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Article ; Online: Kidney Transplantation and COVID-19: Two Case Reports.

Tekin, Sabri / Özdoğan, Hatice / Demir, Mustafa Kemal / Soultan, Hagar / Zafar, Sadia

2020 Volume 53, Issue 4, Page(s) 1207–1210

Abstract: ... disease 2019 (COVID-19), and treatment of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 is currently not ... The tacrolimus trough level was between 10 and 12 ng/mL. After the diagnosis of COVID-19, MMF was stopped and ... of using glucocorticoids in the treatment of COVID-19 along with other medications and the decreased ...

Abstract	Immunocompromised populations are at great risk of the current 2020 global emergency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and treatment of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 is currently not declared. Hence, the purpose of the study is to set a clear treatment regimen. We report here a therapeutic course of 2 patients who underwent transplant surgery in March 2020 and got infected soon after. Since the transplant, these 2 patients have received triple maintenance immunosuppressive therapy with oral tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone, and they have been regularly followed up at our hospital. The tacrolimus trough level was between 10 and 12 ng/mL. After the diagnosis of COVID-19, MMF was stopped and the tacrolimus dose was reduced so that blood level was between 4 and 6 ng/mL. The first patient was a 30-year-old man who, despite being treated with hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, oseltamivir, and azithromycin therapy, died because of the presence of other comorbidities. The second case was a 58-year-old man who fully recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia with treatment with methylprednisolone, MMF, azithromycin, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, and reduction in immunosuppression dosage. This reflects the importance of using glucocorticoids in the treatment of COVID-19 along with other medications and the decreased mortality rate associated with their use.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/virology ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use ; Graft Rejection/prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mycophenolic Acid/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Tacrolimus/therapeutic use ; Withholding Treatment ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Glucocorticoids ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Mycophenolic Acid (HU9DX48N0T) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	82046-5
ISSN	1873-2623 ; 0041-1345
ISSN (online)	1873-2623
ISSN	0041-1345
DOI	10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.10.051
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Zs.A 835: Show issues

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Article ; Online: What have we learned from a case of convalescent plasma treatment in a two-time kidney transplant recipient COVID-19 patient? A case report from the perspective of viral load evolution and immune response.

Aldunate, Fabian / Fajardo, Alvaro / Ibañez, Natalia / Rammauro, Florencia / Daghero, Hellen / Arce, Rodrigo / Ferla, Diego / Pereira-Gomez, Marianoel / Salazar, Cecilia / Iraola, Gregorio / Pritsch, Otto / Hurtado, Javier / Tenzi, Jordan / Bollati-Fogolín, Mariela / Bianchi, Sergio / Nin, Nicolas / Moratorio, Gonzalo / Moreno, Pilar

Frontiers in nephrology

2023 Volume 3, Page(s) 1132763

Abstract: ... renal transplant patient with severe COVID-19 treated with convalescent plasma over time from an immunologic and ... virologic perspective. A 42-year-old female patient, who was a two-time kidney transplant recipient, was ... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, can have a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic disease to potentially life-threatening complications. Convalescent plasma therapy has been proposed as an effective alternative for the treatment of severe cases. The aim of this study was to follow a two-time renal transplant patient with severe COVID-19 treated with convalescent plasma over time from an immunologic and virologic perspective. A 42-year-old female patient, who was a two-time kidney transplant recipient, was hospitalized with COVID-19. Due to worsening respiratory symptoms, she was admitted to the intensive care unit, where she received two doses of convalescent plasma. We analyzed the dynamics of viral load in nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, and tracheal aspirate samples, before and after convalescent plasma transfusion. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibody titers were also measured in serum samples. A significant decrease in viral load was observed after treatment in the saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples, and a slight decrease was observed in tracheal aspirate samples. In addition, we found evidence of an increase in antibody titers after transfusion, accompanied by a decrease in the levels of several cytokines responsible for cytokine storm.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Case Reports
ISSN	2813-0626
ISSN (online)	2813-0626
DOI	10.3389/fneph.2023.1132763
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Article: COVID-19 in Kidney Transplantation.

Garcia-Padilla, P K / Elías, G / Paola, P / Viviana, O

International journal of organ transplantation medicine

2021 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 54–58

Abstract: ... immunosuppressants. Herein, we report two cases of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection. The first ... Increased mortality of COVID-19 has been reported in older patients with diabetes, high ... blood pressure, lung disease and immunocompromised people such as kidney transplant recipients. Both the behavior ...

