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Article ; Online: Patents, economics, and pandemics.

Zerhouni, Will / Nabel, Gary J / Zerhouni, Elias

2020 Volume 368, Issue 6495, Page(s) 1035

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Patents as Topic ; Pathology, Molecular/economics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Vaccines/economics
Chemical Substances	Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.abc7472
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Patents, economics, and pandemics

Zerhouni, Will / Nabel, Gary J / Zerhouni, Elias

Science

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #610884
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: [Descriptive Review of Patents in Healthcare and Nursing: Based on Network Analysis].

Jeon, Misun / Youn, Nayung / Kim, Sanghee

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

2024 Volume 54, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–17

Abstract: ... the trend and status of patents filed in nursing.: Methods: The descriptive review was conducted based ... on Grant and Booth's descriptive review framework. Patents related to nursing was searched in the Korea ... Nursing-related patents did not specify subjects, and many patents (41.4%) were related to treatment ...

Abstract	Purpose: The significance of the healthcare industry has grown exponentially in recent years due to the impact of the fourth industrial revolution and the ongoing pandemic. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine domestic healthcare-related patents comprehensively. Big data analysis was used to present the trend and status of patents filed in nursing. Methods: The descriptive review was conducted based on Grant and Booth's descriptive review framework. Patents related to nursing was searched in the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service between January 2016 to December 2020. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, phi-coefficient for correlations, and network analysis using the R program (version 4.2.2). Results: Among 37,824 patents initially searched, 1,574 were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Nursing-related patents did not specify subjects, and many patents (41.4%) were related to treatment in the healthcare delivery phase. Furthermore, most patents (56.1%) were designed to increase effectiveness. The words frequently used in the titles of nursing-related patents were, in order, "artificial intelligence," "health management," and "medical information," and the main terms with high connection centrality were "artificial intelligence" and "therapeutic system." Conclusion: The industrialization of nursing is the best solution for developing the healthcare industry and national health promotion. Collaborations in education, research, and policy will help the nursing industry become a healthcare industry of the future. This will prime the enhancement of the national economy and public health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Delivery of Health Care
Language	Korean
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2619665-7
ISSN	2093-758X ; 2093-758X
ISSN (online)	2093-758X
ISSN	2093-758X
DOI	10.4040/jkan.23064
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Patents as a Driver of the Unprecedented Biomedical Response to COVID-19.

Mossoff, Adam / Adalja, Amesh

Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing

2022 Volume 59, Page(s) 469580221124819

Abstract: ... that patents and other intellectual property (IP) have impeded the development and distribution ... The response by the biotech and pharmaceutical sectors to the COVID-19 pandemic has been ... infrastructure built by reliable and effective patent rights. There is now a glut in the global supply of vaccine ...

Abstract	The response by the biotech and pharmaceutical sectors to the COVID-19 pandemic has been historically unprecedented. Vaccines based in cutting-edge technologies, such as the mRNA platform, were invented, tested, and distributed to patients in less than a year. Yet politicians and activists argue that patents and other intellectual property (IP) have impeded the development and distribution of these vaccines. In explaining why this is profoundly mistaken, this essay first describes the medical and economic uncertainties inherent in the production of vaccines, especially those made in response to an emerging infectious disease like COVID-19. This makes clear the unprecedented achievement in the mass production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in less than 1 year after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. It then describes the current manufacturing and licensing landscape, which was created on the basis of a market infrastructure built by reliable and effective patent rights. There is now a glut in the global supply of vaccine doses-and billions more doses are still being produced. The essay concludes by identifying the non-IP causes impeding global vaccine distribution, such as lack of infrastructure in the developing world, as well as regulatory restrictions and trade barriers. Those concerned with global vaccine equity should focus on policies to resolve these real-world problems.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	42153-4
ISSN	1945-7243 ; 0046-9580
ISSN (online)	1945-7243
ISSN	0046-9580
DOI	10.1177/00469580221124819
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Article ; Online: Research and Patents on Coronavirus and COVID-19: A Review.

Aranda, Pilar / Wicklein, Bernd / Ruiz-Garcia, Cristina / Martín-Sampedro, Raquel / Darder, Margarita / Del Real, Gustavo / Ruiz-Hitzky, Eduardo

Recent patents on nanotechnology

2020 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 328–350

Abstract: ... information, databases on scientific literature and patents to produce a review affording information ... to current research on nanotechnology and related recent patents for COVID-19 responses; 2) Analysis ... and patents on nanotechnology dealing with therapeutics & treatments of COVID-19.: Conclusion ...

