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  1. Article ; Online: Antibodies at work in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

    Sajna, Kuttuvan Valappil / Kamat, Siya

    Cytotherapy

    2020  Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 101–110

    Abstract: ... severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been established, with encouraging results ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or block ... of mAbs as mediators of cytokine storm syndrome to modify the immune response of COVID-19 patients ...

    Abstract In view of devastating effects of COVID-19 on human life, there is an urgent need for the licened vaccines or therapeutics for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age-old passive immunization with protective antibodies to neutralize the virus is one of the strategies for emergency prophylaxis and therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, the authors discuss up-to-date advances in immune-based therapy for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma therapy as the first line of defense to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been established, with encouraging results. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or block the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor have been found to be very promising as a countermeasure for tackling the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and clinical trials are underway. Considering the counterproductive antibody-dependent enhancement of the virus, mAbs therapy that is safe and efficacious, even in people with underlying conditions, will be a significant breakthrough. In addition, emerging immunotherapeutic interventions using nanobodies and cellular immunotherapy are promising avenues for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors also discuss the implication of mAbs as mediators of cytokine storm syndrome to modify the immune response of COVID-19 patients, thus reducing the fatality rate of COVID-19 infection.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Immunomodulation ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Serotherapy
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2039821-9
    ISSN 1477-2566 ; 1465-3249
    ISSN (online) 1477-2566
    ISSN 1465-3249
    DOI 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.08.009
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Antibodies at work in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

    Sajna, Kuttuvan Valappil / Kamat, Siya

    Cytotherapy

    Abstract: ... severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been established, with encouraging results ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or block ... of mAbs as mediators of cytokine storm syndrome to modify the immune response of COVID-19 patients ...

    Abstract In view of devastating effects of COVID-19 on human life, there is an urgent need for the licened vaccines or therapeutics for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age-old passive immunization with protective antibodies to neutralize the virus is one of the strategies for emergency prophylaxis and therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, the authors discuss up-to-date advances in immune-based therapy for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma therapy as the first line of defense to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been established, with encouraging results. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or block the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor have been found to be very promising as a countermeasure for tackling the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and clinical trials are underway. Considering the counterproductive antibody-dependent enhancement of the virus, mAbs therapy that is safe and efficacious, even in people with underlying conditions, will be a significant breakthrough. In addition, emerging immunotherapeutic interventions using nanobodies and cellular immunotherapy are promising avenues for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors also discuss the implication of mAbs as mediators of cytokine storm syndrome to modify the immune response of COVID-19 patients, thus reducing the fatality rate of COVID-19 infection.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #735227
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article: New detection method of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies toward a point-of-care biosensor.

    Nelson-Mora, Janikua / Rubio, Diana / Ventura-Martínez, Amairani / González, Luis A / Del-Rio, Diana / Aranda-López, Yuli / Jiménez-Díaz, Edgar / Zamarrón-Hernández, Diego / Ríos-López, Diana G / Aguirre, Stephanie / Ruiz-Hernandez, Yasab / Cruz-Ramírez, Aarón / Barjau, Jonás S / Jáurez, Miguel A / Lopez-Aparicio, Jehú / Campa-Higareda, Andrea / Fiordelisio, Tatiana

    Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) 1202126

    Abstract: The outbreak of COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS ... CoV-2) infection, is regarded as the most severe of the documented coronavirus pandemics ... of antibodies in a sample in a single reaction. The SARS-CoV-2 AbDM led to several advantages in the performance ...

    Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is regarded as the most severe of the documented coronavirus pandemics. The measurement and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels by serological tests are relevant for a better epidemiological and clinical understanding of COVID-19. The aim of this work was to design a method called the SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection method (SARS-CoV-2 AbDM) for fluorescence immunodetection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM on both plate and microfluidic chip. For this purpose, a system with magnetic beads that immobilize the antigen (S protein and RBD) on its surface was used to determine the presence and quantity of antibodies in a sample in a single reaction. The SARS-CoV-2 AbDM led to several advantages in the performance of the tests, such as reduced cost, possibility of performing isolated or multiple samples, potential of multiplex detection, and capacity to detect whole blood samples without losing resolution. In addition, due to the microfluidic chip in conjunction with the motorized actuated platform, the time, sample quantity, and operator intervention during the process were reduced. All these advantages suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 AbDM has the potential to be developed as a PoC that can be used as a tool for seroprevalence monitoring, allowing a better understanding of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and contributing to more effective and ethical decision-making in strategies to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2719493-0
    ISSN 2296-4185
    ISSN 2296-4185
    DOI 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1202126
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  4. Article ; Online: Diagnostic TR-FRET assays for detection of antibodies in patient samples.

