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  1. Article ; Online: Effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on reproductive system.

    Wang, Nengzhuang / Qin, Lina / Ma, Long / Yan, Hongli

    Stem cell research

    2021  Volume 52, Page(s) 102189

    Abstract: Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection ... concern. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only effect on respiratory system, but on reproductive ... the transmission paths of SARS-CoV-2, effect on the male/female reproductive system of SARS-CoV-2 and ...

    Abstract Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in December 2019, it has rapidly spread across many countries and it has become a crucial global health concern. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only effect on respiratory system, but on reproductive system of human. However, there has been not any review described the transmission paths and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human reproductive system, systematically. In order to describe the transmission paths of SARS-CoV-2, effect on the male/female reproductive system of SARS-CoV-2 and some successful prevention measures. We would like to review effect of SARS-CoV-2 on reproductive system. To conclude, SARS-CoV-2 infection might damage to male reproductive system via ACE2 receptor mediating and male patients were reportedly slightly more affected than women by SARS-CoV-2 infections.
    MeSH term(s) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/complications ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female/virology ; Genital Diseases, Male/virology ; Genitalia/virology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Male ; Ovary/virology ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Semen/virology ; Sex Factors ; Testis/virology ; Uterus/virology
    Chemical Substances ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2393143-7
    ISSN 1876-7753 ; 1873-5061
    ISSN (online) 1876-7753
    ISSN 1873-5061
    DOI 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102189
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on reproductive system

    Nengzhuang Wang / Lina Qin / Long Ma / Hongli Yan

    Stem Cell Research, Vol 52, Iss , Pp 102189- (2021)

    2021  

    Abstract: Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection ... concern. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only effect on respiratory system, but on reproductive ... the transmission paths of SARS-CoV-2, effect on the male/female reproductive system of SARS-CoV-2 and ...

    Abstract Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in December 2019, it has rapidly spread across many countries and it has become a crucial global health concern. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only effect on respiratory system, but on reproductive system of human. However, there has been not any review described the transmission paths and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human reproductive system, systematically. In order to describe the transmission paths of SARS-CoV-2, effect on the male/female reproductive system of SARS-CoV-2 and some successful prevention measures. We would like to review effect of SARS-CoV-2 on reproductive system. To conclude, SARS-CoV-2 infection might damage to male reproductive system via ACE2 receptor mediating and male patients were reportedly slightly more affected than women by SARS-CoV-2 infections.
    Keywords The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ; Transmission ; Reproductive system ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article: Health concerns regarding the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on male fertility.

    Mosleh, Hamidreza / Moradi, Fatemeh / Mehdizadeh, Mehdi / Ajdary, Marziyeh / Moeinzadeh, Alaa / Shabani, Ronak

    Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine

    2021  Volume 48, Issue 3, Page(s) 189–193

    Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus found in China ... in 2019. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been found to be ... a high expression level of ACE2. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 may damage male reproductive tissues and cause ...

    Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus found in China in 2019. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been found to be closely related to the cells that secrete angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is involved in the renin-angiotensin system and is widely secreted in several tissues, including the testis, which has raised concerns because organs with high expression of the ACE2 receptor are susceptible to infection. Analyses have shown that in testicular cells, such as spermatogonia, seminiferous duct cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, there is a high expression level of ACE2. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 may damage male reproductive tissues and cause infertility. Since male infertility is an important problem, scientists are evaluating whether COVID-19 may influence male infertility through the ACE2 receptor.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-22
    Publishing country Korea (South)
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2653899-4
    ISSN 2233-8241 ; 2233-8233
    ISSN (online) 2233-8241
    ISSN 2233-8233
    DOI 10.5653/cerm.2021.04378
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Effect of COVID-19 on Male Reproductive System - A Systematic Review.

    He, Yanfei / Wang, Jie / Ren, Junlin / Zhao, Yubo / Chen, Jing / Chen, Xuejiao

    Frontiers in endocrinology

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) 677701

    Abstract: ... for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter host cells, is widely expressed in testes and prostate tissues ... on the possible impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male reproductive system and summarized ... The testis and prostate produce semen. At present, there are contradictory reports about whether SARS-CoV-2 ...

