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Article ; Online: Innate Humoral Defense Factors

Hajishengallis, George / Russell, Michael W.

Mucosal Immunology

Abstract: ... role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older ... as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors ... diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control ...

Abstract	Although innate immunity came into the research spotlight in the late 1990s when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older history. The exocrine secretions of the body contain a plethora of distinct soluble factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases, proline-rich proteins, histatins, etc.) that protect the body from mucosal microbial pathogens. More recent studies have established that the humoral arm of innate immunity contains a heterogeneous group of pattern-recognition molecules (e.g., pentraxins, collectins, and ficolins), which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control of inflammation, and complement activation and regulation. These pattern-recognition molecules, which act as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors form an integrated system with complementary specificity, action, and tissue distribution, and they are the subject of this chapter.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Elsevier; PMC
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Chapter 15 Innate Humoral Defense Factors

Hajishengallis, George / Russell, Michael W.

Mucosal Immunology

Abstract: ... when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much ... as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors ... which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control ...

Abstract	Abstract Although innate immunity came into the research spotlight in the late 1990s when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older history. The exocrine secretions of the body contain a plethora of distinct soluble factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases, proline-rich proteins, histatins, etc.) that protect the body from mucosal microbial pathogens. More recent studies have established that the humoral arm of innate immunity contains a heterogeneous group of pattern-recognition molecules (e.g., pentraxins, collectins, and ficolins), which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control of inflammation, and complement activation and regulation. These pattern-recognition molecules, which act as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors form an integrated system with complementary specificity, action, and tissue distribution, and they are the subject of this chapter.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Elsevier; PMC
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Chapter 5 Innate Humoral Defense Factors

Russell, Michael W. / Bobek, Libuse A. / Brock, Jeremy H. / Hajishengallis, George / Tenovuo, Jorma

Mucosal Immunology

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Elsevier; PMC
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50009-7
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Ubiquitin signalling in Drosophila innate immune responses.

Aalto, Anna L / Luukkonen, Veera / Meinander, Annika

The FEBS journal

2023

Abstract: ... promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. The molecular basis of innate immune defence is ... comprised of factors promoting survival and proliferation, such as cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and ... activating NF-κB transcription factors Relish, Dorsal and Dif, as well as JNK activation and JAK/STAT ...

Abstract	Cells respond to invading pathogens and danger signals from the environment by adapting gene expression to meet the need for protective effector molecules. While this innate immune response is required for the cell and the organism to recover, excess immune activation may lead to loss of homeostasis, thereby promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. The molecular basis of innate immune defence is comprised of factors promoting survival and proliferation, such as cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and anti-apoptotic proteins. As the molecular mechanisms regulating innate immune responses are conserved through evolution, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as a convenient, affordable and ethical model organism to enhance understanding of immune signalling. Fly immunity against bacterial infection is built up by both cellular and humoral responses, where the latter is regulated by the Imd and Toll pathways activating NF-κB transcription factors Relish, Dorsal and Dif, as well as JNK activation and JAK/STAT signalling. As in mammals, the Drosophila innate immune signalling pathways are characterised by ubiquitination of signalling molecules followed by ubiquitin receptors binding to the ubiquitin chains, as well as by rapid changes in protein levels by ubiquitin-mediated targeted proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we summarise the molecular signalling pathways regulating immune responses to pathogen infection in Drosophila, with a focus on ubiquitin-dependent control of innate immunity and inflammatory signalling.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2173655-8
ISSN	1742-4658 ; 1742-464X
ISSN (online)	1742-4658
ISSN	1742-464X
DOI	10.1111/febs.17028
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Article ; Online: The Innate Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon (

Zanuzzo, Fábio S / Beemelmanns, Anne / Hall, Jennifer R / Rise, Matthew L / Gamperl, Anthony K

Frontiers in immunology

2020 Volume 11, Page(s) 1009

Abstract: ... to which these conditions may impact the immune defenses of fish. In this study, Atlantic salmon were exposed to: (1 ... viral transcript expression levels, and blood parameters of humoral immune function. Thereafter ...