Abstract	Increased mortality of COVID-19 has been reported in older patients with diabetes, high blood pressure, lung disease and immunocompromised people such as kidney transplant recipients. Both the behavior of the viral infection and the treatments proposed so far interact with the state of immunosuppression and immunosuppressants. Herein, we report two cases of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection. The first patient presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and progressively advanced to multilobar pneumonia. The second case presented with fever accompanied by gastrointestinal and urinary symptoms and dry cough. Both patients responded appropriately to treatment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-20
Publishing country	Iran
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2580907-6
ISSN	2008-6490 ; 2008-6482
ISSN (online)	2008-6490
ISSN	2008-6482
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Article: Two-Hit Kidney Allograft Injury by SARS-CoV-2.

Ribeiro, Bárbara / Pontello Cristelli, Marina / Demarchi Foresto, Renato / Machado Proença, Henrique / Medina-Pestana, José

Cureus

2023 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) e34603

Abstract: ... after mild COVID-19 and no other clinical condition. Histopathology of the allograft biopsy revealed two ... injury in kidney transplant recipients by several mechanisms. The authors report a case of acute kidney allograft dysfunction ... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with acute kidney ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with acute kidney injury in kidney transplant recipients by several mechanisms. The authors report a case of acute kidney allograft dysfunction in a 48-year-old patient who presented in the emergency room with anasarca and nephrotic syndrome close after mild COVID-19 and no other clinical condition. Histopathology of the allograft biopsy revealed two distinct and simultaneous kidney lesions, collapsing glomerulopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy. Renal function persistently deteriorated, and definitive dialysis was initiated. After excluding other plausible causes for the findings, this case strengthens the hypothesis that the kidney allograft is also a target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.34603
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Article ; Online: Kidney allograft biopsy findings after COVID-19.

Daniel, Emily / Sekulic, Miroslav / Kudose, Satoru / Kubin, Christine / Ye, Xiaoyi / Shayan, Katayoon / Patel, Ankita / Cohen, David J / E Ratner, Lloyd / Santoriello, Dominick / Barry Stokes, M / Markowitz, Glen S / Pereira, Marcus R / D'Agati, Vivette D / Batal, Ibrahim

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

2021 Volume 21, Issue 12, Page(s) 4032–4042

Abstract: COVID-19 has been associated with acute kidney injury and published reports of native kidney ... we demonstrate diverse causes of kidney allograft dysfunction after COVID-19, the most common being acute ... findings in the setting of COVID-19 are lacking. We evaluated 18 kidney transplant recipients who were ...

Abstract	COVID-19 has been associated with acute kidney injury and published reports of native kidney biopsies have reported diverse pathologies. Case series directed specifically to kidney allograft biopsy findings in the setting of COVID-19 are lacking. We evaluated 18 kidney transplant recipients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and underwent allograft biopsy. Patients had a median age of 55 years, six were female, and five were Black. Fifteen patients developed COVID-19 pneumonia, of which five required mechanical ventilation. Notably, five of 11 (45%) biopsies obtained within 1 month of positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR showed acute rejection (four with arteritis, three of which were not associated with reduced immunosuppression). The remaining six biopsies revealed podocytopathy (n = 2, collapsing glomerulopathy and lupus podocytopathy), acute tubular injury (n = 2), infarction (n = 1), and transplant glomerulopathy (n = 1). Biopsies performed >1 month after positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR revealed collapsing glomerulopathy (n = 1), acute tubular injury (n = 1), and nonspecific histologic findings (n = 5). No direct viral infection of the kidney allograft was detected by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, or electron microscopy. On follow-up, two patients died and most patients showed persistent allograft dysfunction. In conclusion, we demonstrate diverse causes of kidney allograft dysfunction after COVID-19, the most common being acute rejection with arteritis.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Kidney Injury ; Allografts ; Biopsy ; COVID-19 ; Female ; Graft Rejection/etiology ; Humans ; Kidney ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2060594-8
ISSN	1600-6143 ; 1600-6135
ISSN (online)	1600-6143
ISSN	1600-6135
DOI	10.1111/ajt.16804
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Zs.A 5542: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Immunosuppression regimen modification during COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients.