    Abstract Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter host cells, is widely expressed in testes and prostate tissues. The testis and prostate produce semen. At present, there are contradictory reports about whether SARS-CoV-2 can exist in the semen of infected men.
    Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of the topic of whether COVID-19 can impact on male reproductive system.
    Methods: We reviewed the relevant publications on the possible impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male reproductive system and summarized the latest and most important research results so far. Literature published in English from December 2019 to January 31, 2021 regarding the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen, testis, and prostatic fluid and the effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive were included.
    Results: We identified 28 related studies, only one of which reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen. The study found that the semen quality of patients with moderate infection was lower than that of patients with mild infection and healthy controls. The impaired semen quality may be related to fever and inflammation. Pathological analysis of the testis/epididymis showed that SARS-CoV-2 viral particles were positive in 10 testicular samples, and the spermatogenic function of the testis was impaired. All 94 expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
    Conclusion: The likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 in the semen of COVID-19 patients is very small, and semen should rarely be regarded as a carrier of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material. However, COVID-19 may cause testicular spermatogenic dysfunction
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/pathology ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; Genitalia, Male/pathology ; Genitalia, Male/physiology ; Genitalia, Male/virology ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Inflammation/complications ; Inflammation/pathology ; Inflammation/virology ; Male ; Prostate/pathology ; Prostate/physiology ; Prostate/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Semen/virology ; Semen Analysis ; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/pathology ; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/virology ; Testis/pathology ; Testis/physiology ; Testis/virology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2592084-4
    ISSN 1664-2392
    ISSN 1664-2392
    DOI 10.3389/fendo.2021.677701
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection during pregnancy in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.

    Kim, Byeongseok / Park, Ki Hoon / Lee, Ok-Hee / Lee, Giwan / Kim, Hyukjung / Lee, Siyoung / Hwang, Semi / Kim, Young Bong / Choi, Youngsok

    Animal bioscience

    2022  Volume 36, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–52

    Abstract: ... coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on pregnancy in cytokeratin-18 (K18)-hACE2 transgenic mice.: Methods ... Objective: This study aimed to examine the influence of severe acute respiratory syndrome ... CoV-2 infection was detected in the lungs but not in the female reproductive system of infected K18 ...

    Abstract Objective: This study aimed to examine the influence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on pregnancy in cytokeratin-18 (K18)-hACE2 transgenic mice.
    Methods: To determine the expression of hACE2 mRNA in the female reproductive tract of K18-hACE2 mice, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using the ovary, oviduct, uterus, umbilical cord, and placenta. SARS-CoV-2 was inoculated intranasally (30 μL/mouse, 1×104 TCID50/mL) to plug-checked K18-hACE2 homozygous female mice at the pre-and post-implantation stages at 2.5 days post-coitum (dpc) and 15.5 dpc, respectively. The number of implantation sites was checked at 7.5 dpc, and the number of normally born pups was investigated at 20.5 dpc. Pregnancy outcomes, including implantation and childbirth, were confirmed by comparison with the non-infected group. Tissues of infected mice were collected at 7.5 dpc and 19.5 dpc to confirm the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The infection was identified by performing RT-PCR on the infected tissues and comparing them to the non-infected tissues.
    Results: hACE2 mRNA expression was confirmed in the female reproductive tract of the K18-hACE2 mice. Compared to the non-infected group, no significant difference in the number of implantation sites or normally born pups was found in the infected group. SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in the lungs but not in the female reproductive system of infected K18-hACE2 mice.
    Conclusion: In K18-hACE2 mice, intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2 did not induce implantation failure, preterm labor, or miscarriage. Although the viral infection was not detected in the uterus, placenta, or fetus, the infection of the lungs could induce problems in the reproductive system. However, lung infections were not related to pregnancy outcomes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-02
    Publishing country Korea (South)
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2765-0189
    ISSN 2765-0189
    DOI 10.5713/ab.22.0143
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its effect on gametogenesis and early pregnancy.

