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Article: Persistent Olfactory and Taste Dysfunction after COVID-19.

Buksinska, Malgorzata / Skarzynski, Piotr Henryk / Raj-Koziak, Danuta / Gos, Elzbieta / Talarek, Malgorzata

2024 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract: ... correlations between olfactory and taste dysfunction. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that post-COVID-19 ... 1) Background: One of the possible symptoms of COVID-19 is a sudden loss of smell and taste ... for subjective OD associated with COVID-19. They were tested with a Sniffin' Sticks test (SST) for OD and a Taste ...

Abstract	(1) Background: One of the possible symptoms of COVID-19 is a sudden loss of smell and taste. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the severity of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction (OD). A secondary aim was to assess the relationship between OD and gustatory (taste) dysfunction (GD). Margins: 2.5 cm (1 inch) at top, bottom, right, and left. (2) Methods: The study group consisted of 81 subjects (16 men and 65 women) aged between 12 and 73 years. All of the patients presented to a center for subjective OD associated with COVID-19. They were tested with a Sniffin' Sticks test (SST) for OD and a Taste Strip test (TS) for GD. (3) Anosmia was present in 18 participants (22%), hyposmia in 52 (64%), and normosmia in 11 (14%). Some 36% of the patients reported imaginary smells (phantosmia), but it did not correlate with olfactory sensitivity. Comparing the different parts of the SST showed that subjects scored lowest on the threshold part of the test. The results of the discrimination and identification parts of the test were better, implying that if the stimulus is intense enough, incorrect discrimination and identification of odors is less frequent. A sweet taste was the easiest to recognize (78% could do so), while the most difficult to recognize was salty (68%). There were weak and statistically non-significant correlations between olfactory and taste dysfunction. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction was more peripheral than central. Testing patients for the severity of post-COVID-19 OD may help clinicians treat the condition. Because there is no fully effective treatment, research on post-COVID-19 OD is needed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life14030317
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Article: Olfactory and taste dysfunctions caused by COVID-19: a nationwide study.

Miwa, T / Mori, E / Sekine, R / Kimura, Y / Kobayashi, M / Shiga, H / Tsuzuki, K / Suzuki, M / Kondo, K / Suzaki, I / Inokuchi, G / Aiba, T / Chujo, K / Yagi-Nakanishi, S / Tsukatani, T / Nakanishi, H / Nishijo, M / Iinuma, Y / Yokoyama, A

Rhinology

2023 Volume 61, Issue 6, Page(s) 552–560

Abstract: Background: Olfactory dysfunctions (OD) and taste dysfunctions (TD) are widely recognized ... provided with a QOL questionnaire. Olfactory tests and taste tests were performed using Open Essence and ... both olfactory and taste tests. Prevalence of subjective OD and TD at the time of survey was 57.8% and 40.2 ...

Abstract	Background: Olfactory dysfunctions (OD) and taste dysfunctions (TD) are widely recognized as characteristic symptoms of COVID-19; however, the frequency and mode of occurrence has varied depending on the viral mutation. The prevalence and characteristics of OD/TD in Japan have not been definitively investigated. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of OD/TD in Japan during the Alpha variant epidemic, and measure symptom prolongation at 6 months and 1 year later following initial infection. Methods: Patients treated for COVID-19 between February to May 2021 were evaluated for OD/TD symptoms and provided with a QOL questionnaire. Olfactory tests and taste tests were performed using Open Essence and Taste Strips, respectively. Results: Among the 251 COVID-19 patients who participated, 119 underwent both olfactory and taste tests. Prevalence of subjective OD and TD at the time of survey was 57.8% and 40.2%, respectively. After 12 months, the prevalence fell to 5.8% for OD and 3.5% for TD. Among the OD/TD patients, 36.6% experienced parosmia, and 55.4% experienced parageusia. Prevalence of parosmia and parageusia was higher at 6 and 12 months than at the time of survey. Patients with long-lasting disease reported qualitative dysfunctions and scored significantly higher in food-related QOL problems. Most patients who were aware of their hyposmia had low scores on the olfactory test (83.1%). In contrast, only 26.7% of patients who were aware of their hypogeusia had low scores on the taste test. Conclusions: The prevalence of COVID-19-related OD and TD at the time of survey was 57.8% and 40.2%, respectively. Subjective symptoms of OD and TD persisted for one year in 5.8% and 3.5% of patients, respectively. More than half of the patients with OD or TD complained of qualitative dysfunction and a decrease in their QOL related to eating and drinking. Most patients with TD did not have true TD, but rather developed flavour disorders associated with OD. This conclusion is supported by the finding that patients with subjective OD had low scores on the olfactory test, whereas most patients with subjective TD had normal scores on the taste test.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Taste ; Dysgeusia ; Quality of Life ; Smell ; Taste Disorders/epidemiology ; Taste Disorders/etiology ; Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology ; Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80336-4
ISSN	0300-0729
ISSN	0300-0729
DOI	10.4193/Rhin23.034
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Article ; Online: Olfactory and taste dysfunctions in COVID-19.

