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  1. Article ; Online: Covid-19 and hepatic injury: A systematic review.

    Serra, Francesco / Bonaduce, Isabella / De Ruvo, Nicola / Cautero, Nicola / Brugioni, Lucio / Gelmini, Roberta

    Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology

    2020  Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s) 101605

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/complications ; Humans ; Liver Diseases/etiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-26
    Publishing country France
    Document type Letter ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2594333-9
    ISSN 2210-741X ; 2210-7401
    ISSN (online) 2210-741X
    ISSN 2210-7401
    DOI 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.101605
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  2. Article: COVID-19-Induced Hepatic Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

    Abdulla, Sara / Hussain, Azhar / Azim, Dua / Abduallah, Enas H / Elawamy, Hayam / Nasim, Sundus / Kumar, Sohail / Naveed, Hassan

    Cureus

    2020  Volume 12, Issue 10, Page(s) e10923

    Abstract: ... however, liver complications have also been reported. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis ... with COVID-19 disease severity. Materials and Methods We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science ... The present meta-analysis comprises 10 retrospective and two prospective studies (6,976 COVID-19 patients ...

    Abstract Background The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global health challenge. Pulmonary dysfunction is the main outcome of COVID-19 infection. In critically ill patients, however, liver complications have also been reported. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to draw generalized conclusions regarding impaired liver biochemistry and its potential relationship with COVID-19 disease severity. Materials and Methods We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for all the related literature published up to June 20, 2020. The data were analyzed using R statistical software. A random-effects model was employed for pooling the data. The risk of bias and quality of included studies was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort studies. Results The present meta-analysis comprises 10 retrospective and two prospective studies (6,976 COVID-19 patients). The serum analysis revealed significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferases and aspartate aminotransferases and significantly lower albumin levels. Moreover, insignificant increases in serum levels of total bilirubin were observed. Upon subgroup analysis of six studies (severe cases, n=131; non-severe cases, n=334) stratified on the basis of disease severity, we found that these abnormalities were relatively higher in severe cases of COVID-19 (albumin [weighted mean difference (WMD), 34.03 g/L; 95% CI, 27.42 to 40.63; p<0.0001; I
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2747273-5
    ISSN 2168-8184
    ISSN 2168-8184
    DOI 10.7759/cureus.10923
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  3. Article: COVID-19-Induced Hepatic injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    Abdulla, Sara Hussain Azhar Azim Dua Abduallah Enas H. / Elawamy, Hayam Nasim Sundus Kumar Sohail Naveed Hassan

    Cureus

    Abstract: ... however, liver complications have also been reported Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis ... with COVID-19 disease severity Materials and Methods We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science ... The present meta-analysis comprises 10 retrospective and two prospective studies (6,976 COVID-19 patients ...

    Abstract Background The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global health challenge Pulmonary dysfunction is the main outcome of COVID-19 infection In critically ill patients, however, liver complications have also been reported Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to draw generalized conclusions regarding impaired liver biochemistry and its potential relationship with COVID-19 disease severity Materials and Methods We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for all the related literature published up to June 20, 2020 The data were analyzed using R statistical soft ware A random-effects model was employed for pooling the data The risk of bias and quality of included studies was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort studies Results The present meta-analysis comprises 10 retrospective and two prospective studies (6,976 COVID-19 patients) The serum analysis revealed significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferases and aspartate aminotransferases and significantly lower albumin levels Moreover, insignificant increases in serum levels of total bilirubin were observed Upon subgroup analysis of six studies (severe cases, n=131;non-severe cases, n=334) stratified on the basis of disease severity, we found that these abnormalities were relatively higher in severe cases of COVID-19 (albumin [weighted mean difference (WMD), 34 03 g,/L;95% CI, 27 42 to 40 63;p<0 0001;I-2=96 83%);alanine transaminase (ALT) [WMD, 31 66 U/L;95% CI, 25 07 to 38 25;p<0 0001;I-2 =55 64%];aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [WMD, 41 79 U/L;95% CI, 32 85 to 50 72;p<0 0001;I-2 =51A3961;total bilirubin [WMD, 9 97 mu mol/L;95% CI, 8 46 to 11 48;p<0 0001;I-2=98%]) than in non-severe cases Conclusion Deranged liver enzymes serve as prognostic factors to assess the severity of COVID-19 Liver markers should, therefore, be observed and monitored continuously
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #895708
    Database COVID19

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  4. Article ; Online: Involvement of the Liver in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

    Kariyawasam, Jayani C / Jayarajah, Umesh / Abeysuriya, Visula / Riza, Rishdha / Seneviratne, Suranjith L

    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

    2022  Volume 106, Issue 4, Page(s) 1026–1041

    Abstract: ... as of the February 4, 2022. In this review, we have outlined the important liver manifestations of COVID-19 and ... The majority of COVID-19-associated liver symptoms are mild and self-limiting. Thus management is generally ... that may contribute to hepatic involvement in COVID-19 include direct viral cytopathic effects, exaggerated ...