Abstract	Background: COVID-19 pandemic is a global problem that requires the point of view of basic sciences and medicine as well as social, economics and politics disciplines. Viral particles of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 as well as other enveloped viruses like influenza virus could be considered as an approximation to functional core-shell nanoparticles and therefore, their study enters the realm of nanotechnology. In this context, nanotechnology can contribute to alleviate some of the current challenges posed by COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The present analysis contributed to diverse sources of general information, databases on scientific literature and patents to produce a review affording information on relevant areas where as nanotechnology has offered response to coronavirus challenges in the past and may be relevant now, and has offered an update of the current information on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 issues. Results: This review contribution includes specific information including: 1) An introduction to current research on nanotechnology and related recent patents for COVID-19 responses; 2) Analysis of nonimmunogenic and immunogenic prophylaxis of COVID-19 using Nanotechnology; 3) Tools devoted to detection & diagnosis of coronaviruses and COVID-19: the role of Nanotechnology; and 4) A compilation on the research and patents on nanotechnology dealing with therapeutics & treatments of COVID-19. Conclusion: Among the increasing literature on COVID-19, there are few works analyzing the relevance of Nanotechnology, and giving an analysis on patents dealing with coronaviruses that may provide useful information on the area. This review offers a general view of the current research investigation and recent patents dealing with aspects of immunogenic and non-immunogenic prophylaxis, detection and diagnosis as well as therapeutics and treatments.
MeSH term(s)	Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Nanotechnology ; Pandemics ; Patents as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-19
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2212-4020
ISSN (online)	2212-4020
DOI	10.2174/1872210514666201021145735
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The Economic Theory of Patent Protection and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines: Do Patents Really Incentivize Innovation in the Field?

Eccleston-Turner, Mark

American journal of law & medicine

2016 Volume 42, Issue 2-3, Page(s) 572–597

Abstract: ... of life-saving medicines and vaccines. The economic theory of patent protection holds that innovation ... occurs due to patents protecting the research and development investment made by the innovator ... Proponents of this theory claim that without patents such innovation in medicines and vaccines would occur ...

Abstract	The creation of new vaccines is one of the key challenges in the battle against global infectious diseases. Therefore, creating the optimal conditions for innovation in vaccines is one of the most important roles law may undertake in this battle. In relation to pharmaceuticals, the economic theory of patent protection is commonly cited by industry and in the academic literature to justify the patenting of life-saving medicines and vaccines. The economic theory of patent protection holds that innovation occurs due to patents protecting the research and development investment made by the innovator. Proponents of this theory claim that without patents such innovation in medicines and vaccines would occur at a significantly reduced rate. This Article considers the applicability of the economic theory of patent protection to pandemic influenza vaccines. This Article examines a number of factors relevant to patent law, theory, and innovation including: the patent landscape for pandemic influenza vaccines; the market dominance enjoyed by manufacturers; the actual risk posed by imitators making generic vaccines if patent protection were not in place; and, the licensing and regulatory provisions for creating generic vaccines. According to the economic theory of patent protection, a patent incentivizes innovation by providing an innovator with a temporary monopoly regarding their innovation, and by protecting them from the threat posed by imitators who wish to make a cheap replica of the product. However, even without a patent, pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturers are in this position. Due to economies of scale and the complicated regulatory and licensing frameworks relevant to bringing a pandemic influenza vaccine to market, manufacturers are at little to no risk from generic imitators. Moreover, there is a very strong incentive to innovate because pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturers are selling a product for which demand exceeds supply to a captive market of nations and organizations, each of which is hoping to secure as much vaccine as possible. The unique conditions associated with pandemic influenza vaccines appear to provide more of an incentive to innovate and research in this field than the fact that the innovations can be patented.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753043-2
ISSN	0098-8588
ISSN	0098-8588
DOI	10.1177/0098858816658280
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Article: Rights, patents, markets and the global AIDS pandemic.

Gathii, James Thuo

Florida journal of international law

2002 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 261–352

MeSH term(s)	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy ; Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution ; Commodification ; Drug Industry/economics ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Government Regulation ; Health Services Accessibility/economics ; Health Services Accessibility/legislation & jurisprudence ; History, 20th Century ; Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Ownership ; Patents as Topic ; Public Policy ; Social Justice ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/history
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2002
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article
ISSN	1556-2670
ISSN	1556-2670
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A patent waiver on COVID vaccines is right and fair.