Abstract	Climate change is predicted to increase water temperatures and decrease oxygen levels in freshwater and marine environments, however, there is conflicting information regarding the extent to which these conditions may impact the immune defenses of fish. In this study, Atlantic salmon were exposed to: (1) normoxia (100-110% air saturation) at 12°C; (2) an incremental temperature increase (1°C per week from 12 to 20°C), and then held at 20°C for an additional 4 weeks; and (3) "2" with the addition of moderate hypoxia (~65-75% air saturation). These conditions realistically reflect what farmed salmon in some locations are currently facing, and future conditions in Atlantic Canada and Europe, during the summer months. The salmon were sampled for the measurement of head kidney constitutive anti-bacterial and anti-viral transcript expression levels, and blood parameters of humoral immune function. Thereafter, they were injected with either the multi-valent vaccine Forte V II (contains both bacterial and viral antigens) or PBS (phosphate-buffer-saline), and the head kidney and blood of these fish were sampled at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injection (HPI). Our results showed that: (1) neither high temperature, nor high temperature + moderate hypoxia, adversely affected respiratory burst, complement activity or lysozyme concentration; (2) the constitutive transcript expression levels of the anti-bacterial genes
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Climate ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Fish Proteins/immunology ; Fish Proteins/metabolism ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hypoxia ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Salmo salar/genetics ; Salmo salar/immunology ; Salmo salar/metabolism ; Seasons ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Fish Proteins ; Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2020.01009
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Article ; Online: Adipocytokine Involvement in Innate Immune Mechanisms.

Żelechowska, Paulina / Kozłowska, Elżbieta / Pastwińska, Joanna / Agier, Justyna / Brzezińska-Błaszczyk, Ewa

Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research

2018 Volume 38, Issue 12, Page(s) 527–538

Abstract: ... pathological processes. Apart from commonly mentioned humoral factors, this group also includes a family of proteins ... The innate immune response is defined as an immensely complex and sophisticated process aimed ... cells, as well as stationary cells that form tissues. Moreover, innate immune mechanisms require ...

Abstract	The innate immune response is defined as an immensely complex and sophisticated process aimed at defending the organism against any disturbance in the body homeostasis, including invading pathogens. It requires a close cooperation of a vast amount of different cell types, recognized as inflammatory migrating cells, as well as stationary cells that form tissues. Moreover, innate immune mechanisms require an efficient functioning of various humoral components that exert a significant impact on physiological and pathological processes. Apart from commonly mentioned humoral factors, this group also includes a family of proteins known as adipocytokines that may act as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents or act both ways. Leptin, predominantly characterized as a proinflammatory adipokine, plays a crucial role in endothelium remodeling and regulation, as well as in cell survival and production of numerous cytokines. Adiponectin, similar to leptin, acts on the endothelial cells and the phagocytic properties of immune cells; however, it exerts an anti-inflammatory impact. Resistin has a documented role in the control of angiogenesis and stimulation of proinflammatory mediator generation and release. Furthermore, there are adipokines, ie, visfatin and chemerin, whose participation in the inflammatory processes is ambiguous. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the extensive role of selected adipokines in innate immune response.
MeSH term(s)	Adipokines/immunology ; Adiponectin/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Chemokines/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Endothelium/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Leptin/metabolism ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism ; Resistin/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Adipokines ; Adiponectin ; Chemokines ; Cytokines ; Leptin ; RARRES2 protein, human ; Resistin ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.12) ; nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, human (EC 2.4.2.12)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1226675-9
ISSN	1557-7465 ; 1079-9907
ISSN (online)	1557-7465
ISSN	1079-9907
DOI	10.1089/jir.2018.0102
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Article: Aeromonas salmonicida Infection Only Moderately Regulates Expression of Factors Contributing to Toll-Like Receptor Signaling but Massively Activates the Cellular and Humoral Branches of Innate Immunity in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Goldammer, Tom / Rebl, Alexander

Journal of Immunology Research, 2015: 901015

2015

Abstract: ... of cellular factors of innate immunity rather than induced expression of pathogen receptors is hence of key ... importance for mounting a first immune defense against invading A. salmonicida. ... However, the knowledge about the specificity of teleost Tlr factors for distinct pathogens is limited so far. We measured ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Nutztierbiologie
Abstract	Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to detect a defined spectrum of microbial structures. However, the knowledge about the specificity of teleost Tlr factors for distinct pathogens is limited so far. We measured baseline expression profiles of 18 tlr genes and associated signaling factors in four immune-relevant tissues of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida induced highly increased levels of cytokine mRNAs during a 72-hour postinfection (hpi) period. In contrast, only the fish-specific tlr22a2 and the downstream factor irak1 featured clearly increased transcript levels, while the mRNA concentrations of many other tlr genes decreased. Flow cytometry quantified cell trafficking after infection indicating a dramatic influx of myeloid cells into the peritoneum and a belated low level immigration of lymphoid cells. T and B lymphocytes were differentiated with RT-qPCR revealing that B lymphocytes emigrated from and T lymphocytes immigrated into head kidney. In conclusion, no specific TLR can be singled out as a dominant receptor for A. salmonicida. The recruitment of cellular factors of innate immunity rather than induced expression of pathogen receptors is hence of key importance for mounting a first immune defense against invading A. salmonicida.
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article ; Online: Insights into Innate Immune Response Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Huțanu Adina / Georgescu Anca Meda / Andrejkovits Akos Vince / Au William / Dobreanu Minodora

Romanian Journal of Laboratory Medicine, Vol 29, Iss 3, Pp 255-

2021 Volume 269

Abstract: The innate immune system is mandatory for the activation of antiviral host defense and eradication ... disease outcomes. Since both cellular and humoral factors are involved in the time-course ... Of great importance is the proper functioning of the innate immune response from the very beginning ...