    Abstract COVID-19, a respiratory viral infection, has affected 388 million individuals worldwide as of the February 4, 2022. In this review, we have outlined the important liver manifestations of COVID-19 and discussed the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and their diagnosis and management. Factors that may contribute to hepatic involvement in COVID-19 include direct viral cytopathic effects, exaggerated immune responses/systemic inflammatory response syndrome, hypoxia-induced changes, vascular changes due to coagulopathy, endothelitis, cardiac congestion from right heart failure, and drug-induced liver injury. The majority of COVID-19-associated liver symptoms are mild and self-limiting. Thus management is generally supportive. Liver function tests and abdominal imaging are the primary investigations done in relation to liver involvement in COVID-19 patients. However, imaging findings are nonspecific. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA has been found in liver biopsies. However, there is limited place for liver biopsy in the clinical context, as it does not influence management. Although, the management is supportive in the majority of patients without previous liver disease, special emphasis is needed in those with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis B and C infections, and alcoholic liver disease, and in liver transplant recipients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2942-7
    ISSN 1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
    ISSN (online) 1476-1645
    ISSN 0002-9637
    DOI 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1240
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  5. Article ; Online: COVID-19 and hepatic damage: what we know?

    Mameli, Simone / Marcialis, Maria A / Bassareo, Pier P / Fanos, Vassilios

    Panminerva medica

    2021  Volume 65, Issue 1, Page(s) 58–64

    Abstract: ... coronavirus infection," "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "liver," "liver injury," "hepatic injury," "children," "pediatric ... Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), and for the illness the acronym COVID-19 was coined (COronaVIrus Disease 2019 ... in course of COVID-19.: Evidence acquisition: An insight into what is known as to COVID-19 and ...

    Abstract Introduction: Since the end of 2019, a new disease outbreak has been spreading worldwide, after starting from Wuhan, China. The viral pathogen responsible for the disease was named as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), and for the illness the acronym COVID-19 was coined (COronaVIrus Disease 2019). Viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinics are still somewhat obscure, when occurring during childhood the most. The aim of this study was to evaluate the features of liver involvement and damage in course of COVID-19.
    Evidence acquisition: An insight into what is known as to COVID-19 and hepatic damage in adulthood as well as pediatric age was given. All the most relevant papers up to 15/10/2020 were identified and discussed. An extensive search strategy was carried out to identify all paper published from December 1st, 2019, to September 5, 2020, combining the key words "coronavirus," "coronavirus infection," "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "liver," "liver injury," "hepatic injury," "children," "pediatric" in key electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar), following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines.
    Evidence synthesis: Establishing whether liver damage is due to a direct viral action or host immune system inflammatory reaction or consequence of the administered drugs or secondary to another organ failure (for example the heart) is difficult. What is sure is the fact that liver function should be checked at the time of admission to hospital and during hospitalization.
    Conclusions: In conclusion, liver involvement during COVID-19 is likely due to a multifactorial origin. An aberrant immune system reaction to SARS-CoV-2 is probably the most important underlying trigger, though more extended studies are needed for a definitive confirmation. The markers of liver injury should be carefully in each patient admitted for COVID-19: in fact, in case of altered hepatic markers, a specific therapy to protect liver is needed.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Inflammation ; Hospitalization ; China
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-20
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 123572-2
    ISSN 1827-1898 ; 0031-0808
    ISSN (online) 1827-1898
    ISSN 0031-0808
    DOI 10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04239-7
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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  6. Article ; Online: Liver Damage and COVID-19: At Least a "Two-Hit" Story in Systematic Review.

