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Article ; Online: Urban rat exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and zoonotic infection risk.

Murray, Maureen H / Sánchez, Cecilia A

2021 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) 20210311

Abstract: Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) deployed to control rodent pest populations can increase the risk of pathogen infection for some wildlife. However, it is unknown whether ARs also increase infection risk for target rodents, which are common hosts for ... ...

Abstract	Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) deployed to control rodent pest populations can increase the risk of pathogen infection for some wildlife. However, it is unknown whether ARs also increase infection risk for target rodents, which are common hosts for zoonotic (animal-to-human transmitted) pathogens. In this study, we tested whether rats exposed to ARs were more likely to be infected with zoonotic pathogens, specifically
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Anticoagulants ; Escherichia coli ; Rats ; Rodenticides/toxicity ; Zoonoses
Chemical Substances	Anticoagulants ; Rodenticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2021.0311
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Article ; Online: Associations between Rat Infestations and Mental Health Vary by Gender, Race, and Income in Chicago.

Murray, Maureen H / Byers, Kaylee A / Buckley, Jacqueline Y / Magle, Seth B / German, Danielle

Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine

2024 Volume 101, Issue 2, Page(s) 318–326

Abstract: Rats are an understudied stressor for people in urban environments around the world but the effects may not be distributed equally among residents. In this study, we examined associations between residential rat sightings and mental health in Chicago, ... ...

Abstract	Rats are an understudied stressor for people in urban environments around the world but the effects may not be distributed equally among residents. In this study, we examined associations between residential rat sightings and mental health in Chicago, where rat complaints are the highest of any American city. We examined how this relationship varied by frequency of rat sightings, race, ethnicity, income, home ownership, and gender and explored potential psychosocial pathways (e.g., feelings about the home) between rat sightings and mental distress. We conducted a randomized household survey along an income gradient in 2021 and asked about depressive symptoms in the past week (i.e., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale), frequency of rat sightings in/around the home, perceptions of rats, neighborhood conditions, and socio-demographic characteristics. We used logistic regression to assess relationships among these variables for our entire sample and for specific demographics using stratified models. Respondents (n = 589; 409 complete cases) who saw rats in/around the home daily/almost daily had 5.5 times higher odds of reporting high depressive symptoms relative to respondents who saw rats less frequently after accounting for socio-demographics and neighborhood conditions. This relationship was significant for men and respondents with lower incomes or race or ethnicity other than white. Our results show that rat infestations should be considered a threat to mental health among urban residents. Increased mental health support for residents living in rat-infested housing may improve public health in cities.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chicago/epidemiology ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Rats ; Depression/epidemiology ; Mental Health ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; Income/statistics & numerical data ; Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult ; Sociodemographic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1435288-6
ISSN	1468-2869 ; 1099-3460
ISSN (online)	1468-2869
ISSN	1099-3460
DOI	10.1007/s11524-024-00840-4
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Article ; Online: Relationships Between Migration and Microbiome Composition and Diversity in Urban Canada Geese

Sean Obrochta / Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro / Katherine R. Amato / Maureen H. Murray

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: Microbiome analysis presents an opportunity to understand how urban environments affect avian physiology. For example, habitat use can affect microbiome diversity and composition, and hosts with more diverse gut microbiota are thought to be more ... ...

Abstract	Microbiome analysis presents an opportunity to understand how urban environments affect avian physiology. For example, habitat use can affect microbiome diversity and composition, and hosts with more diverse gut microbiota are thought to be more resistant to pathogens and have increased fitness. However, the microbiome is an understudied aspect of avian ecology, particularly in the context of migration and urbanization in wild birds. For this study, we hypothesized that, within urban birds, migrants would exhibit greater microbial diversity and inter-individual variation in microbiome composition than residents because they are exposed to more diverse habitats. We focused on Canada geese (Branta canadensis), one of many migratory species that exhibit increasingly more year-round residency in cities. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to quantify microbiome taxonomic composition in fecal samples from 32 GPS-tracked Canada geese, 22 of which were year-round residents of the Chicago area and 10 of which were migrants. Similar to recent studies on wild species feeding near human habitation, urban resident geese had higher gut microbial diversity than migrants. They also had increased inter-individual variation in microbiome composition and, on average, lower relative abundances of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes, and the genera Terrisporobacter, Turicibacter, and Cellulosilyticum, which all have metabolic functions that may aid in goose digestion. Therefore, the gut microbiome of resident geese may provide fewer potential health benefits. These patterns may be a result of anthropogenic influences on aspects of resident goose ecology, such as diet, as well the influence of migration on migrant goose ecology and biology. Overall, our results suggest that reduced migration for urban-adapted wildlife species may have important consequences for physiology and health.
Keywords	migration ; Branta canadensis ; urban ecology ; Firmicutes ; microbiome ; microbial diversity ; Evolution ; QH359-425 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Public perception of urban wildlife during a COVID-19 stay-at-home quarantine order in Chicago