Abstract	The innate immune system is mandatory for the activation of antiviral host defense and eradication of the infection. In this regard, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils representing the cellular component, and cytokines, interferons, complement or Toll-Like Receptors, representing the mediators of unspecific response act together for both activation of the adaptive immune response and viral clearance. Of great importance is the proper functioning of the innate immune response from the very beginning. For instance, in the early stages of viral infection, the defective interferon response leads to uncontrolled viral replication and pathogen evasion, while hypersecretion during the later stages of infection generates hyperinflammation. This cascade activation of systemic inflammation culminates with cytokine storm syndrome and hypercoagulability state, due to a close interconnection between them. Thus an unbalanced reaction, either under- or over- stimulation of the innate immune system will lead to an uncoordinated response and unfavorable disease outcomes. Since both cellular and humoral factors are involved in the time-course of the innate immune response, in this review we aimed to address their gradual involvement in the antiviral response with emphasis on key steps in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Keywords	innate immunity ; monocytes ; acute phase reactants ; covid-19 ; antigen-presenting cell ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Sciendo
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: CRP Enhances the Innate Killing Mechanisms Phagocytosis and ROS Formation in a Conformation and Complement-Dependent Manner.

Zeller, Johannes / Bogner, Balázs / Kiefer, Jurij / Braig, David / Winninger, Oscar / Fricke, Mark / Karasu, Ebru / Peter, Karlheinz / Huber-Lang, Markus / Eisenhardt, Steffen Ulrich

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 721887

Abstract: ... an effective killing mechanism of the innate host defense. These cellular processes of innate immunity function ... in a complex interplay with humoral factors. C-reactive protein (CRP) in its activated, monomeric isoform (mCRP ...

Abstract	Phagocytosis and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in phagocytic leukocytes are an effective killing mechanism of the innate host defense. These cellular processes of innate immunity function in a complex interplay with humoral factors. C-reactive protein (CRP) in its activated, monomeric isoform (mCRP) has been shown to activate immune cells
MeSH term(s)	C-Reactive Protein/metabolism ; Complement Activation/immunology ; Complement System Proteins/immunology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Leukocytes/immunology ; Leukocytes/metabolism ; Monocytes/immunology ; Monocytes/metabolism ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Neutrophils/metabolism ; Phagocytosis/immunology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Reactive Oxygen Species ; Complement System Proteins (9007-36-7) ; C-Reactive Protein (9007-41-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.721887
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A bite to fight: front-line innate immune defenses against malaria parasites.

Tannous, Stephanie / Ghanem, Esther

Pathogens and global health

2018 Volume 112, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–12

Abstract: ... in anti-Plasmodium defense are described with particular emphasis on the contribution of key innate ... sporozoites, merozoites, and trophozoites. The roles of innate immune factors, both humoral and cellular ... focusing on the interactions of the vertebrate innate immune system with Plasmodium parasites, namely ...

Abstract	Malaria infection caused by Plasmodium parasites remains a major health burden worldwide especially in the tropics and subtropics. Plasmodium exhibits a complex life cycle whereby it undergoes a series of developmental stages in the Anopheles mosquito vector and the vertebrate human host. Malaria severity is mainly attributed to the genetic complexity of the parasite which is reflected in the sophisticated mechanisms of invasion and evasion that allow it to overcome the immune responses of both its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. In this review, we aim to provide an updated, clear and concise summary of the literature focusing on the interactions of the vertebrate innate immune system with Plasmodium parasites, namely sporozoites, merozoites, and trophozoites. The roles of innate immune factors, both humoral and cellular, in anti-Plasmodium defense are described with particular emphasis on the contribution of key innate players including neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells to the clearance of liver and blood stage parasites. A comprehensive understanding of the innate immune responses to malaria parasites remains an important goal that would dramatically help improve the design of original treatment strategies and vaccines, both of which are urgently needed to relieve the burden of malaria especially in endemic countries.
MeSH term(s)	Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunity, Innate ; Malaria/immunology ; Merozoites/immunology ; Plasmodium/immunology ; Sporozoites/immunology ; Trophozoites/immunology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2625162-0
ISSN	2047-7732 ; 2047-7724
ISSN (online)	2047-7732
ISSN	2047-7724
DOI	10.1080/20477724.2018.1429847
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