    Yue, Hong / Nowak, Radosław P / Overwijn, Daan / Payne, N Connor / Fischinger, Stephanie / Atyeo, Caroline / Lam, Evan C / St Denis, Kerri / Brais, Lauren K / Konishi, Yoshinobu / Sklavenitis-Pistofidis, Romanos / Baden, Lindsey R / Nilles, Eric J / Karlson, Elizabeth W / Yu, Xu G / Li, Jonathan Z / Woolley, Ann E / Ghobrial, Irene M / Meyerhardt, Jeffrey A /
    Balazs, Alejandro B / Alter, Galit / Mazitschek, Ralph / Fischer, Eric S

    Cell reports methods

    2023  Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 100421

    Abstract: ... total immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels; antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ... SARS-CoV) or Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV spike (S) protein; and SARS-CoV-2 S and ... laboratory technology and/or work with a limited number of sample types. Here, we evaluate an alternative ...

    Abstract Serological assays are important diagnostic tools for surveying exposure to the pathogen, monitoring immune response post vaccination, and managing spread of the infectious agent among the population. Current serological laboratory assays are often limited because they require the use of specialized laboratory technology and/or work with a limited number of sample types. Here, we evaluate an alternative by developing time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) homogeneous assays that exhibited exceptional versatility, scalability, and sensitivity and outperformed or matched currently used strategies in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and precision. We validated the performance of the assays measuring total immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels; antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) or Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV spike (S) protein; and SARS-CoV-2 S and nucleocapsid (N) proteins and applied it to several large sample sets and real-world applications. We further established a TR-FRET-based ACE2-S competition assay to assess the neutralization propensity of the antibodies. Overall, these TR-FRET-based serological assays can be rapidly extended to other antigens and are compatible with commonly used plate readers.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Antibodies, Viral ; Nucleocapsid ; COVID-19 Testing
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 2667-2375
    ISSN (online) 2667-2375
    DOI 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100421
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  5. Article ; Online: Detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein by screen-printed carbon electrodes modified by colloidal gold nanoparticles.

    Baradoke, Ausra / Jarusaitis, Ainis / Reinikovaite, Viktorija / Jafarov, Ali / Elsakova, Alexandra / Franckevicius, Marius / Skapas, Martynas / Slibinskas, Rimantas / Drobysh, Maryia / Liustrovaite, Viktorija / Ramanavicius, Arunas

    Talanta

    2023  Volume 268, Issue Pt 1, Page(s) 125279

    Abstract: ... the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein (anti-rS) is reported. Environmentally friendly chemicals ... In this work, electrochemical bioanalytical systems for the determination of antibodies against ... protein based biological recognition part enabled selective recognition of anti-rS antibodies. The current ...

    Abstract In this work, electrochemical bioanalytical systems for the determination of antibodies against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein (anti-rS) is reported. Environmentally friendly chemicals were applied in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs were integrated onto the screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPE), and the biological recognition part was based on recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (rS), which during the immobilization was cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. Immobilized rS protein based biological recognition part enabled selective recognition of anti-rS antibodies. The current flux of AuNPs reduction (at +200 mV) in a pure phosphate buffer (PB) was employed as the transduction signal. It has been reported that the formation of anti-rS layers on the surface of AuNPs delays the electrode response time (t
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Antibodies ; Biosensing Techniques ; Carbon ; COVID-19/immunology ; Electrochemical Techniques ; Electrodes ; Gold ; Metal Nanoparticles ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
    Chemical Substances Antibodies ; Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Gold (7440-57-5) ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1500969-5
    ISSN 1873-3573 ; 0039-9140
    ISSN (online) 1873-3573
    ISSN 0039-9140
    DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125279
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  6. Article: Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-antibodies against N, S and RBD after natural infection.