Murray, Maureen H. / Byers, Kaylee A. / Buckley, Jacqueline / Lehrer, Elizabeth W. / Kay, Cria / Fidino, Mason / Magle, Seth B. / German, Danielle

Urban Ecosyst. 2023 Feb., v. 26, no. 1 p.127-140

2023

Abstract: Reduced human activity to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by reports of unusual wildlife sightings in highly developed areas. Such experiences with urban nature may have helped residents cope with the stress of the pandemic ... ...

Abstract	Reduced human activity to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by reports of unusual wildlife sightings in highly developed areas. Such experiences with urban nature may have helped residents cope with the stress of the pandemic and increased public interest in urban wildlife; however, this may depend on the species residents encountered. In this study, we surveyed Chicago, Illinois, USA residents during a stay-at-home order to understand if residents in more affluent or greener neighborhoods saw more wildlife species. We also evaluated whether encounters with pest and non-pest species were associated with residents’ values about wildlife. Of 593 responses included in our analyses, respondents in higher-income and greener neighborhoods were more likely to perceive increased wildlife sightings and respondents in higher-income areas reported observing a higher number common birds and mammals. Support for seeing wildlife in residential areas was associated with seeing passerine birds and not seeing rats during the stay-at-home order. Our results suggest that perceived increases in wildlife sightings were common during a stay-at-home order, especially for affluent residents, and that residents’ perceptions depended on the species encountered. Understanding how changes in human behavior modifies human-wildlife interactions can help mitigate human-wildlife conflict and foster positive engagement with local wildlife.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Passeriformes ; human behavior ; human-wildlife relations ; humans ; pandemic ; pests ; public opinion ; quarantine ; wildlife ; Illinois
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 127-140.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2019257-5
ISSN	1573-1642 ; 1083-8155
ISSN (online)	1573-1642
ISSN	1083-8155
DOI	10.1007/s11252-022-01284-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A multi‐state occupancy model to non‐invasively monitor visible signs of wildlife health with camera traps that accounts for image quality

Murray, Maureen H. / Fidino, Mason / Lehrer, Elizabeth W. / Simonis, Juniper L. / Magle, Seth B.

journal of animal ecology. 2021 Aug., v. 90, no. 8

2021

Abstract: Camera traps are an increasingly popular tool to monitor wildlife distributions. However, traditional analytical approaches to camera trap data are difficult to apply to visible wildlife characteristics in single images, such as infection status. Several ...