Moein, Mahmoudreza / Martin, Samuel J / Whittemore, Carter / Thankachan, Reeba / Dvorai, Reut Hod / Saidi, Reza F

Transplant immunology

2023 Volume 80, Page(s) 101883

Abstract: ... the COVID-19 infection affected the kidney and patients' quality of life during the hospitalization and ... the past 3 years. In this study, we focused on kidney transplant patients' course from the COVID-19 ... diagnosis, immunosuppressive medication modification, hospitalization, and COVID-19 complications and how ...

Abstract	Background: COVID-19 pandemic had tremendously affected all the aspects of human life during the past 3 years. In this study, we focused on kidney transplant patients' course from the COVID-19 diagnosis, immunosuppressive medication modification, hospitalization, and COVID-19 complications and how the COVID-19 infection affected the kidney and patients' quality of life during the hospitalization and after the discharge. Material and method: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of all kidney transplants adult patients who had a positive COVID-19 PCR from 1 January 2020 to 30 December 2022, and had a history of kidney transplant at the SUNY Upstate Medical Hospital was done to identify the cases. Results: 188 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Based on the immunosuppressive regimen modification during COVID-19 infection, patients divided into two groups; in 143 (76%) patients, the immunosuppressive medication was reduced, and in 45 (24%) of patients, the immunosuppressive regimen continued as before during the COVID-19 infection. The mean time from the transplant to the diagnosis of COVID-19 was 67 months in the group we reduced the IM regimen, and 77 months in the group without changes in IM regimen. The mean recipients' age was 50.7 ± 12.9 years in the group we reduced the IM regimen, and 51.8 ± 16.4 years in the group without changes in IM regimen (P = 0.64). The vaccination rate against COVID-19 with at least 2 doses of either the CDC recommended Moderna or Pfizer vaccines was 80.2% in the group we reduced the IM regimen, and 84.8% in the group without changes in IM regimen (P = 0.55). The hospitalization rate due to COVID-19 related symptoms was 22.4% % in the group we reduced the IM regimen, and 35.5% in the group without changes in IM regimen (P = 0.12). However, the ICU admission rate was higher in the group we reduced the IM regimen, but the difference was not significant (26.5% Vs.6.25%, P = 0.12). 6 episodes of biopsy-proven rejection in the group with IM reduction was observed, which were 3 episodes of acute antibody-mediated rejections (ABMR) and 3 episodes of acute T-Cell-mediated rejections (TCMR), and 3 episodes in the group without any change in IM regimen, which were 2 episodes of ABMR and 1 episode of TCMR (P = 0.51). No significant difference was mentioned in the eGFR and serum creatinine after the comparison between the groups after 12 months of follow up. 124 patients responded to the post-COVID-19 questionnaires and were included in the data analysis. The response rate was 66%. Fatigue and exertion were the most reported symptom with a 43.9% prevalence. Conclusions: We found that immunosuppressive regimen minimization did not impact the kidney function in the long-term and it might be a helpful strategy to minimize the effect of COVID-19 infection on patients' condition during the hospital stay. With all the treatments, vaccinations, and precautions, still some patients did not achieve the complete recovery compared to their pre-COVID-19 health status. Fatigue was the main reported symptom amongst all the reported symptoms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1160846-8
ISSN	1878-5492 ; 0966-3274
ISSN (online)	1878-5492
ISSN	0966-3274
DOI	10.1016/j.trim.2023.101883
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Zs.A 3784: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Post COVID-19 condition imposes significant burden in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: A nested case-control study.

Bouwmans, Pim / Malahe, S Reshwan K / Messchendorp, A Lianne / Vart, Priya / Imhof, Céline / Sanders, Jan-Stephan F / Gansevoort, Ron T / de Vries, Aiko P J / Abrahams, Alferso C / Bemelman, Frederike J / Vervoort, Johanna P M / Hilbrands, Luuk B / Ten Dam, Marc A G J / van den Dorpel, René M A / Rispens, Theo / Steenhuis, Maurice / Reinders, Marlies E J / Hemmelder, Marc H

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2024 Volume 142, Page(s) 106990

Abstract: ... and higher in case of COVID-19 related hospital admission (aOR 4.64 [2.61-8.25], P = 0.003 ... in patients with and without prior COVID-19 and compared using logistic regression. In patients with prior ... COVID-19, PCC was defined according to the WHO definition.: Results: Two hundred sixteen CKD G4/5 ...