    Jafari, Mitra / Asli, Samira / Moghbeli, Fateme / Fesharaki, Mohammad Gholami / Hajiahmadi, Nazila / Mojtahedzadeh, Faezeh / Amel Jamehdar, Saeid / Bamdad, Taravat

    Iranian journal of microbiology

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 6, Page(s) 803–810

    Abstract: ... of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the duration of them provide useful information ... is a significant relationship between the initial antibody titer and its reduction over time (p-value ... in antibody titer over time was related to anti-N IgG levels. ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected most countries in the world. Monitoring the humoral immune responses during the natural course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the duration of them provide useful information for the development of vaccination strategies against this virus and its emerging variants. The importance of the antibody response especially neutralizing antibodies in long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is significant.
    Materials and methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study of sero-epidemiological type that has been proposed to compare the persistence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) against N (nucleocapsid), S (spike) and RBD (receptor-binding domain) proteins in the community after the time of primary disease. A total of 652 serum samples were collected from hospital staff working in COVID wards, as well as a number of community members with different occupations, among those with positive antibody titers, 86 participated in the resampling test before vaccination.
    Results: There was no association between antibody titer and disease severity (p>0.05). A significant decrease in Ab levels was observed in the paired second samples. The highest rate of decrease was related to anti-N, then anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels, respectively. There is a significant relationship between the initial antibody titer and its reduction over time (p-value <0.05).
    Conclusion: Our data revealed that humoral immunity following natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 is detectable for at least 4 months, regardless of disease severity. The most decrease in antibody titer over time was related to anti-N IgG levels.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-14
    Publishing country Iran
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2652849-6
    ISSN 2008-4447 ; 2008-3289
    ISSN (online) 2008-4447
    ISSN 2008-3289
    DOI 10.18502/ijm.v15i6.14161
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  7. Article ; Online: Evaluation of different platforms for the detection of anti-SARS coronavirus-2 antibodies, Thailand.

    Lerdsamran, Hatairat / Mungaomklang, Anek / Iamsirithaworn, Sopon / Prasertsopon, Jarunee / Prasert, Kriengkrai / Intalapaporn, Poj / Siriyakorn, Nirada / Wiriyarat, Witthawat / Thinpan, Nattakan / Sawadpongpan, Suteema / Sirikhetkon, Somrak / Mongkalangoon, Noparat / Petto, Suwanna / Puthavathana, Pilaipan

    BMC infectious diseases

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 1213

    Abstract: Background: Antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) help ... on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Furthermore, an indirect immunofluorescence assay verified ... more individual time and technical skill, may provide reliable results at a lower cost. The selection ...

    Abstract Background: Antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) help determine previous infection in individuals, regardless of whether they are asymptomatic or symptomatic. The detection of antibodies serves several purposes, including supporting other assays for disease diagnosis, conducting seroepidemiological studies, and evaluating vaccines. Many platforms of immunological methods for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection and their performance require validation.
    Methods: This study evaluated the test performance of three autoanalyzer-based assays (Architect IgG, Vitros IgG, and Vitros total Ig) and one manual ELISA (Wantai total Ig) against a microneutralization (microNT) assay on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Furthermore, an indirect immunofluorescence assay verified the discordant results between the microNT and commercial assays. The test sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were determined based on four groups of 1005 serum samples: 102 COVID-19 prepandemic sera, 45 anti-SARS-CoV-2 positive sera, 366 sera of people at risk, and 492 sera of citizens returning from countries with a high prevalence of infection.
    Results: The analyses as a whole showed that the performance of these commercial assays was comparable. Each group was also analysed separately to gain further insight into test performance. The Architect did not detect two positive sera of people at risk (prevalence of infection 0.55%). The other methods correctly identified these two positive sera but yielded varying false-positive results. The group of returning travellers with an infection rate of 28.3% (139 of 492) better differentiated the test performance of individual assays.
    Conclusions: High-throughput Architect and Vitros autoanalyzers appear appropriate for working on large sample sizes in countries that can afford the cost. The Wantai ELISA, while requiring more individual time and technical skill, may provide reliable results at a lower cost. The selection of assays will depend on the laboratory facilities and feasibility.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Thailand
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1471-2334
    ISSN (online) 1471-2334
    DOI 10.1186/s12879-021-06921-y
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  8. Article: Non-neutralizing antibodies to SARS-Cov-2-related linear epitopes induce psychotic-like behavior in mice.

    Xu, Jinming / Wei, Hui / You, Pengsheng / Sui, Jiaping / Xiu, Jianbo / Zhu, Wanwan / Xu, Qi

    Frontiers in molecular neuroscience

    2023  Volume 16, Page(s) 1177961

    Abstract: ... of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could negatively affect the CNS.: Methods: After 14-day acclimation ... Objective: An increasing number of studies have reported that numerous patients with coronavirus ... and that most of the antibodies in their sera have no virus-neutralizing ability. We tested ...