Abstract	Camera traps are an increasingly popular tool to monitor wildlife distributions. However, traditional analytical approaches to camera trap data are difficult to apply to visible wildlife characteristics in single images, such as infection status. Several parasites produce visible signs of infection that could be sampled via camera traps. Sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei is an ideal disease to study using cameras because it results in visible hair loss and affects a broad host range. Here, we developed a multi‐state occupancy model to estimate the occurrence of mange in coyotes Canis latrans across an urban gradient. This model incorporates a secondary detection function for apparent by‐image infection status to provide detection‐corrected estimates of mange occurrence. We analysed a multi‐year camera trap dataset in Chicago, Illinois, United States, to test whether the apparent occurrence of sarcoptic mange in coyotes Canis latrans increases with urbanization or varies through time. We documented visible signs consistent with current or recovering mange infection and variables we hypothesized would improve mange detection: The proportion of the coyote in frame, image blur and whether the image was in colour. We were more likely to detect coyotes with mange in images that were less blurry, in colour, and if a greater proportion of the coyote was visible. Mangy coyote occupancy was significantly higher in urban developed areas with low housing density and higher canopy cover whereas coyote occupancy, mangy or otherwise, decreased with urbanization. By incorporating image quality into our by‐image detection function, we provide a robust method to non‐invasively survey visible aspects of wildlife health with camera traps. Apparently mangy coyotes were associated with low‐density forested neighbourhoods, which may offer vegetated areas while containing sources of anthropogenic resources. This association may contribute to human–wildlife conflict and reinforces posited relationships between infection risk and habitat use. More generally, our model could provide detection‐corrected occupancy estimates of visible characteristics that vary by image such as body condition or injuries.
Keywords	Canis latrans ; Sarcoptes scabiei ; alopecia ; body condition ; cameras ; canopy ; color ; data collection ; habitat preferences ; host range ; human-wildlife relations ; models ; risk ; scabies ; surveys ; urbanization ; wildlife ; Illinois
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Size	p. 1973-1984.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.13515
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A multi-state occupancy model to non-invasively monitor visible signs of wildlife health with camera traps that accounts for image quality.

Murray, Maureen H / Fidino, Mason / Lehrer, Elizabeth W / Simonis, Juniper L / Magle, Seth B

The Journal of animal ecology

2021 Volume 90, Issue 8, Page(s) 1973–1984

Abstract	Camera traps are an increasingly popular tool to monitor wildlife distributions. However, traditional analytical approaches to camera trap data are difficult to apply to visible wildlife characteristics in single images, such as infection status. Several parasites produce visible signs of infection that could be sampled via camera traps. Sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei is an ideal disease to study using cameras because it results in visible hair loss and affects a broad host range. Here, we developed a multi-state occupancy model to estimate the occurrence of mange in coyotes Canis latrans across an urban gradient. This model incorporates a secondary detection function for apparent by-image infection status to provide detection-corrected estimates of mange occurrence. We analysed a multi-year camera trap dataset in Chicago, Illinois, United States, to test whether the apparent occurrence of sarcoptic mange in coyotes Canis latrans increases with urbanization or varies through time. We documented visible signs consistent with current or recovering mange infection and variables we hypothesized would improve mange detection: The proportion of the coyote in frame, image blur and whether the image was in colour. We were more likely to detect coyotes with mange in images that were less blurry, in colour, and if a greater proportion of the coyote was visible. Mangy coyote occupancy was significantly higher in urban developed areas with low housing density and higher canopy cover whereas coyote occupancy, mangy or otherwise, decreased with urbanization. By incorporating image quality into our by-image detection function, we provide a robust method to non-invasively survey visible aspects of wildlife health with camera traps. Apparently mangy coyotes were associated with low-density forested neighbourhoods, which may offer vegetated areas while containing sources of anthropogenic resources. This association may contribute to human-wildlife conflict and reinforces posited relationships between infection risk and habitat use. More generally, our model could provide detection-corrected occupancy estimates of visible characteristics that vary by image such as body condition or injuries.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Coyotes ; Humans ; Sarcoptes scabiei ; Scabies/veterinary ; Urbanization
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.13515
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Article: Public perception of urban wildlife during a COVID-19 stay-at-home quarantine order in Chicago.

Murray, Maureen H / Byers, Kaylee A / Buckley, Jacqueline / Lehrer, Elizabeth W / Kay, Cria / Fidino, Mason / Magle, Seth B / German, Danielle

