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Article ; Online: COVID-19, precarity and loneliness.

Schwartz, Susan

2021 Volume 66, Issue 3, Page(s) 517–533

Abstract: ... that were long repressed. The loneliness, isolation and death from COVID-19 mirrored his personal and ... to COVID-19 with a man who represents a clinical composite. The issues of precarity, a concept used ... Green. The psychological and societal situation of precarity aroused the man's childhood issues ...

Abstract	In this paper I discuss Jungian psychological work of the trauma and loss experienced in reaction to COVID-19 with a man who represents a clinical composite. The issues of precarity, a concept used by the philosopher Judith Butler, are combined with the notions of lack and absence of French psychoanalyst André Green. The psychological and societal situation of precarity aroused the man's childhood issues that were long repressed. The loneliness, isolation and death from COVID-19 mirrored his personal and the collective responses to the disaster from this global pandemic. He felt on the edge of collapse as what he knew of his world crashed and he found himself unable to cope. The subsequent Jungian work taking place through the virtual computer screen was taxing and restorative simultaneously for both analyst and analysand.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Adverse Childhood Experiences ; COVID-19 ; Ego ; Humans ; Jungian Theory ; Loneliness ; Male ; Psychoanalytic Therapy ; Psychological Trauma/therapy ; Telecommunications ; Telemedicine
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219156-8
ISSN	1468-5922 ; 0021-8774
ISSN (online)	1468-5922
ISSN	0021-8774
DOI	10.1111/1468-5922.12673
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Article ; Online: Economic precarity, loneliness, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Raifman, Julia / Ettman, Catherine K / Dean, Lorraine T / Abdalla, Salma M / Skinner, Alexandra / Barry, Colleen L / Galea, Sandro

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) e0275973

Abstract: ... precarity and loneliness may contribute to suicide prevention. ... and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the 2020 COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact ... among people facing difficulty paying rent (31.5%), job loss (24.1%), and loneliness (25.1 ...

Abstract	The US population faced stressors associated with suicide brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the relationship between stressors and suicidal ideation in the context of the pandemic may inform policies and programs to prevent suicidality and suicide. We compared suicidal ideation between two cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys of adults in the United States: the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the 2020 COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being (CLIMB) study (conducted March 31 to April 13). We estimated the association between stressors and suicidal ideation in bivariable and multivariable Poisson regression models with robust variance to generate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR and aPR). Suicidal ideation increased from 3.4% in the 2017-2018 NHANES to 16.3% in the 2020 CLIMB survey, and from 5.8% to 26.4% among participants in low-income households. In the multivariable model, difficulty paying rent (aPR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1) and feeling alone (aPR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5-2.4) were associated with suicidal ideation but job loss was not (aPR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.6 to 1.2). Suicidal ideation increased by 12.9 percentage points and was almost 4.8 times higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicidal ideation was more prevalent among people facing difficulty paying rent (31.5%), job loss (24.1%), and loneliness (25.1%), with each stressor associated with suicidal ideation in bivariable models. Difficulty paying rent and loneliness were most associated with suicidal ideation. Policies and programs to support people experiencing economic precarity and loneliness may contribute to suicide prevention.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide, Attempted/psychology ; Loneliness/psychology ; Nutrition Surveys ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0275973
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Article ; Online: Ageism and the digital divide in Switzerland during COVID-19: Lessons for the post-pandemic world.