    Montori, Michele / Baroni, Gialuca Svegliati / Santori, Pierangelo / Di Giampaolo, Catia / Ponziani, Francesca / Abenavoli, Ludovico / Scarpellini, Emidio

    Current issues in molecular biology

    2023  Volume 45, Issue 4, Page(s) 3035–3047

    Abstract: ... acronyms and their associations: liver disease, COVID-19, acute liver damage, drug-induced liver injury ... to recognize acute hepatic decompensation due to the virus and/or drugs used for COVID-19 treatment. ... COVID-19 pandemic waves have hit on our lives with pulmonary and, also, gastrointestinal symptoms ...

    Abstract COVID-19 pandemic waves have hit on our lives with pulmonary and, also, gastrointestinal symptoms. The latter also includes acute liver damage linked to direct SARS-CoV-2 action and/or drug-induced (DILI) in the frame of pre-existing chronic liver disease. We aimed to review literature data regarding liver damage during COVID-19. We conducted a systematic search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: liver disease, COVID-19, acute liver damage, drug-induced liver injury, antivirals. Acute liver damage due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is common among COVID-19 patients and is generally self-limiting. However, chronic hepatic diseases, such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), are associated with a less favorable prognosis, especially when alkaline phosphatases show a significant rise. Pathophysiology of COVID-19 liver damage is multifaceted and helps understand differences in liver derangement among patients. Thus, early recognition, monitoring and treatment of liver damage are crucial in these patients. In the frame of a not-ending pandemic sustained by SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to recognize acute hepatic decompensation due to the virus and/or drugs used for COVID-19 treatment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2000024-8
    ISSN 1467-3045 ; 1467-3037
    ISSN (online) 1467-3045
    ISSN 1467-3037
    DOI 10.3390/cimb45040199
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    Zs.A 5122: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
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  7. Book ; Online: COVID-19 and liver injury

    Ahmed, Jawad / Rizwan, Tehlil / Malik, Farheen / Akhter, Raniyah / Malik, Mehreen / Ahmad, Junaid / Khan, Abdul Wasay / Chaudhary, Muhammad A / Usman, Muhammad Shariq

    Department of Anaesthesia

    A systematic review and meta-analysis

    2020  

    Abstract: ... for studies reporting the prevalence of baseline CLD and current liver injury in hospitalized COVID-19 ... 95%).Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 have a higher than expected prevalence of liver injury, and ... A total of 2,900 patients in our population had severe COVID-19, and 7,184 patients had non-severe COVID ...

    Abstract Background and Aims: The prevalence and extent of liver damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients remain poorly understood, primarily due to small-sized epidemiological studies with varying definitions of “liver injury”. We conducted a meta-analysis to derive generalizable, well-powered estimates of liver injury prevalence in COVID-19 patients. We also aimed to assess whether liver injury prevalence is significantly greater than the baseline prevalence of chronic liver disease (CLD). Our secondary aim was to study whether the degree of liver injury was associated with the severity of COVID-19.Materials and Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) were systematically searched in June 2020 for studies reporting the prevalence of baseline CLD and current liver injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Liver injury was defined as an elevation in transaminases >3 times above the upper limit of normal. For the secondary analysis, all studies reporting mean liver enzyme levels in severe versus non-severe COVID-19 patients were included. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. Proportions were subjected to arcsine transformation and pooled to derive pooled proportions and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup differences were tested for using the chi-square test and associated p-value. Means and their standard errors were pooled to derive weighted mean differences (WMDs) and corresponding 95% CIs.Results: Electronic search yielded a total of 521 articles. After removal of duplicates and reviewing the full-texts of potential studies, a total of 27 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among a cohort of 8,817 patients, the prevalence of current liver injury was 15.7% (9.5%-23.0%), and this was significantly higher than the proportion of patients with a history of CLD (4.9% [2.2%-8.6%]; p < 0.001). A total of 2,900 patients in our population had severe COVID-19, and 7,184 patients had non-severe COVID-19. Serum ALT (WMD: 7.19 [4.90, 9.48]; p < 0.001; I2 = 69%), AST (WMD: 9.02 [6.89, 11.15]; p < 0.001; I2 = 73%) and bilirubin levels (WMD: 1.78 [0.86, 2.70]; p < 0.001; I2 = 82%) were significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 when compared to patients with non-severe disease. Albumin levels were significantly lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (WMD: -4.16 [-5.97, -2.35]; p < 0.001; I2 = 95%).Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 have a higher than expected prevalence of liver injury, and the extent of the injury is associated with the severity of the disease. Further studies are required to assess whether hepatic damage is caused by the virus, medications, or both.
    Keywords Coronavirus disease 2019 ; Covid-19 ; Hepatic injury ; Liver abnormalities ; Liver enzymes ; Liver injury ; Liver injury biomarkers ; Sars-cov-2 ; Anesthesiology ; Pulmonology ; Virus Diseases ; covid19
    Subject code 610
    Publishing date 2020-07-27T07:00:00Z
    Publisher eCommons@AKU
    Publishing country pk
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: New-onset and relapsed liver diseases following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review.