Nature

2021 Volume 593, Issue 7860, Page(s) 478

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/economics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/economics ; COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution ; China ; Europe ; Humans ; India ; International Cooperation ; Licensure/economics ; Licensure/legislation & jurisprudence ; Pandemics/economics ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pandemics/statistics & numerical data ; Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; Russia ; South Africa ; United Nations ; United States ; Vaccination/economics ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; World Health Organization
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	120714-3
ISSN	1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
ISSN (online)	1476-4687
ISSN	0028-0836
DOI	10.1038/d41586-021-01242-1
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Article ; Online: Predicaments during a period of health emergency: Waiving patent protections or innovative public procurement? The example of advance purchase agreements (APA) for COVID-19 vaccines.

Garrido Cuenca, Nuria

The International journal of risk & safety in medicine

2022 Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 145–156

Abstract: ... opinion pieces and the current press.: Results: The debate over the waiving of patent protections ... Objective: Proposing options between the waiving of patent protections and innovative public procurement ... at this time is both misleading and ineffective due to the economic and legal problems involved. The path ...

Abstract	Background: The health emergency provoked by the worldwide pandemic requires immediate action to achieve the immunization of the population and to stop further contagion. The systems of public procurement needed to adapt in a very short time to reach agreements with the pharmaceutical industry. Objective: Proposing options between the waiving of patent protections and innovative public procurement, principally the European Advance Purchase Agreements (APA). Methods: A description of the actual situation and the necessary regulatory reforms. The sources are scientific articles, legislative compendiums and opinion pieces and the current press. Results: The debate over the waiving of patent protections at this time is both misleading and ineffective due to the economic and legal problems involved. The path of the APA has proven to be very effective, although some deficits should be corrected, principally regarding questions of transparency and confidentiality. Conclusions: Among the possible options for the acquisition of the COVID-19 vaccine and its universal access, agreements and cooperation between States and innovative industry are desirable. One successful path is that of the advance purchase agreements utilized by the European Union, another could be that of voluntary licensing. We propose following these routes as opposed to the waiving of patent protections.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Drug Industry ; European Union ; Humans
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1055458-0
ISSN	1878-6847 ; 0924-6479
ISSN (online)	1878-6847
ISSN	0924-6479
DOI	10.3233/JRS-227008
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Article ; Online: Facilitating Access to Cross-Border Supplies of Patented Pharmaceuticals

Abbott, Frederick M / Reichman, Jerome H

Journal of International Economic Law

The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 Volume 23, Issue 3, Page(s) 535–561

Abstract: ... to vaccines, treatments, diagnostics, and medical equipment. On the supply side, the authors propose ... of Regional Pharmaceutical Supply Centers (RPSCs) for the collective procurement of products, and the need ... to coordinate the issuance of necessary compulsory licenses for production and/or importation, depending ...

Abstract	ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into stark relief the gaps in global preparedness to address widespread outbreaks of deadly viral infections. This article proposes legal mechanisms for addressing critical issues facing the international community in terms of providing equitable access to vaccines, treatments, diagnostics, and medical equipment. On the supply side, the authors propose the establishment of mandatory patent pools (‘Licensing Facilities’) on a global or regional, or even national basis, depending upon the degree of cooperation that may be achieved. The authors also discuss the importance of creating shared production facilities. On the demand side, the authors propose the establishment of Regional Pharmaceutical Supply Centers (RPSCs) for the collective procurement of products, and the need to coordinate the issuance of necessary compulsory licenses for production and/or importation, depending on relevant circumstances. The authors envisage that centralized coordination by RPSCs should assist in overcoming difficulties individual countries may encounter in addressing administrative and technical issues in procuring supplies, as well as creating improved bargaining leverage with potential suppliers. The authors finally address the problem created by the decision of various high-income countries to ‘opt out’ as eligible importing countries under the World Trade Organization TRIPS Agreement Article 31bis amendment that addresses the predominant export of pharmaceutical products under compulsory licenses.
Keywords	Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ; Law ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1497440-X
ISSN	1464-3758 ; 1369-3034
ISSN (online)	1464-3758
ISSN	1369-3034
DOI	10.1093/jiel/jgaa022
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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