    Singh, Bhuchitra / Gornet, Megan / Sims, Holly / Kisanga, Edwina / Knight, Zachary / Segars, James

    American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)

    2020  Volume 84, Issue 5, Page(s) e13351

    Abstract: ... reproductive tissues. Here, we analyzed available evidence pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 infection, in early ... is needed regarding SARS-CoV-2 in reproductive function and early pregnancy. ... SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy has been the topic of hundreds of publications over the last ...

    Abstract SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy has been the topic of hundreds of publications over the last several months; however, few studies have focused on the implications of infection in early pregnancy and reproductive tissues. Here, we analyzed available evidence pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 infection, in early pregnancy, and in reproductive tissues. We searched PubMed and Embase databases in accordance with guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for publications from inception to June 4, 2020. Four reviewers screened titles and abstracts and obtained full-text articles for analysis. Sixty-two studies were included in the review. Biological plausibility for infection with SARS-CoV-2 exists in testis, ovaries, and placenta as they express ACE2 receptor activity. In males, SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to functional abnormalities leading to spermatogenic failure and male infertility. In females, an alteration of the ACE2 cascade via SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to impairment in important follicular and luteal processes. There is also evidence of significant placental pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is unclear what effects there may be for early pregnancy, though available data suggest less severe effects compared to other respiratory virus outbreaks. Further investigation is needed regarding SARS-CoV-2 in reproductive function and early pregnancy.
    MeSH term(s) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/virology ; Female ; Gametogenesis/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics ; Placenta/metabolism ; Placenta/pathology ; Placenta/virology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology ; Reproduction ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Spermatozoa/metabolism ; Spermatozoa/pathology ; Spermatozoa/virology
    Chemical Substances Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-09
    Publishing country Denmark
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 604542-x
    ISSN 1600-0897 ; 0271-7352 ; 8755-8920 ; 1046-7408
    ISSN (online) 1600-0897
    ISSN 0271-7352 ; 8755-8920 ; 1046-7408
    DOI 10.1111/aji.13351
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination on male fertility.

    Chen, Fei / Zhang, Yunfei / Zhang, Yingze / Li, Yuqi / Ma, Jiao / Qin, Yining / Deng, Shuwen / Zhang, Yuhan / Wang, Deyang / Wang, Haiying / Lin, Juan

    Sexual health

    2024  Volume 21

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS ... the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the testis, semen parameters, sex hormone levels and erectile function ... and transmembrane serine protease 2 is the main mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains an ongoing global public health challenge. This disease causes damage not only to the respiratory system, affecting the normal physiological function of the lungs, but also to other vital organs, such as the heart and testicles. Existing studies have shown that co-expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 is the main mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-expressing cells are widespread in the corpus cavernosum, reproductive tract and testis of men, which has raised concerns. Furthermore, abnormal sex hormone levels and decreased semen parameters were observed in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. This study comprehensively assessed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the testis, semen parameters, sex hormone levels and erectile function, and discussed possible transmission routes during sexual intercourse and the effect of vaccination on male fertility.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Fertility ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2256731-8
    ISSN 1449-8987 ; 1448-5028
    ISSN (online) 1449-8987
    ISSN 1448-5028
    DOI 10.1071/SH23191
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Effective SARS-CoV-2 replication of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells.

    Minami, Shohei / Matsumoto, Naomi / Omori, Hiroko / Nakamura, Yutaka / Tamiya, Shigeyuki / Nouda, Ryotaro / Nurdin, Jeffery A / Yamasaki, Moeko / Kotaki, Tomohiro / Kanai, Yuta / Okamoto, Toru / Tachibana, Taro / Ushijima, Hiroshi / Kobayashi, Takeshi / Sato, Shintaro

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 11610

    Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe acute respiratory ... SARS-CoV-2 efficiently grows in IEC monolayers. Using this propagation system, we confirm that TMPRSS2 ... of SARS-CoV-2 studies has dramatically increased, and the requirement for analytical tools is higher ...

    Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe acute respiratory symptoms in humans. Controlling the coronavirus disease pandemic is a worldwide priority. The number of SARS-CoV-2 studies has dramatically increased, and the requirement for analytical tools is higher than ever. Here, we propose monolayered-intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) instead of three-dimensional cultured intestinal organoids as a suitable tool to study SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differentiated IEC monolayers express high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), host factors essential for SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 efficiently grows in IEC monolayers. Using this propagation system, we confirm that TMPRSS2 inhibition blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection in IECs. Hence, our iPSC-derived IEC monolayers are suitable for SARS-CoV-2 research under physiologically relevant conditions.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Epithelial Cells ; Intestines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-38548-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during ovarian stimulation on ART outcomes.

    Yang, Tianjin / Wu, Longmei / Peng, Jing / Wang, Chao / Li, Guanjian / Zhang, Junfei / He, Xiaojin / Cao, Yunxia / Song, Bing

    Reproductive biomedicine online

    2023  Volume 48, Issue 2, Page(s) 103422

    Abstract: Research question: Does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection ... to the reproductive system was observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, individuals with asymptomatic ... of Anhui Medical University aimed to assess the effects of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection during IVF ...

    Abstract Research question: Does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during ovarian stimulation affect assisted reproductive technology outcomes?
    Design: This retrospective cohort study conducted at the Reproductive Medicine Centre of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University aimed to assess the effects of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection during IVF on treatment outcomes and the reproductive system. The study included 151 treatment cycles involving couples with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during ovarian stimulation, along with 224 cycles of non-infected couples as a control group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were analysed, including total gonadotrophin dosage, duration of ovarian stimulation, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization method, fertilization rate, and number of blastocyst embryos available. Forty-six follicular fluid samples, 38 semen samples and 78 embryo culture medium samples from patients with COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.
    Results: The treatment and control groups showed similar cycle characteristics, including fertilization method, total gonadotrophin dosage and duration of ovarian stimulation. The mean number of oocytes retrieved per cycle and rate of mature oocytes in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles were comparable. No significant difference was observed in the total number of blastocyst embryos available between the groups. Furthermore, no SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in any of the samples of patients with COVID-19.
    Conclusions: In conclusion, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection during ovarian stimulation does not have a significant impact on IVF treatment outcomes. Additionally, no risk to the reproductive system was observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 can safely continue IVF treatment. Future research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of COVID-19 on fertility and reproductive outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Fertilization in Vitro/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; RNA, Viral ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Semen ; Ovulation Induction/methods ; Gonadotropins ; Pregnancy Rate
    Chemical Substances RNA, Viral ; Gonadotropins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2113823-0
    ISSN 1472-6491 ; 1472-6483
    ISSN (online) 1472-6491
    ISSN 1472-6483
    DOI 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103422
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 effects on male reproduction: should men be worried??

    Farsimadan, Marziye / Motamedifar, Mohammad

    Human fertility (Cambridge, England)

    2021  Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 50–60

    Abstract: The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has placed ... impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system. In this review, we tried to summarise so far ... findings on the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive function to further assess the potential ...

    Abstract The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has placed a global challenge on both healthcare and society. So far, studies have shown that men are more prone to become ill than women and are more likely to die compared to female patients. Higher rates of positive cases and fatality in men than women have drawn the attention of scientists to investigate the possible impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system. In this review, we tried to summarise so far findings on the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive function to further assess the potential risks of this novel coronavirus on male reproductive health.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Genitalia, Male ; Infertility, Male ; Reproduction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2086960-5
    ISSN 1742-8149 ; 1464-7273
    ISSN (online) 1742-8149
    ISSN 1464-7273
    DOI 10.1080/14647273.2021.1962986
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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