which the oxidative stress and inflammatory ... from matrix anabolism-to matrix catabolism- and proinflammatory-phenotype during IDD. Recent decades ... with oxidative stress, which would further simulate various signaling pathways. The phenotype of disc cells could change ...

Abstract	Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the basic pathological process of many degenerative diseases of the spine, characterized by series of symptoms, among which low back pain (LBP) is the most common symptom that patients suffer a lot, which not only makes patients and individual families bear a huge pain and psychological burden, but also consumes a lot of medical resources. IDD is usually thought to be relevant with various factors such as genetic predisposition, trauma and aging, and IDD progression is tightly relevant with structural and functional alterations. IDD processes are caused by series of pathological processes, including oxidative stress, matrix decomposition, inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, abnormal proliferation, cell senescence, autophagy as well as sepsis process, among which the oxidative stress and inflammatory response are considered as key link in IDD. The production and clearance of ROS are tightly connected with oxidative stress, which would further simulate various signaling pathways. The phenotype of disc cells could change from matrix anabolism-to matrix catabolism- and proinflammatory-phenotype during IDD. Recent decades, with the relevant reports about oxidative stress and inflammatory response in IDD increasing gradually, the mechanisms researches have attracted much more attention. Consequently, this study focused on the indispensable roles of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response (especially macrophages and cytokines) to illustrate the origin, development, and deterioration of IDD, aiming to provide novel insights in the molecular mechanisms as well as significant clinical values for IDD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2719493-0
ISSN	2296-4185
ISSN	2296-4185
DOI	10.3389/fbioe.2022.1023877
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Article ; Online: Immune Profiling Demonstrates a Common Immune Signature of Delayed Acquired Immunodeficiency in Patients With Various Etiologies of Severe Injury.

Venet, Fabienne / Textoris, Julien / Blein, Sophie / Rol, Mary-Luz / Bodinier, Maxime / Canard, Bertrand / Cortez, Pierre / Meunier, Boris / Tan, Lionel K / Tipple, Craig / Quemeneur, Laurence / Reynier, Frédéric / Leissner, Philippe / Védrine, Christophe / Bouffard, Yves / Delwarde, Benjamin / Martin, Olivier / Girardot, Thibaut / Truc, Cyrille /

Griffiths, Andrew D / Moucadel, Virginie / Pachot, Alexandre / Monneret, Guillaume / Rimmelé, Thomas

Critical care medicine

2021 Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 565–575

Abstract: ... Extensive immune profiling was performed by assessing cellular phenotypes and functions, protein, and ... Objectives: The host response plays a central role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and severe ... in the REAnimation Low Immune Status Marker study.: Interventions: None.: Measurements and main results ...

Abstract	Objectives: The host response plays a central role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and severe injuries. So far, no study has comprehensively described the overtime changes of the injury-induced immune profile in a large cohort of critically ill patients with different etiologies. Design: Prospective observational cohort study. Setting: Adult ICU in a University Hospital in Lyon, France. Patients: Three hundred fifty-three septic, trauma, and surgical patients and 175 healthy volunteers were included in the REAnimation Low Immune Status Marker study. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Extensive immune profiling was performed by assessing cellular phenotypes and functions, protein, and messenger RNA levels at days 1-2, 3-4, and 5-7 after inclusion using a panel of 30 standardized immune markers. Using this immunomonitoring panel, no specificity in the immune profile was observed among septic, trauma, and surgical patients. This common injury-induced immune response was characterized by an initial adaptive (i.e., physiologic) response engaging all constituents of the immune system (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine releases, and innate and adaptive immune responses) but not associated with increased risk of secondary infections. In contrary, the persistence in a subgroup of patients of profound immune alterations at the end of the first week after admission was associated with increased risk of secondary infections independently of exposure to invasive devices. The combined monitoring of markers of pro-/anti-inflammatory, innate, and adaptive immune responses allowed a better enrichment of patients with risk of secondary infections in the selected population. Conclusions: Using REAnimation Low Immune Status Marker immunomonitoring panel, we detected delayed injury-acquired immunodeficiency in a subgroup of severely injured patients independently of primary disease. Critically ill patients' immune status could be captured through the combined monitoring of a common panel of complementary markers of pro-/anti-inflammatory, innate, and adaptive immune responses. Such immune monitoring needs to be incorporated in larger study cohorts with more extensive immune surveillance to develop specific hypothesis allowing for identification of biological systems affecting altered immune function related to late infection in the setting of acute systemic injury.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers ; Coinfection/complications ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Sepsis/complications
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	197890-1
ISSN	1530-0293 ; 0090-3493
ISSN (online)	1530-0293
ISSN	0090-3493
DOI	10.1097/CCM.0000000000005270
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Article ; Online: Immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 promotes NKT cell apoptosis and predicts poorer prognosis in Sepsis.

Wu, Han / Tang, Tingxuan / Deng, Hai / Chen, Deng / Zhang, Cong / Luo, Jialiu / Chen, Shunyao / Zhang, Peidong / Yang, Jingzhi / Dong, Liming / Chang, Teding / Tang, Zhao-Hui

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)

2023 Volume 254, Page(s) 109249

Abstract: ... NKT cell activation and apoptosis during the early stage of sepsis, and it was associated with worse ... Tim-3 expression and apoptosis in NKT cells were compared in septic patients (27 patients with sepsis ... expression and the functional status of NKT cells in septic patients, Upregulated Tim-3 expression promoted ...

