Result 1 - 10 of total 109
Studies in mental inefficiency
2017 Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) 4–8
| Language | English |
|---|---|
| Publishing date | 2017-09-14 |
| Publishing country | England |
| Document type | Journal Article |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 3724
Abstract: The level of moral development may be crucial to understand behavior when people have to choose ... whether two different psychological constructs, moral reasoning and moral competence, are associated ... completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2; measuring moral reasoning) and the Moral Competence Test (MCT ...
| Abstract | The level of moral development may be crucial to understand behavior when people have to choose between prioritizing individual gains or pursuing general social benefits. This study evaluated whether two different psychological constructs, moral reasoning and moral competence, are associated with cooperative behavior in the context of the prisoner's dilemma game, a two-person social dilemma where individuals choose between cooperation or defection. One hundred and eighty-nine Mexican university students completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2; measuring moral reasoning) and the Moral Competence Test (MCT) and played an online version of the prisoner's dilemma game, once against each participant in a group of 6-10 players. Our results indicate that cooperative behavior is strongly affected by the outcomes in previous rounds: Except when both participants cooperated, the probability of cooperation with other participants in subsequent rounds decreased. Both the DIT-2 and MCT independently moderated this effect of previous experiences, particularly in the case of sucker-outcomes. Individuals with high scores on both tests were not affected when in previous rounds the other player defected while they cooperated. Our findings suggest that more sophisticated moral reasoning and moral competence promote the maintenance of cooperative behaviors despite facing adverse situations. |
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| MeSH term(s) | Humans ; Cooperative Behavior ; Morals ; Prisoner Dilemma ; Probability ; Problem Solving |
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2023-03-06 |
| Publishing country | England |
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| ZDB-ID | 2615211-3 |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322 |
| ISSN (online) | 2045-2322 |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-023-30314-7 |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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2023 , Page(s) 1–28
Abstract: This paper proposes a new method to combine choice- and text data to infer moral motivations ... from people's actions. To do this, we rely on moral rhetoric, in other words, extracting moral values ... from verbal expressions with Natural Language Processing techniques. We use moral rhetoric based on a well ...
| Abstract | This paper proposes a new method to combine choice- and text data to infer moral motivations from people's actions. To do this, we rely on moral rhetoric, in other words, extracting moral values from verbal expressions with Natural Language Processing techniques. We use moral rhetoric based on a well-established moral, psychological theory called Moral Foundations Theory. We use moral rhetoric as input in Discrete Choice Models to gain insights into moral behaviour based on people's words and actions. We test our method in a case study of voting and party defection in the European Parliament. Our results indicate that moral rhetoric have significant explanatory power in modelling voting behaviour. We interpret the results in the light of political science literature and propose ways for future investigations. |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2023-03-09 |
| Publishing country | Switzerland |
| Document type | Journal Article |
| ZDB-ID | 2003280-8 |
| ISSN | 1573-7845 ; 0033-5177 |
| ISSN (online) | 1573-7845 |
| ISSN | 0033-5177 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s11135-023-01625-8 |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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2019 Volume 8
Abstract: ... defection. The norms of moral evaluation previously considered most socially beneficial depend on high ... has established norms of moral assessment that promote cooperation, assuming reputations are objective ... across a population. In this setting we study the role of empathy-the capacity to form moral evaluations ...
| Abstract | Social norms can promote cooperation by assigning reputations to individuals based on their past actions. A good reputation indicates that an individual is likely to reciprocate. A large body of research has established norms of moral assessment that promote cooperation, assuming reputations are objective. But without a centralized institution to provide objective evaluation, opinions about an individual's reputation may differ across a population. In this setting we study the role of empathy-the capacity to form moral evaluations from another person's perspective. We show that empathy tends to foster cooperation by reducing the rate of unjustified defection. The norms of moral evaluation previously considered most socially beneficial depend on high levels of empathy, whereas different norms maximize social welfare in populations incapable of empathy. Finally, we show that empathy itself can evolve through social contagion. We conclude that a capacity for empathy is a key component for sustaining cooperation in societies. |
|---|---|
| MeSH term(s) | Cooperative Behavior ; Empathy ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Morals ; Social Norms |
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2019-04-09 |
| Publishing country | England |
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| ZDB-ID | 2687154-3 |
| ISSN | 2050-084X ; 2050-084X |
| ISSN (online) | 2050-084X |
| ISSN | 2050-084X |
| DOI | 10.7554/eLife.44269 |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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(Cambridge Africa collection)
2004
| Author's details | Nicoli Nattrass |
|---|---|
| Series title | Cambridge Africa collection |
| Keywords | Südafrika ; Aids ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsethik |
| Subject | Wirtschaftsmoral ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftsdynamik ; Wirtschaftswandel ; Wirtschaftlicher Wandel ; Ökonomische Entwicklung ; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Erworbenes Immundefektsyndrom |
| Language | English |
| Size | 224 S. : graph. Darst. |
| Publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| Publishing place | Cambridge |
| Publishing country | Great Britain |
| Document type | Book |
| HBZ-ID | HT014048797 |
| ISBN | 0-521-54864-0 ; 978-0-521-54864-9 |
| Database | Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health |
| Shelf mark | Loan status | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 2004 A 2535 | order for loan | Magazin |
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2022 Volume 18, Issue 9, Page(s) e1010429
Abstract: ... of cooperation supporting moral norms emerges according to which cooperation stands out as a valuable trait ... Notably, the moral system also brings a more efficient allocation of resources in the second game ... This observation suggests a moral system has two different roles: Promotion of cooperation, which is against ...