    Abstract Objective: An increasing number of studies have reported that numerous patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccinated individuals have developed central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and that most of the antibodies in their sera have no virus-neutralizing ability. We tested the hypothesis that non-neutralizing anti-S1-111 IgG induced by the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could negatively affect the CNS.
    Methods: After 14-day acclimation, the grouped ApoE-/- mice were immunized four times (day 0, day 7, day 14, day 28) with different spike-protein-derived peptides (coupled with KLH) or KLH via subcutaneous injection. Antibody level, state of glial cells, gene expression, prepulse inhibition, locomotor activity, and spatial working memory were assessed from day 21.
    Results: An increased level of anti-S1-111 IgG was measured in their sera and brain homogenate after the immunization. Crucially, anti-S1-111 IgG increased the density of microglia, activated microglia, and astrocytes in the hippocampus, and we observed a psychomotor-like behavioral phenotype with defective sensorimotor gating and impaired spontaneity among S1-111-immunized mice. Transcriptome profiling showed that up-regulated genes in S1-111-immunized mice were mainly associated with synaptic plasticity and mental disorders.
    Discussion: Our results show that the non-neutralizing antibody anti-S1-111 IgG induced by the spike protein caused a series of psychotic-like changes in model mice by activating glial cells and modulating synaptic plasticity. Preventing the production of anti-S1-111 IgG (or other non-neutralizing antibodies) may be a potential strategy to reduce CNS manifestations in COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452967-9
    ISSN 1662-5099
    ISSN 1662-5099
    DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1177961
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  9. Article ; Online: Polyaniline-based electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

    Drobysh, Maryia / Ramanavicius, Arunas / Baradoke, Ausra

    The Science of the total environment

    2022  , Page(s) 160700

    Abstract: ... severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein. The sensing platform is based on recombinant Spike ... In this work, we report an impedimetric system for the detection of antibodies against ... 2 in real patient serum samples after coronavirus disease 2019 and/or vaccination. ...

    Abstract In this work, we report an impedimetric system for the detection of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein. The sensing platform is based on recombinant Spike protein (SCoV2-rS) immobilized on the phytic acid doped polyaniline films (PANI-PA). The affinity interaction between immobilized SCoV2-rS protein and antibodies in the physiological range of concentrations was registered by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Analytical parameters of the sensing platform were tuned by the variation of electropolymerization times during the synthesis of PANI-PA films. The lowest limit of detection and quantitation were obtained for electropolymerization time of 20 min and equalled 8.00 ± 0.20 nM and 23.93 ± 0.60 nM with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 3 nM. The presented sensing system is label-free and suitable for the direct detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in real patient serum samples after coronavirus disease 2019 and/or vaccination.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160700
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  10. Article ; Online: Rapidly accelerated development of neutralizing COVID-19 antibodies by reducing cell line and CMC development timelines.

    Tan, Kee Wee / Ji, Pengfei / Qian, Zichen / Gao, Qiao / Wang, Shuai / Li, Qin / Gu, Mingzhu / Zhang, Qi / Hou, Chengjian / Huang, Yang / Lian, Dujuan / Wang, Junghao / Zhang, Zheng / Zhang, Sam / Wu, Jiansheng / Zhou, Weichang

    Biotechnology and bioengineering

    2022  

    Abstract: ... strategies have been taken to enable development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV ... 2)-neutralizing antibodies at expedited speed. We previously reported a novel chemistry ... stability study plan was devised to greatly reduce the time required for final clone determination and next ...

    Abstract Since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, unconventional cell line development (CLD) strategies have been taken to enable development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-neutralizing antibodies at expedited speed. We previously reported a novel chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) workflow and demonstrated a much-shortened timeline of 3-6 months from DNA to investigational new drug (IND) application. Hereafter, we have incorporated this CMC strategy for many SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody programs at WuXi Biologics. In this paper, we summarize the accelerated development of a total of seven antibody programs, some of which have received emergency use authorization  approval in less than 2 years. Stable pools generated under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions consistently exhibited similar productivity and product quality at different scales and batches, enabling rapid initiation of phase I clinical trials. Clones with comparable product quality as parental pools were subsequently screened and selected for late-stage development and manufacturing. Moreover, a preliminary stability study plan was devised to greatly reduce the time required for final clone determination and next-generation sequencing-based viral testing was implemented to support rapid conditional release of the master cell bank for GMP production. The successful execution of these COVID-19 programs relies on our robust, fit for purpose, and continuously improving CLD platform. The speed achieved for pandemic-related biologics development may innovate typical biologics development timelines and become a new standard in the industry.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280318-5
    ISSN 1097-0290 ; 0006-3592
    ISSN (online) 1097-0290
    ISSN 0006-3592
    DOI 10.1002/bit.28302
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