Abstract	Background: The burden of post COVID-19 condition (PCC) is not well studied in patients with advanced kidney disease. Methods: A large prospective cohort of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated patients with chronic kidney disease stages G4-G5 (CKD G4/5), on dialysis, and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) were included. Antibody levels were determined after vaccination. Presence of long-lasting symptoms was assessed in patients with and without prior COVID-19 and compared using logistic regression. In patients with prior COVID-19, PCC was defined according to the WHO definition. Results: Two hundred sixteen CKD G4/5 patients, 375 dialysis patients, and 2005 KTR were included. Long-lasting symptoms were reported in 204/853 (24%) patients with prior COVID-19 and in 297/1743 (17%) patients without prior COVID-19 (aOR: 1.45 (1.17-1.78)], P < 0.001). PCC was prevalent in 29% of CKD G4/5 patients, 21% of dialysis patients, and 24% of KTR. In addition, 69% of patients with PCC reported (very) high symptom burden. Odds of PCC was lower per 10-fold increase in antibody level after vaccination (aOR 0.82 [0.70-0.96], P = 0.01) and higher in case of COVID-19 related hospital admission (aOR 4.64 [2.61-8.25], P = 0.003). Conclusions: CKD G4/5 patients, dialysis patients, and KTR are at risk for PCC with high symptom burden after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, especially if antibody levels are low and in case of hospitalization due to COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Prospective Studies ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy ; Chronic Disease
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-28
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2024.106990
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Zs.A 4516: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The spectrum of kidney biopsies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, acute kidney injury, and/or proteinuria.

Ferlicot, Sophie / Jamme, Matthieu / Gaillard, François / Oniszczuk, Julie / Couturier, Aymeric / May, Olivia / Grünenwald, Anne / Sannier, Aurélie / Moktefi, Anissa / Le Monnier, Ophélie / Petit-Hoang, Camille / Maroun, Nadine / Brodin-Sartorius, Albane / Michon, Arthur / Dobosziewicz, Hélène / Andreelli, Fabrizio / Guillet, Matthieu / Izzedine, Hassane / Richard, Christian /

Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association

2021

Abstract: ... seven patients (80.9% men) with COVID-19 who underwent a kidney biopsy between March 08 and May 19, 2020 ... on dialysis, and 9 died. The present study describes the spectrum of kidney lesions in patients with COVID-19 ... We report a multicentric retrospective case series of patients with COVID-19 who developed ...

Abstract	We report a multicentric retrospective case series of patients with COVID-19 who developed acute kidney injury and/or proteinuria and underwent a kidney biopsy in the Paris and its metropolitan area. Forty-seven patients (80.9% men) with COVID-19 who underwent a kidney biopsy between March 08 and May 19, 2020 were included. Median age was 63 years IQR [52-69]. Comorbidities included hypertension (66.0%), diabetes mellitus (27.7%), obesity (27.7%), history of chronic kidney (25.5%), cardiac (38.6%) and respiratory (27.3%) diseases. Initial symptoms were fever (85.1%), cough (63.8%), shortness of breath (55.3%), and diarrhea (23.4%). Almost all patients developed acute kidney injury (97.9%) and 63.8% required renal replacement therapy. Kidney biopsy showed two main histopathological patterns, including acute tubular injury in 20 (42.6%) patients, and glomerular injury consisting of collapsing glomerulopathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in 17 (36.2%) patients. Two (4.3%) patients had acute vascular nephropathy, while eight (17%) had alternative diagnosis most likely unrelated to COVID-19. Acute tubular injury occurred almost invariably in the setting of severe forms of COVID-19, whereas patients with glomerular injury had various profiles of COVID-19 severity and collapsing glomerulopathy was only observed in patients harboring a combination of APOL1 risk variants. At last follow-up, 16 of the 30 patients who initially required dialysis were still on dialysis, and 9 died. The present study describes the spectrum of kidney lesions in patients with COVID-19. While acute tubular injury is correlated with COVID-19 severity, the pattern of glomerular injury is intimately associated with the expression of APOL1 risk variants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	90594-x
ISSN	1460-2385 ; 0931-0509
ISSN (online)	1460-2385
ISSN	0931-0509
DOI	10.1093/ndt/gfab042
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Article ; Online: Impact of COVID-19 on Global Kidney Transplantation Service Delivery: Interim Report.