Rouadi, Philip W / Idriss, Samar A / Bousquet, Jean

Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology

2020 Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 229–244

Abstract: ... neurotropism of COVID-19 for olfactory neuro-epithelium and a potential role of transient receptor potential ... pathways of OD and taste dysfunction (TD) are slowly unveiling, not infrequently extrapolated ... We reviewed the literature on OD and TD during the COVID-19 pandemic analyzing current data on pathogenesis and clinical ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) can be a single and early prominent symptom of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-COV-2 infection unlike middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS. OD data are very informative but many are not peer-reviewed, often inconclusive and may reveal variable and sometimes contradictory results. This is often due to incongruent data of subjective and objective OD testing. Mechanistic pathways of OD and taste dysfunction (TD) are slowly unveiling, not infrequently extrapolated from historical models of SARS and MERS and are still partly unclear. Recent findings: We reviewed the literature on OD and TD during the COVID-19 pandemic analyzing current data on pathogenesis and clinical correlates including prevalence, recovery rates, risk factors, and predictive power. Also, we evaluated various methods of subjective and objective olfactory testing and discussed challenges in management of patients with OD and rhinitis during the pandemic. Summary: Subjective evaluation of smell disturbances during COVID-19 pandemic likely underestimates true prevalence, severity, and recovery rates of OD when compared to objective testing. OD is predictive of COVID-19 infection, more so when associated with TD. Recognizing inherent limitations of both subjective and objective OD and TD testing enables us better to manage chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Besides, current mechanistic data suggest neurotropism of COVID-19 for olfactory neuro-epithelium and a potential role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Future studies are needed to explore further the neurogenic inflammation in COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Anosmia/etiology ; Anosmia/physiopathology ; Anosmia/therapy ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Taste Disorders/etiology ; Taste Disorders/physiopathology ; Taste Disorders/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2088710-3
ISSN	1473-6322 ; 1528-4050
ISSN (online)	1473-6322
ISSN	1528-4050
DOI	10.1097/ACI.0000000000000735
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Zs.A 5666: Show issues

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Article: Possible Role of Endocannabinoids in Olfactory and Taste Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients and Volumetric Changes in the Brain.

Ergül, Zafer / Kaptan, Zülal / Kars, Ayhan / Biçer, Gülşah / Kılınç, Çetin / Petekkaya, Emine / Çöplü, Nilay

Chemosensory perception

2022 , Page(s) 1–10

Abstract: Introduction: COVID-19 infection develops neurologic symptoms such as smell and taste loss ... Taste and smell disorder scores and EC levels were found to be higher in recovered COVID-19 patients ... of recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers, whose olfactory and gustatory scores were obtained ...