    Alhumaid, Saad / Al Mutair, Abbas / Rabaan, Ali A / ALShakhs, Fatemah M / Choudhary, Om Prakash / Yong, Shin Jie / Nainu, Firzan / Khan, Amjad / Muhammad, Javed / Alhelal, Fadil / Al Khamees, Mohammed Hussain / Alsouaib, Hussain Ahmed / Al Majhad, Ahmed Salman / Al-Tarfi, Hassan Redha / ALyasin, Ali Hussain / Alatiyyah, Yaqoub Yousef / Alsultan, Ali Ahmed / Alessa, Mohammed Essa / Alessa, Mustafa Essa /
    Alissa, Mohammed Ahmed / Alsayegh, Emad Hassan / Alshakhs, Hassan N / Al Samaeel, Haidar Abdullah / AlShayeb, Rugayah Ahmed / Alnami, Dalal Ahmed / Alhassan, Hussain Ali / Alabdullah, Abdulaziz Abdullah / Alhmed, Ayat Hussain / AlDera, Faisal Hussain / Hajissa, Khalid / Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A / Al-Omari, Awad

    BMC gastroenterology

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 433

    Abstract: ... To describe the results of a systematic review for new-onset and relapsed liver disease following COVID-19 ... and liver injuries, etc., may be potential consequence of COVID-19 vaccines.: Objectives ... of millions of vaccinations that have occurred and the protective benefits offered by COVID-19 vaccination far ...

    Abstract Background: Liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination is extremely rare but can occur. A growing body of evidence has indicated that portal vein thrombosis, autoimmune hepatitis, raised liver enzymes and liver injuries, etc., may be potential consequence of COVID-19 vaccines.
    Objectives: To describe the results of a systematic review for new-onset and relapsed liver disease following COVID-19 vaccination.
    Methods: For this systematic review, we searched Proquest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses PRISMA guideline for studies on the incidence of new onset or relapsed liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination, published from December 1, 2020 to July 31, 2022, with English language restriction.
    Results: Two hundred seventy-five cases from one hundred and eighteen articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of this systematic review. Autoimmune hepatitis (138 cases) was the most frequent pathology observed post-COVID-19 vaccination, followed by portal vein thrombosis (52 cases), raised liver enzymes (26 cases) and liver injury (21 cases). Other cases include splanchnic vein thrombosis, acute cellular rejection of the liver, jaundice, hepatomegaly, acute hepatic failure and hepatic porphyria. Mortality was reported in any of the included cases for acute hepatic failure (n = 4, 50%), portal vein thrombosis (n = 25, 48.1%), splanchnic vein thrombosis (n = 6, 42.8%), jaundice (n = 1, 12.5%), raised liver enzymes (n = 2, 7.7%), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 3, 2.2%). Most patients were easily treated without any serious complications, recovered and did not require long-term hepatic therapy.
    Conclusion: Reported evidence of liver diseases post-COIVD-19 vaccination should not discourage vaccination against this worldwide pandemic. The number of reported cases is relatively very small in relation to the hundreds of millions of vaccinations that have occurred and the protective benefits offered by COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risks.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Chronic Disease ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune/complications ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune/etiology ; Liver Failure, Acute/complications ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; Venous Thrombosis/complications ; Venous Thrombosis/etiology
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2041351-8
    ISSN 1471-230X ; 1471-230X
    ISSN (online) 1471-230X
    ISSN 1471-230X
    DOI 10.1186/s12876-022-02507-3
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  9. Article ; Online: Liver injury with COVID-19: laboratory and histopathological outcome-systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Mohammed, Sherine A / Eid, Khalid M / Anyiam, Felix Emeka / Wadaaallah, Hazem / Muhamed, Muhamed Ahmed Mahmoud / Morsi, Maha Hosni / Dahman, Nesrine Ben Hadj

    Egyptian liver journal

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 9

    Abstract: ... of 15 articles were finally included in the systematic review process and meta-analysis after exclusion ... reported. The mechanism of liver injury is poorly understood.This review aimed to systematically review ... a statistically significant 8.08 times higher odds of severe COVID-19 outcomes when data from the individual ...

    Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been predominantly linked to respiratory distress syndrome, but hepatic injury has also been reported. The mechanism of liver injury is poorly understood.This review aimed to systematically review the current data through laboratory tests and liver tissue pathology to ascertain the correlation of liver involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection patients.
    Methods: The PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically. We included peer-reviewed published papers available online as clinical cases, cohort studies, and retrospective studies, for both in vitro and in vivo human studies. Independent extraction of the data was done by two independent authors.
    Results: A total of 15 articles were finally included in the systematic review process and meta-analysis after exclusion of studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria, summarized in a PRISMA flow diagram.The meta-analysis showed that patients with underlying abnormal liver function and/or histopathological finding had a statistically significant 8.08 times higher odds of severe COVID-19 outcomes when data from the individual studies were pooled (
    Short conclusion: The study observed that the severity of COVID-19 was associated with more patients with aberrant liver function tests.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-21
    Publishing country Egypt
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2090-6226
    ISSN (online) 2090-6226
    DOI 10.1186/s43066-022-00171-6
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  10. Article ; Online: COVID-19: Main findings after a year and half of unease and the proper scientific progress (Review).

    Leretter, Marius Traian / Vulcanescu, Dan Dumitru / Horhat, Florin George / Matichescu, Anamaria / Rivis, Mircea / Rusu, Laura-Cristina / Roi, Alexandra / Racea, Robert / Badea, Ioana / Dehelean, Cristina Adriana / Mocanu, Alexandra / Horhat, Delia Ioana

    Experimental and therapeutic medicine

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 6, Page(s) 424

    Abstract: ... to date regarding clinical, laboratory and treatment aspects associated with COVID-19. The present study ... regarding coronavirus disease-19 (COVID 19), mainly in adults. Between April 2020 and September 2021 ... other lab tests, such as examining the D-dimer levels and those of other hepatic, cardiac and renal injury markers ...

    Abstract Since the emergence of the disease in late December 2019, numerous studies have been published to date regarding clinical, laboratory and treatment aspects associated with COVID-19. The present study attempts to compare and unify the clinical, para-clinical and therapeutic aspects that have come to light regarding coronavirus disease-19 (COVID 19), mainly in adults. Between April 2020 and September 2021, a comprehensive systematic literature review was performed, which we added to from our own medical experiences. The search was performed on the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, comprising studies with analyzable data that were identified alongside studies and documents containing general scientific data. All published studies were written in English, and were from different countries. A 95% confidence interval (CI95) was also calculated for almost each study using the Wilson formula. When compared with preliminary reports between December 2019 and January 2020, the most frequent symptoms were still identified as being fever (68.6%; CI95: 67.5-69.7) and cough (72.7%; CI95: 71.7-73.8). Nevertheless, asymptomatic cases also increased (by 21.4%; CI95: 16.6-27.1). Severe and critical cases accounted for 10.4% (CI95: 9.6-11.1) of all cases. The mean fatality rate was found to be 4% (CI95: 3.6-4.5). The primary co-morbidity found was hypertension (28.9%; CI95: 27-30.8), followed by other underlying cardiovascular diseases (15.4%; CI95: 13.9-16.9) and diabetes (14.5%; CI95: 13.1-16.1). The majority of studies showed lower white blood cell numbers with neutropenia and lymphopenia, and lower platelet levels. The levels of the biomarkers C-reaction protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were positive in all studied cases alongside other lab tests, such as examining the D-dimer levels and those of other hepatic, cardiac and renal injury markers. The procalcitonin level was also found to be elevated in many cases, resulting in high usage of antibiotics (83.7%; CI95: 81.2-85.9). Approximately 31.6% (CI95: 29.1-34.1) of the patients required non-invasive ventilation, whereas 9.9% (CI95: 8.1-12.1) of the patients were intubated or placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The most used antivirals were ribavirin (67.3%; CI95: 63.4-70.9), oseltamivir (52.5%; CI95: 49.4-55.5) and Arbidol™ (34.5%; CI95: 32-37.1). General admittance to the intensive care unit was ~7.2% (CI95: 6.5-7.9) of patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-04
    Publishing country Greece
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2683844-8
    ISSN 1792-1015 ; 1792-0981
    ISSN (online) 1792-1015
    ISSN 1792-0981
    DOI 10.3892/etm.2022.11350
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