Repetti, Marion / Fellay-Favre, Elisa

Journal of aging studies

2024 Volume 69, Page(s) 101227

Abstract: ... of loneliness and amplified their feelings of rejection by the outside world. These observations elucidate ... The COVID-19 pandemic erupted in early 2020. The Swiss Federal Council implemented a semi-lockdown ... of the disease and to use digital tools to maintain their social relations and activities. This study inquired ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic erupted in early 2020. The Swiss Federal Council implemented a semi-lockdown in March 2020, asking people, particularly older adults, to stay at home to limit the transmission of the disease and to use digital tools to maintain their social relations and activities. This study inquired how older adults confronting precarity experienced these restrictions, how digital tools functioned in this context, and what learning could therefore be imbibed for the post-pandemic era. We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with adults aged between 66 and 90 years living in a rural and mountainous Swiss region. The obtained data were subsequently thematically analyzed. The results revealed that the respondents experienced ageism during the semi-lockdown and reported limited or non-existent opportunities to use digital tools to maintain online social contact. This predicament increased their sense of loneliness and amplified their feelings of rejection by the outside world. These observations elucidate the need for the enhancement of non-ageist social support for older people, including individuals with limited social and material resources. We advocate the adoption of innovative initiatives in the post-pandemic era to better include precarious older people in our localities and neighborhoods.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Aged ; Ageism/psychology ; Switzerland ; Male ; Female ; Aged, 80 and over ; Loneliness/psychology ; Digital Divide ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Rural Population
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2006012-9
ISSN	1879-193X ; 0890-4065
ISSN (online)	1879-193X
ISSN	0890-4065
DOI	10.1016/j.jaging.2024.101227
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Article ; Online: Mourning in a Pandemic: The Differential Impact of Widowhood on Mental Health During COVID-19.

Wang, Haowei / Smith-Greenaway, Emily / Bauldry, Shawn / Margolis, Rachel / Verdery, Ashton M

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2022

Abstract: ... that foreshadows worsening physical health and elevated mortality. The millions widowed by COVID-19 worldwide ... depression, loneliness, and trouble sleeping), compared to pre-pandemic recent spousal deaths.: Results ... have higher risks of self-reported depression and loneliness, but not trouble sleeping, than expected ...

Abstract	Objectives: The death of a spouse is an established predictor of mental health decline that foreshadows worsening physical health and elevated mortality. The millions widowed by COVID-19 worldwide may experience even worse health outcomes than comparable pre-pandemic widows given the particularities of dying, mourning, and grieving during a pandemic defined by protracted social isolation, economic precarity, and general uncertainty. If COVID-19 pandemic bereavement is more strongly associated with mental health challenges than pre-pandemic bereavement, the large new cohort of COVID-19 widow(er)s may be at substantial risk of downstream health problems long after the pandemic abates. Methods: We pooled population-based Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe data from 27 countries for two distinct periods: (1) pre-pandemic (Wave 8, fielded October 2019 to March 2020; N = 46,266) and (2) early-pandemic (COVID Supplement, fielded June to August 2020; N = 55,796). The analysis used a difference-in-difference design to assess whether a spouse dying from COVID-19 presents unique mental health risks (self-reported depression, loneliness, and trouble sleeping), compared to pre-pandemic recent spousal deaths. Results: We find strong associations between recent spousal death and poor mental health before and during the pandemic. However, our difference-in-difference estimates indicate those whose spouses died of COVID-19 have higher risks of self-reported depression and loneliness, but not trouble sleeping, than expected based on pre-pandemic associations. Discussion: These results highlight that the millions of COVID-19 widow(er)s face extreme mental health risks, eclipsing those experienced by surviving spouses pre-pandemic, furthering concerns about the pandemic's lasting impacts on health.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbac085
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Article ; Online: Gig work and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A gendered examination of comparisons with regular employment and unemployment.

Lu, Zhuofei / Wang, Senhu / Ling, Wanying / Guo, Ya

Social science & medicine (1982)

2023 Volume 337, Page(s) 116281

Abstract: ... genders. For male gig workers, both higher levels of financial precarity and loneliness in gig work ... financial situation and lower level of loneliness. For both men and women, the transition into gig work is associated ... The rise of the platform economy during the Covid-19 pandemic has stimulated extensive discussions ...