Abstract	Introduction: COVID-19 infection develops neurologic symptoms such as smell and taste loss. We aimed to determine the volumetric changes in the brain and correlation of possible related biochemical parameters and endocannabinoid levels after COVID-19 recovery. Methods: Brain magnetic resonance images of recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers, whose olfactory and gustatory scores were obtained through a questionnaire, were taken, and the volumes of the brain regions associated with taste and smell were measured by automatic and semiautomatic methods. Endocannabinoids (EC), which are critical in the olfactory system, and vitamin B12, zinc, iron, ferritin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine (T4) levels, which are reported to have possible roles in olfactory disorders, were measured in peripheral blood. Results: Taste and smell disorder scores and EC levels were found to be higher in recovered COVID-19 patients compared to controls. EC levels were negatively correlated with bilateral entorhinal cortex (ENT) volumes in the COVID-19 group. Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex volumes showed correlations with gustatory complaints and ferritin in recovered COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: The critical finding of our study is the high EC levels and negative correlation between EC levels and left ENT volumes in recovered COVID-19 patients. Implications: It is possible that ECs are potential neuromodulators in many conditions leading to olfactory disorders, including COVID-19.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2424048-5
ISSN	1936-5810 ; 1936-5802
ISSN (online)	1936-5810
ISSN	1936-5802
DOI	10.1007/s12078-022-09301-1
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Article ; Online: Photobiomodulation therapy for treatment olfactory and taste dysfunction COVID-19-related: A case report.

de Souza, Viviane Brocca / Ferreira, Laís Tatiane / Sene-Fiorese, Marcela / Garcia, Vanessa / Rodrigues, Tiago Zuccolotto / de Aquino Junior, Antonio Eduardo / Bagnato, Vanderlei Salvador / Panhoca, Vitor Hugo

Journal of biophotonics

2022 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) e202200058

Abstract: ... therapeutic modality, especially sequela COVID-related, including olfactory (anosmia) and taste (ageusia ... cause of smell and taste dysfunctions in patients. In view of this, photobiomodulation, due ... to COVID-19 after treatment with photobiomodulation. Due to the inflammatory nature of COVID-19 and ...

Abstract	It is postulated that the inflammatory process resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection is the main cause of smell and taste dysfunctions in patients. In view of this, photobiomodulation, due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, may be a promising therapeutic modality to treat these disorders. In the present case report, we observed clinical improvement in the symptoms of anosmia and ageusia related to COVID-19 after treatment with photobiomodulation. Due to the inflammatory nature of COVID-19 and the anti-inflammatory effects, photobiomodulation antioxidants already proven in the literature make it a promising therapeutic modality, especially sequela COVID-related, including olfactory (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) dysfunction. In the present case report, the patient's olfactory and gustatory functions were re-established after 10 treatment sessions with photobiomodulation.
MeSH term(s)	Ageusia/etiology ; Anosmia ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/radiotherapy ; Humans ; Low-Level Light Therapy ; Olfaction Disorders/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smell ; Taste Disorders/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-17
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Case Reports ; Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2390063-5
ISSN	1864-0648 ; 1864-063X
ISSN (online)	1864-0648
ISSN	1864-063X
DOI	10.1002/jbio.202200058
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Zs.A 6723: Show issues

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Article: Olfactory and Taste Dysfunction in Indian Population with COVID-19: A Study on 300 Patients.

Patekar, Shivali / Bradoo, Renuka / Joshi, Anagha / Dere, Rajesh / Kulpe, Disha

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India

2022 Volume 74, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 3223–3228

Abstract: ... The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients was 21% and that of taste dysfunction was 26.6 ... as important symptoms in COVID-19. The primary objectives are to assess the prevalence of olfactory and taste ... Since the main portal of entry for the virus is the nose, olfactory and taste dysfunction have gained attention ...

Abstract	The novel coronavirus disease 2019 is an ongoing pandemic and a global health emergency. Since the main portal of entry for the virus is the nose, olfactory and taste dysfunction have gained attention as important symptoms in COVID-19. The primary objectives are to assess the prevalence of olfactory and taste dysfunction in patients affected with COVID-19. And to determine whether anosmia and ageusia are early predictors of COVID-19. A prospective study was conducted on 300 patients who were laboratory diagnosed cases of COVID-19 admitted in tertiary care centre and a covid care centre. A written informed consent was taken. All patients underwent olfactory and taste examination and the details were noted in a case-record proforma. The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients was 21% and that of taste dysfunction was 26.6%. Majority of the affected individuals were males and mainly of the younger age group. These symptoms lasted for a duration of 7-9 days and 97% of the patients showed complete recovery. Acute sudden onset olfactory and taste dysfunction seems to be a useful indicator for early diagnosis of patients thus helping in early isolation, timely management of the illness and controlling the spread of the disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-10
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1471137-0
ISSN	0973-7707 ; 2231-3796 ; 0019-5421
ISSN (online)	0973-7707
ISSN	2231-3796 ; 0019-5421
DOI	10.1007/s12070-021-03022-9
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Zs.A 5300: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Long-term prevalence of taste and olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional study.