Abstract	Background: Sepsis is a leading cause of death among critically ill patients, which is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host immune response to infection. Immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 plays important and complex roles in regulating immune responses and in inducing immune tolerance. Although immune checkpoint blockade would be expected as a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis, but the underlying mechanism remain unknown, especially under clinical conditions. Methods: Tim-3 expression and apoptosis in NKT cells were compared in septic patients (27 patients with sepsis and 28 patients with septic shock). Phenotypic and functional characterization of Tim-3+ NKT cells were analysed, and then the relationship between Tim-3 + NKT cells and clinical prognosis were investigated in septic patients. α-lactose (Tim-3/Galectin-9 signalling inhibitor) and Tim-3 mutant mice (targeting mutation of the Tim-3 cytoplasmic domain) were utilized to evaluate the protective effect of Tim-3 signalling blockade following septic challenge. Results: There is a close correlation between Tim-3 expression and the functional status of NKT cells in septic patients, Upregulated Tim-3 expression promoted NKT cell activation and apoptosis during the early stage of sepsis, and it was associated with worse disease severity and poorer prognosis in septic patients. Blockade of the Tim-3/Galectin-9 signal axis using α-lactose inhibited in vitro apoptosis of NKT cells isolated from septic patients. Impaired activity of Tim-3 protected mice following septic challenge. Conclusions: Overall, these findings demonstrated that immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 in NKT cells plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of septic patients. Blockade of immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 may be a promising immunomodulatory strategy in future clinical practice for the management of sepsis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Apoptosis ; Galectins/metabolism ; Galectins/pharmacology ; Galectins/therapeutic use ; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins/pharmacology ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins/therapeutic use ; Lactose/pharmacology ; Natural Killer T-Cells ; Sepsis
Chemical Substances	Galectins ; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins ; Lactose (J2B2A4N98G) ; Havcr2 protein, mouse
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1459903-x
ISSN	1521-7035 ; 1521-6616
ISSN (online)	1521-7035
ISSN	1521-6616
DOI	10.1016/j.clim.2023.109249
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Article ; Online: Physical exercise as a friend not a foe in acute kidney diseases through immune system modulation.

Costanti-Nascimento, Ana Carolina / Brelaz-Abreu, Leonilia / Bragança-Jardim, Elayne / Pereira, Welbert de Oliveira / Camara, Niels Olsen Saraiva / Amano, Mariane Tami

Frontiers in immunology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1212163

Abstract: ... to an immune suppressive phenotype, and decrease tumor necrosis factor-β (TGF-β), a cytokine associated with fibrosis ... In AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion, sepsis, diabetes, antibiotics, or chemotherapy, regular and ... on the immune system, favoring a regulatory and anti-inflammatory profile that prevents the occurrence of AKI and/or ...

Abstract	Regular and moderate exercise is being used for therapeutic purposes in treating several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and even chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Conversely, extenuating physical exercise has long been pointed out as one of the sources of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to its severe impact on the body's physiology. AKI development is associated with increased tubular necrosis, which initiates a cascade of inflammatory responses. The latter involves cytokine production, immune cell (macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, among others) activation, and increased oxidative stress. AKI can induce prolonged fibrosis stimulation, leading to CKD development. The need for therapeutic alternative treatments for AKI is still a relevant issue. In this context arises the question as to whether moderate, not extenuating, exercise could, on some level, prevent AKI. Several studies have shown that moderate exercise can help reduce tissue damage and increase the functional recovery of the kidneys after an acute injury. In particular, the immune system can be modulated by exercise, leading to a better recovery from different pathologies. In this review, we aimed to explore the role of exercise not as a trigger of AKI, but as a modulator of the inflammatory/immune system in the prevention or recovery from AKI in different scenarios. In AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion, sepsis, diabetes, antibiotics, or chemotherapy, regular and/or moderate exercise could modulate the immune system toward a more regulatory immune response, presenting, in general, an anti-inflammatory profile. Exercise was shown to diminish oxidative stress, inflammatory markers (caspase-3, lactate dehydrogenase, and nitric oxide), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), modulate lymphocytes to an immune suppressive phenotype, and decrease tumor necrosis factor-β (TGF-β), a cytokine associated with fibrosis development. Thus, it creates an AKI recovery environment with less tissue damage, hypoxia, apoptosis, or fibrosis. In conclusion, the practice of regular moderate physical exercise has an impact on the immune system, favoring a regulatory and anti-inflammatory profile that prevents the occurrence of AKI and/or assists in the recovery from AKI. Moderate exercise should be considered for patients with AKI as a complementary therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Friends ; Acute Kidney Injury/therapy ; Acute Kidney Injury/complications ; Cytokines ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology ; Acute Disease ; Exercise ; Macrophages/pathology ; Fibrosis ; Immunity ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212163
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