| Abstract | In many biological populations, such as human groups, individuals face a complex strategic setting, where they need to make strategic decisions over a diverse set of issues and their behavior in one strategic context can affect their decisions in another. This raises the question of how the interaction between different strategic contexts affects individuals' strategic choices and social norms? To address this question, I introduce a framework where individuals play two games with different structures and decide upon their strategy in a second game based on their knowledge of their opponent's strategy in the first game. I consider both multistage games, where the same opponents play the two games consecutively, and reputation-based model, where individuals play their two games with different opponents but receive information about their opponent's strategy. By considering a case where the first game is a social dilemma, I show that when the second game is a coordination or anti-coordination game, the Nash equilibrium of the coupled game can be decomposed into two classes, a defective equilibrium which is composed of two simple equilibrium of the two games, and a cooperative equilibrium, in which coupling between the two games emerge and sustain cooperation in the social dilemma. For the existence of the cooperative equilibrium, the cost of cooperation should be smaller than a value determined by the structure of the second game. Investigation of the evolutionary dynamics shows that a cooperative fixed point exists when the second game belongs to coordination or anti-coordination class in a mixed population. However, the basin of attraction of the cooperative fixed point is much smaller for the coordination class, and this fixed point disappears in a structured population. When the second game belongs to the anti-coordination class, the system possesses a spontaneous symmetry-breaking phase transition above which the symmetry between cooperation and defection breaks. A set of cooperation supporting moral norms emerges according to which cooperation stands out as a valuable trait. Notably, the moral system also brings a more efficient allocation of resources in the second game. This observation suggests a moral system has two different roles: Promotion of cooperation, which is against individuals' self-interest but beneficial for the population, and promotion of organization and order, which is at both the population's and the individual's self-interest. Interestingly, the latter acts like a Trojan horse: Once established out of individuals' self-interest, it brings the former with itself. Importantly, the fact that the evolution of moral norms depends only on the cost of cooperation and is independent of the benefit of cooperation implies that moral norms can be harmful and incur a pure collective cost, yet they are just as effective in promoting order and organization. Finally, the model predicts that recognition noise can have a surprisingly positive effect on the evolution of moral norms and facilitates cooperation in the Snow Drift game in structured populations. |
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| MeSH term(s) | Humans ; Knowledge ; Morals ; Phase Transition ; Phenotype ; Recognition, Psychology |
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2022-09-29 |
| Publishing country | United States |
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| ZDB-ID | 2193340-6 |
| ISSN | 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X |
| ISSN (online) | 1553-7358 |
| ISSN | 1553-734X |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010429 |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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2023
Abstract: ... of embedding moral choices into intelligent agents. They have also highlighted that defining top-down ethical ... of emergent behavior of Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents that act according to a predefined set of moral ... by intrinsically-motivated RL agents whose rewards are based on moral theories. We aim to design reward structures ...
| Abstract | Practical uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the real world have demonstrated the importance of embedding moral choices into intelligent agents. They have also highlighted that defining top-down ethical constraints on AI according to any one type of morality is extremely challenging and can pose risks. A bottom-up learning approach may be more appropriate for studying and developing ethical behavior in AI agents. In particular, we believe that an interesting and insightful starting point is the analysis of emergent behavior of Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents that act according to a predefined set of moral rewards in social dilemmas. In this work, we present a systematic analysis of the choices made by intrinsically-motivated RL agents whose rewards are based on moral theories. We aim to design reward structures that are simplified yet representative of a set of key ethical systems. Therefore, we first define moral reward functions that distinguish between consequence- and norm-based agents, between morality based on societal norms or internal virtues, and between single- and mixed-virtue (e.g., multi-objective) methodologies. Then, we evaluate our approach by modeling repeated dyadic interactions between learning moral agents in three iterated social dilemma games (Prisoner's Dilemma, Volunteer's Dilemma and Stag Hunt). We analyze the impact of different types of morality on the emergence of cooperation, defection or exploitation, and the corresponding social outcomes. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the development of moral agents in artificial and mixed human-AI societies. Comment: Accepted at IJCAI 2023 (32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Macao, S.A.R.) |
|---|---|
| Keywords | Computer Science - Multiagent Systems ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Machine Learning |
| Subject code | 170 |
| Publishing date | 2023-01-20 |
| Publishing country | us |
| Document type | Book ; Online |
| Database | BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection) |
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2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 14693
Abstract: ... privately expressed. Moral punishment may thus serve to communicate emotions to defecting partners ... The existence of moral punishment, that is, the fact that cooperative people sacrifice resources ... to communicate their emotions should reduce moral punishment. In two experiments, participants interacted ...