Reis, Daiana / Sartoretto, Suelen C / Calasans-Maia, Monica D / Louro, Rafael S / Moraschini, Vittorio

Oral diseases

2022 Volume 28 Suppl 2, Page(s) 2516–2521

Abstract: ... long-term OD and TD in non-hospitalized patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 for more than 30 ... term prevalence of OD and TD associated with COVID-19, with a low recovery rate during the study period ... of taste disorder (TD) and olfactory disorder (OD) and associated risk factors in the non-hospitalized southeastern ...

Abstract	Objectives: The objectives of the study were to investigate the long-term prevalence of taste disorder (TD) and olfactory disorder (OD) and associated risk factors in the non-hospitalized southeastern Brazil population of COVID-19 patients. Methods: This cross-sectional open survey evaluated possible long-term OD and TD in non-hospitalized patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 for more than 30 days, through an online self-report questionnaire. Demographic data, comorbidities, symptoms, and the intensity of OD and TD at the time of diagnosis and at the time of completing the questionnaire were evaluated. Results: Three hundred five responses were included. The reported prevalence of OD and TD was 72.9% and 67.4%, respectively, in the moment of diagnosis; after a mean follow-up period of 179 days, 45% and 50% still had some degree of the symptoms. There was a positive correlation between age and the high prevalence of OD (p = 0.02). However, there was no correlation between age and TD (p = 0.961) and weight in relation to OD/TD (p = 0.500 and p = 0.636, respectively). Conclusion: This study observed a high long-term prevalence of OD and TD associated with COVID-19, with a low recovery rate during the study period. There was a positive association between older participants and the prevalence of OD.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Taste ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology ; Prevalence ; Taste Disorders/epidemiology ; Taste Disorders/etiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-05
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1290529-x
ISSN	1601-0825 ; 1354-523X
ISSN (online)	1601-0825
ISSN	1354-523X
DOI	10.1111/odi.14231
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Zs.A 4427: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Possible Role of Endocannabinoids in Olfactory and Taste Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients and Volumetric Changes in the Brain

Ergül, Zafer / Kaptan, Zülal / Kars, Ayhan / Biçer, Gülşah / Kılınç, Çetin / Petekkaya, Emine / Çöplü, Nilay

Chem. Percept.. 2022 Oct., v. 15, no. 2 p.135-144

2022

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 infection develops neurologic symptoms such as smell and taste loss ... of recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers, whose olfactory and gustatory scores were obtained ... parameters and endocannabinoid levels after COVID-19 recovery. METHODS: Brain magnetic resonance images ...

Abstract	INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 infection develops neurologic symptoms such as smell and taste loss. We aimed to determine the volumetric changes in the brain and correlation of possible related biochemical parameters and endocannabinoid levels after COVID-19 recovery. METHODS: Brain magnetic resonance images of recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers, whose olfactory and gustatory scores were obtained through a questionnaire, were taken, and the volumes of the brain regions associated with taste and smell were measured by automatic and semiautomatic methods. Endocannabinoids (EC), which are critical in the olfactory system, and vitamin B12, zinc, iron, ferritin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine (T4) levels, which are reported to have possible roles in olfactory disorders, were measured in peripheral blood. RESULTS: Taste and smell disorder scores and EC levels were found to be higher in recovered COVID-19 patients compared to controls. EC levels were negatively correlated with bilateral entorhinal cortex (ENT) volumes in the COVID-19 group. Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex volumes showed correlations with gustatory complaints and ferritin in recovered COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The critical finding of our study is the high EC levels and negative correlation between EC levels and left ENT volumes in recovered COVID-19 patients. IMPLICATIONS: It is possible that ECs are potential neuromodulators in many conditions leading to olfactory disorders, including COVID-19.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; blood ; brain ; cannabinoids ; cortex ; ferritin ; iron ; magnetism ; neurotransmitters ; questionnaires ; smell ; taste ; thyroxine ; vitamin B12 ; zinc
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-10
Size	p. 135-144.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2424048-5
ISSN	1936-5810 ; 1936-5802
ISSN (online)	1936-5810
ISSN	1936-5802
DOI	10.1007/s12078-022-09301-1
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Article ; Online: Is there a correlation between viral load and olfactory & taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients?