Papalois, Vassilios / Kotton, Camille N / Budde, Klemens / Torre-Cisneros, Julian / Croce, Davide / Halleck, Fabian / Roze, Stéphane / Grossi, Paolo

Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation

2022 Volume 35, Page(s) 10302

Abstract: ... transplantation services had evolved, given the widespread access to COVID-19 testing and the roll-out ... of COVID-19 infection despite vaccination, given their limited response to mRNA vaccines and booster dosing ... at which kidney transplantation experts from prestigious institutions in Europe and the United States reflected on how ...

Abstract	This article gives a personal, historical, account of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on transplantation services. The content is based on discussions held at two webinars in November 2020, at which kidney transplantation experts from prestigious institutions in Europe and the United States reflected on how the pandemic affected working practices. The group discussed adaptations to clinical care (i.e., ceasing, maintaining and re-starting kidney transplantations, and cytomegalovirus infection management) across the early course of the pandemic. Discussants were re-contacted in October 2021 and asked to comment on how transplantation services had evolved, given the widespread access to COVID-19 testing and the roll-out of vaccination and booster programs. By October 2021, near-normal life and service delivery was resuming, despite substantial ongoing cases of COVID-19 infection. However, transplant recipients remained at heightened risk of COVID-19 infection despite vaccination, given their limited response to mRNA vaccines and booster dosing: further risk-reduction strategies required exploration. This article provides a contemporaneous account of these different phases of the pandemic from the transplant clinician's perspective, and provides constructive suggestions for clinical practice and research.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Testing ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639435-8
ISSN	1432-2277 ; 0934-0874
ISSN (online)	1432-2277
ISSN	0934-0874
DOI	10.3389/ti.2022.10302
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Zs.A 2358: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Risk factors and outcomes of COVID associated mucormycosis in kidney transplant recipients.

Bansal, Shyam B / Rana, Abhyuday / Babras, Mayur / Yadav, Dinesh / Jha, Pranaw / Jain, Manish / Sethi, Sidharth K

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society

2022 Volume 24, Issue 2, Page(s) e13777

Abstract: ... in transplant recipients in India after COVID-19. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with combination of surgical ... presentations, risk factors, treatment and outcomes of 11 mucormycosis cases in KTRs post-COVID-19 infection ... CoV-2) pandemic in India; however, there is little data about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ...

Abstract	Background: Invasive mucormycosis (IM) is a life-threatening fungal infection occurring mostly in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, patients with hematological malignancies, and diabetes. A sudden spurt of mucormycosis has been reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in India; however, there is little data about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated mucormycosis (CAM) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Methods: We describe the clinical presentations, risk factors, treatment and outcomes of 11 mucormycosis cases in KTRs post-COVID-19 infection from February 2020 to June 2021 at a single center in India. Results: Mucormycosis was seen in 11/102 (10.7%) KTRs during the pandemic. Six patients had mild disease and rest five had moderate disease. Seven patients had pre-existing diabetes mellitus and four developed new onset hyperglycemia after receiving steroids for COVID-19 infection. All had poorly controlled sugars at the time of presentation. Most common presentation was rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) in 10/11 (89%) patients and one has pulmonary mucormycosis. All patients received combination of amphotericin B and surgical debridement/excision of affected tissue followed by posaconazole prophylaxis. Nine patients recovered, however two patients succumbed to their illness after median of 14 (7-21) days from diagnosis. One patient developed acute T-cell-mediated rejection during the course of recovery. At last follow up, the mean serum creatinine was 2.05 mg/dl as compared to 1.4 mg/dl at presentation. Conclusions: IM is a common fungal infection in transplant recipients in India after COVID-19. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with combination of surgical debridement and liposomal amphotericin B are key to better outcomes in CAM. Judicious use of steroids and control of hyperglycemia is key to avoid flaring up of the fungal infection.
MeSH term(s)	Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 ; Eye Infections, Fungal/diagnosis ; Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects ; Mucormycosis/diagnosis ; Mucormycosis/drug therapy ; Mucormycosis/epidemiology ; Orbital Diseases/diagnosis ; Orbital Diseases/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Transplant Recipients
Chemical Substances	Antifungal Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-31
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476094-0
ISSN	1399-3062 ; 1398-2273
ISSN (online)	1399-3062
ISSN	1398-2273
DOI	10.1111/tid.13777
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