Abstract	The rise of the platform economy during the Covid-19 pandemic has stimulated extensive discussions about whether gig workers can obtain equivalent mental health benefits of regular paid employment. Drawing on nationally representative data in the UK, this study aims to examine (1) whether transitioning from no paid work to gig work during Covid-19 is associated with better or worse mental health compared with those who remained not employed and those who became employed in regular jobs; (2) what mechanisms can explain the mental health differences; (3) how the patterns may differ by gender. The results show that transition into gig work is associated with better mental health compared with those who remained not employed, but this pattern is only for male (rather than female) gig workers and can be largely explained by their better financial situation and lower level of loneliness. For both men and women, the transition into gig work is associated with worse mental health compared with the transition into regular employment, but the mechanisms vary across genders. For male gig workers, both higher levels of financial precarity and loneliness in gig work can explain their mental health disadvantages compared with regular workers, but for female gig workers, none of them is at work. These findings facilitate a better understanding of the health consequences of the gig economy, revealing important gender-differentiated socio-psychological mechanisms through which gig work shapes mental health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Male ; Unemployment/psychology ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Employment/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116281
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Article ; Online: Challenges to self-isolation among contacts of cases of COVID-19: a national telephone survey in Wales.

Isherwood, Kate R / Kyle, Richard G / Gray, Benjamin J / Davies, Alisha R

Journal of public health (Oxford, England)

2022 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) e75–e86

Abstract: ... disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases to better target support and minimize the harms of self-isolation ... and two times more likely to report loneliness (aOR: 1.96, CI: 1.37-2.81) compared to people aged over ... conducted with confirmed contacts of COVID-19 (N = 2027), identified through the NHS Wales Test Trace ...

Abstract	Background: Self-isolation is challenging and adherence is dependent on a range of psychological, social and economic factors. We aimed to identify the challenges experienced by contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases to better target support and minimize the harms of self-isolation. Methods: The Contact Adherence Behavioural Insights Study (CABINS) was a 15-minute telephone survey conducted with confirmed contacts of COVID-19 (N = 2027), identified through the NHS Wales Test Trace Protect (TTP) database. Results: Younger people (aged 18-29 years) were three times more likely to report mental health concerns (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.05-4.86) and two times more likely to report loneliness (aOR: 1.96, CI: 1.37-2.81) compared to people aged over 60 years. Women were 1.5 times more likely to experience mental health concerns (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.20-1.92) compared to men. People with high levels of income precarity were eight times more likely to report financial challenges (aOR: 7.73, CI: 5.10-11.74) and three times more likely to report mental health concerns than their more financially secure counterparts (aOR: 3.08, CI: 2.22-4.28). Conclusion: Self-isolation is particularly challenging for younger people, women and those with precarious incomes. Providing enhanced support is required to minimize the harms of self-isolation.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Wales/epidemiology ; Loneliness/psychology ; Income ; Telephone
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2142082-8
ISSN	1741-3850 ; 1741-3842
ISSN (online)	1741-3850
ISSN	1741-3842
DOI	10.1093/pubmed/fdac002
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Article ; Online: Examining the Interrelationships Between Social Isolation and Loneliness and Their Correlates Among Older British Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Evidence From Four British Longitudinal Studies.

Mansfield, Rosie / Di Gessa, Giorgio / Patel, Kishan / McElroy, Eoin / Wels, Jacques / Henderson, Morag / Maddock, Jane / Stafford, Jean / Steptoe, Andrew / Richards, Marcus / Patalay, Praveetha