Jain, Avani / Pandey, A K / Kaur, Jasleen / Kumar, Lakshit / Singh, Mitasha / Das, Suman / Purohit, Sandeep

American journal of otolaryngology

2021 Volume 42, Issue 3, Page(s) 102911

Abstract: ... of olfactory and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.: Methods: This comparative study included COVID-19 ... contiguous patients were recruited in each group. The COVID-19 test by RT-PCR was done and Ct value of the 3 ... The evaluation of Ct value and viral load in COVID-19 patients may help in further reducing the transmission ...

Abstract	Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between cycle threshold (Ct) value and occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This comparative study included COVID-19 patients diagnosed by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based test at our hospital with mild to moderate disease. The demographic details and detailed clinical history of the patient, including history of loss of smell and taste was taken at the time of presentation. The patients were divided into 2 groups, group A: COVID-19 patients with OTD; group B: COVID-19 patients without OTD. 100 contiguous patients were recruited in each group. The COVID-19 test by RT-PCR was done and Ct value of the 3 genes: E (Envelope encoding) gene, N (Nucleocapsid encoding) gene, and RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) gene, was used for data analysis. The Ct values of each of the three genes were compared between groups A and B. Results: Group A and B did not differ significantly in terms of basic demographics. The differences in the Ct values of the 3 genes E gene, N gene and RdRp gene, of group A and B were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.005, p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: The patients with OTD had a lower Ct value at diagnosis, and hence, a higher viral load than those without OTD. The evaluation of Ct value and viral load in COVID-19 patients may help in further reducing the transmission of the virus in the community.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; COVID-19/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Olfaction Disorders/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Taste Disorders/virology ; Viral Load
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604541-8
ISSN	1532-818X ; 0196-0709
ISSN (online)	1532-818X
ISSN	0196-0709
DOI	10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102911
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Zs.A 1637: Show issues

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Article: Objective Evaluation of Olfactory and Taste Dysfunction Among COVID-19 Patients: A Cross Sectional Study from Tribal India.

Khan, Izhar / Gupta, Vikas / Shukla, Sanjay Kumar

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India

2021 Volume 74, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 3193–3201

Abstract: There is a varying prevalence of olfactory and taste dysfunction (OTD) in COVID-19 patients ... The present study objectively evaluated the OTD for patients treated in the Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital (DCH ... tests are crucial to determine the exact frequency, extent and clinical characteristics of these OTDs ...

Abstract	There is a varying prevalence of olfactory and taste dysfunction (OTD) in COVID-19 patients, with a higher prevalence reported in the European population as compared to the Asian population. Psychophysical tests are crucial to determine the exact frequency, extent and clinical characteristics of these OTDs. The present study objectively evaluated the OTD for patients treated in the Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital (DCH) in Shahdol. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted after IEC approval in DCH Shahdol for a period of four months among RT-PCR positive patients, and they were evaluated using validated chemosensitive psychophysical test during ENT consultation to identify OTD. The sample size was calculated as 92 considering prevalence (p) of OTD as 41.3% by applying formula:
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-19
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1471137-0
ISSN	0973-7707 ; 2231-3796 ; 0019-5421
ISSN (online)	0973-7707
ISSN	2231-3796 ; 0019-5421
DOI	10.1007/s12070-021-02907-z
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