| Abstract | The existence of moral punishment, that is, the fact that cooperative people sacrifice resources to punish defecting partners requires an explanation. Potential explanations are that people punish defecting partners to privately express or to communicate their negative emotions in response to the experienced unfairness. If so, then providing participants with alternative ways to privately express or to communicate their emotions should reduce moral punishment. In two experiments, participants interacted with cooperating and defecting partners in a Prisoner's Dilemma game. After each round, participants communicated their emotions to their partners (Experiments 1 and 2) or only expressed them privately (Experiment 2). Each trial concluded with a costly punishment option. Compared to a no-expression control group, moral punishment was reduced when emotions were communicated to the defecting partner but not when emotions were privately expressed. Moral punishment may thus serve to communicate emotions to defecting partners. However, moral punishment was only reduced but far from being eliminated, suggesting that the communication of emotions does not come close to replacing moral punishment. Furthermore, prompting participants to focus on their emotions had undesirable side-effects: Privately expressing emotions diminished cooperation, enhanced hypocritical punishment (i.e., punishment of defecting partners by defecting participants), and induced an unspecific bias to punish the partners irrespective of their actions. |
|---|---|
| MeSH term(s) | Humans ; Prisoner Dilemma ; Punishment ; Morals ; Communication ; Emotions |
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2023-09-06 |
| Publishing country | England |
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| ZDB-ID | 2615211-3 |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322 |
| ISSN (online) | 2045-2322 |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-023-41886-9 |
| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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eLife, Vol
2019 Volume 8
Abstract: ... of unjustified defection. The norms of moral evaluation previously considered most socially beneficial depend ... has established norms of moral assessment that promote cooperation, assuming reputations are objective ... across a population. In this setting we study the role of empathy–the capacity to form moral evaluations ...
| Abstract | Social norms can promote cooperation by assigning reputations to individuals based on their past actions. A good reputation indicates that an individual is likely to reciprocate. A large body of research has established norms of moral assessment that promote cooperation, assuming reputations are objective. But without a centralized institution to provide objective evaluation, opinions about an individual’s reputation may differ across a population. In this setting we study the role of empathy–the capacity to form moral evaluations from another person’s perspective. We show that empathy tends to foster cooperation by reducing the rate of unjustified defection. The norms of moral evaluation previously considered most socially beneficial depend on high levels of empathy, whereas different norms maximize social welfare in populations incapable of empathy. Finally, we show that empathy itself can evolve through social contagion. We conclude that a capacity for empathy is a key component for sustaining cooperation in societies. |
|---|---|
| Keywords | game theory ; cooperation ; social psychology ; theory of mind ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 |
| Subject code | 170 |
| Language | English |
| Publishing date | 2019-04-01T00:00:00Z |
| Publisher | eLife Sciences Publications Ltd |
| Document type | Article ; Online |
| Database | BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection) |
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eine kommentierte Bibliographie deutschsprachiger Veröffentlichungen
(Reihe Archiv für Sozialpolitik ; 5)
1994
| Author's details | Stephan Dressler |
|---|---|
| Series title | Reihe Archiv für Sozialpolitik ; 5 |
| Collection | |
| Keywords | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / bibliography ; Ethics / bibliography ; Deutsches Sprachgebiet ; Aids ; Ethik |
| Subject | Ethische Theorie ; Moral ; Philosophische Ethik ; Sittenlehre ; Moralphilosophie ; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Erworbenes Immundefektsyndrom |
| Language | German |
| Size | 69 S. |
| Edition | 1. Aufl. |
| Publisher | Mabuse-Verl |
| Publishing place | Frankfurt/Main |
| Document type | Book |
| HBZ-ID | HT006193955 |
| ISBN | 3-925499-80-6 ; 978-3-925499-80-7 |
| Database | Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health |
| Shelf mark | Loan status | Location |
|---|---|---|
| WC 503 B 6 | order for loan | Magazin |
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