Innovation in aging

2023 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) igad126

Abstract: ... social isolation and loneliness in later life. We present these interrelationships before and during the COVID-19 ... the pandemic, the percentage of older people reporting both social isolation and loneliness and isolation only ... slightly increased. The interrelationship between social isolation and loneliness did not change ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: Unprecedented social restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have provided a new lens for considering the interrelationship between social isolation and loneliness in later life. We present these interrelationships before and during the COVID-19 restrictions and investigate to what extent demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors associated with such experiences differed during the pandemic. Research design and methods: We used data from four British longitudinal population-based studies (1946 NSHD, 1958 NCDS, 1970 BCS, and ELSA, Results: Across the Four studies, prepandemic proportions reporting social isolation ranged from 15% to 54%, with higher rates in older ages (e.g., 32% of individuals aged 70-79 years and 54% of those more than 80). During the pandemic, the percentage of older people reporting both social isolation and loneliness and isolation only slightly increased. The interrelationship between social isolation and loneliness did not change. Associations between sociodemographic and health characteristics and social isolation and loneliness also remained consistent, with greater burden among those with higher economic precarity (females, nonhomeowners, unemployed, illness, and greater financial stress). Discussion and implications: There were already large inequalities in experiences of social isolation and loneliness and the pandemic had a small impact on worsening extent and inequalities in these. The concepts of loneliness and social isolation are not interchangeable, and clarity is needed in how they are conceptualized, operationalized, and interpreted. Given many older adults experience high levels of social isolation, there should be greater emphasis on reducing social isolation and the inequalities observed in who experiences greater isolation and loneliness.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2399-5300
ISSN (online)	2399-5300
DOI	10.1093/geroni/igad126
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Article ; Online: The "loneliness epidemic", intersecting risk factors and relations to mental health help-seeking: A population-based study during COVID-19 lockdown in Canada.

Lin, Shen Lamson

Journal of affective disorders

2022 Volume 320, Page(s) 7–17

Abstract: ... the intersection of migration status and COVID-19-related job precarity, to eliminate loneliness during ... in decreasing the transmission of COVID-19, could exacerbate loneliness. Few studies have examined how pandemic ... inferences.: Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic converges with loneliness epidemic in Canada. Prevention ...

Abstract	Background: Pandemic-induced social distancing and stay-at-home orders, while successful in decreasing the transmission of COVID-19, could exacerbate loneliness. Few studies have examined how pandemic-related social determinants intersect to shape pandemic loneliness and its relations to mental health care in Canada. Methods: A population-representative sample of 3772 adults from the Canadian Perspective Survey Series (CPSS-6; January 25 to 31, 2021) was analyzed. Gender-specific logistic regression was employed to investigate the association between three-item loneliness scale (UCLA-3) with socio-demographics, job precarity, health behaviours, social isolation indicators, and mental health help-seeking. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) modelling was used to identify intersecting risk factors and the most important predictor of severe loneliness (UCLA-3 score ≥ 7). Results: The estimated prevalence of severe loneliness was 34.7 % in Canada, with women significantly higher than men (38.1 % vs 31.3 %, p < 0.001). Pandemic loneliness were more prevalent in female (OR = 1.53, 99 % CI: 1.26-1.85), those who were younger (OR's range 1.42-3.00), women without college degree (OR = 1.44, 99 % CI: 1.01-2.04), those living alone (OR = 1.56, 99 % CI: 1.09-2.23), immigrant men (OR = 1.79, 99 % CI: 1.23-2.60), those with small network (OR's range: 1.73-3.26), those who were absent from work due to COVID-19 related reasons (OR = 2.11, 99 % CI: 1.04-4.28), past-month binge drinkers (OR's range: 1.39-1.70) and cannabis user (OR = 1.47, 99 % CI: 1.12-1.93). The CART algorithm identifies that immigrants who experienced pandemic-triggered job insecurity were the most-at-risk group of severely loneliness. Pandemic loneliness was positively associated with formal help-seeking from mental health professionals (OR = 1.71, 99 % CI: 1.21-2.41), informal help-seeking from social circle (OR = 1.51, 99 % CI: 1.17-1.95), and unmet mental health needs (OR = 1.78, 99 % CI: 1.29-2.49). Limitations: Cross-sectional data prohibits causal inferences. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic converges with loneliness epidemic in Canada. Prevention and intervention programs should target upstream social determinants of mental health, especially the intersection of migration status and COVID-19-related job precarity, to eliminate loneliness during the pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Male ; Loneliness ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Canada/epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.131
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Article ; Online: Examining the inter-relationships between social isolation and loneliness and their correlates among older British adults before and during the COVID-19 lockdown: evidence from four British longitudinal studies

Mansfield, Rosie / Di Gessa, Giorgio / Patel, Kishan / McElroy, Eoin / Wels, Jaques / Henderson, Morag / Maddock, Jane / Stafford, Jean / Steptoe, Andrew / Richards, Marcus / Patalay, Praveetha

medRxiv

Abstract: ... of social isolation and loneliness are presented prior to and during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and ... Background and Objectives: Unprecedented social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have ... life. We present these inter-relationships before and during the COVID-19 restrictions and investigate ...

Abstract	Background and Objectives: Unprecedented social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have provided a new lens for considering the inter-relationship between social isolation and loneliness in later life. We present these inter-relationships before and during the COVID-19 restrictions and investigate to what extent demographic, socio-economic, and health factors associated with such experiences differed during the pandemic. Research Design and Method: We used data from four British longitudinal population-based studies (1946 MRC NSHD, 1958 NCDS, 1970 BCS, and ELSA). Rates, co-occurrences, and correlates of social isolation and loneliness are presented prior to and during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and the inter-relationships between these experiences are elucidated in both periods. Results: Across the four studies, pre-pandemic proportions reporting social isolation ranged from 15 to 54%, with higher rates in older ages (e.g., 32% of 70-79 and 54% of those over 80). During the pandemic, the percentage of older people reporting both social isolation and loneliness and isolation only slightly increased. The inter-relationship between social isolation and loneliness did not change. Associations between socio-demographic and health characteristics and social isolation and loneliness also remained consistent, with greater burden among those with greater economic precarity (females, non-homeowners, unemployed, illness and greater financial stress). Discussion and Implications: There were already large inequalities in experiences of social isolation and loneliness and the pandemic had a small impact on worsening these inequalities. The concepts of loneliness and social isolation are not transferable and clarity is needed in how they are conceptualised, operationalised, and interpreted.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-28
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2023.06.27.23291947
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Challenges to self-isolation among contacts of cases of COVID-19: a national telephone survey in Wales

Isherwood, Kate Rebecca / Kyle, Richard G / Gray, Benjamin R / Davies, Alisha R

medRxiv

Abstract: ... Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.05-4.86) and 2 times more likely to report loneliness (aOR: 1.96, CI: 1.37-2.81) compared ... CABINS) was a 15-minute telephone survey of confirmed contacts of cases of COVID-19 identified ... through the national NHS Wales Test Trace Protect (TTP) database. Methods: Confirmed contacts of cases of COVID-19 ...

Abstract	Objectives: To identify the specific challenges of self-isolation experienced by population sub-groups to better target and tailor support. Design: The Contact Adherence Behavioural Insights Study (CABINS) was a 15-minute telephone survey of confirmed contacts of cases of COVID-19 identified through the national NHS Wales Test Trace Protect (TTP) database. Methods: Confirmed contacts of cases of COVID-19 reached by TTP completed a 15-minute telephone survey (N = 2,027). Binary logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, living alone, survey round, deprivation quintile (defined by the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation) and income precarity (financial security) determined which population sub-groups were more likely to experience challenges during self-isolation. Results: Younger people (aged 18-29 years) were 3 times more likely to report mental health concerns (Adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 3.16, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.05-4.86) and 2 times more likely to report loneliness (aOR: 1.96, CI: 1.37-2.81) compared to people aged over 60 years. Women were 1.5 times more likely to experience mental health concerns (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.20-1.92) compared to men. People with high/very high levels of income precarity were 8 times more likely to report financial challenges (aOR: 7.73, CI: 5.10-11.74) and 3 times more likely to report mental health concerns than their more financially secure counterparts (aOR: 3.08, CI: 2.22-4.28). Conclusions: Self-isolation is particularly challenging for those with younger people, women and precarious incomes. Providing enhanced emotional, financial and social support and signposting to these groups is required to minimise the harms of self-isolation.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-25
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.07.23.21261020
Database	COVID19

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