Urban ecosystems

2022 Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 127–140

Abstract	Reduced human activity to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by reports of unusual wildlife sightings in highly developed areas. Such experiences with urban nature may have helped residents cope with the stress of the pandemic and increased public interest in urban wildlife; however, this may depend on the species residents encountered. In this study, we surveyed Chicago, Illinois, USA residents during a stay-at-home order to understand if residents in more affluent or greener neighborhoods saw more wildlife species. We also evaluated whether encounters with pest and non-pest species were associated with residents' values about wildlife. Of 593 responses included in our analyses, respondents in higher-income and greener neighborhoods were more likely to perceive increased wildlife sightings and respondents in higher-income areas reported observing a higher number common birds and mammals. Support for seeing wildlife in residential areas was associated with seeing passerine birds and not seeing rats during the stay-at-home order. Our results suggest that perceived increases in wildlife sightings were common during a stay-at-home order, especially for affluent residents, and that residents' perceptions depended on the species encountered. Understanding how changes in human behavior modifies human-wildlife interactions can help mitigate human-wildlife conflict and foster positive engagement with local wildlife. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11252-022-01284-x.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2019257-5
ISSN	1573-1642 ; 1083-8155
ISSN (online)	1573-1642
ISSN	1083-8155
DOI	10.1007/s11252-022-01284-x
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Article: Integrated species distribution models reveal spatiotemporal patterns of human-wildlife conflict.

Fidino, Mason / Lehrer, Elizabeth W / Kay, Cria A M / Yarmey, Nicholas T / Murray, Maureen H / Fake, Kimberly / Adams, Henry C / Magle, Seth B

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2022 Volume 32, Issue 7, Page(s) e2647

Abstract: To mitigate human-wildlife conflict it is imperative to know where and when conflict occurs. However, standard methods used to predict the occurrence of human-wildlife conflict often fail to recognize how a species distribution likely limits where and ... ...

Abstract	To mitigate human-wildlife conflict it is imperative to know where and when conflict occurs. However, standard methods used to predict the occurrence of human-wildlife conflict often fail to recognize how a species distribution likely limits where and when conflict may happen. As such, methods that predict human-wildlife conflict could be improved if they could identify where conflict will occur relative to species' underlying distribution. To this end, we used an integrated species distribution model that combined presence-only wildlife complaints with data from a systematic camera trapping survey throughout Chicago, Illinois. This model draws upon both data sources to estimate a latent distribution of species; in addition, the model can estimate where conflict is most likely to occur within that distribution. We modeled the occupancy and conflict potential of coyote (Canis latrans), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) as a function of urban intensity, per capita income, and home vacancy rates throughout Chicago. Overall, the distribution of each species constrained the spatiotemporal patterns of conflict throughout the city of Chicago. Within each species distribution, we found that human-wildlife conflict was most likely to occur where humans and wildlife habitat overlap (e.g., featuring higher-than-average canopy cover and housing density). Furthermore, human-wildlife conflict was most likely to occur in high-income neighborhoods for Virginia opossum and raccoon, despite the fact that those two species have higher occupancy in low-income neighborhoods. As such, knowing where species are distributed can inform guidelines on where wildlife management should be focused, especially if it overlaps with human habitats. Finally, because this integrated model can incorporate data that have already been collected by wildlife managers or city officials, this approach could be used to develop stronger collaborations with wildlife management agencies and conduct applied research that will inform landscape-scale wildlife management.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Opossums ; Raccoons
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2647
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Article ; Online: A ten-year community reporting database reveals rising coyote boldness and associated human concern in Edmonton, Canada

Jonathan J. Farr / Matthew J. Pruden / Robin D. Glover / Maureen H. Murray / Scott A. Sugden / Howard W. Harshaw / Colleen Cassady St. Clair

Ecology and Society, Vol 28, Iss 2, p

2023 Volume 19

Abstract: In cities throughout North America, sightings of coyotes (Canis latrans) have become common. Reports of human-coyote conflict are also rising, as is the public demand for proactive management to prevent negative human-coyote interactions. Effective and ... ...

Abstract	In cities throughout North America, sightings of coyotes (Canis latrans) have become common. Reports of human-coyote conflict are also rising, as is the public demand for proactive management to prevent negative human-coyote interactions. Effective and proactive management can be informed by the direct observations of community members, who can report their interactions with coyotes and describe the location, time, and context that led to their interactions. To better understand the circumstances that can predict human-coyote conflict, we used a web-based reporting system to collect 9134 community-supplied reports of coyotes in Edmonton, Canada, between January 2012 and December 2021. We used a standardized ordinal ranking system to score each report on two indicators of human-coyote conflict: coyote boldness, based on the reported coyote behavior, and human concern about coyotes, determined from the emotions or perceptions about coyotes expressed by reporters. We assigned greater scores to behaviors where coyotes followed, approached, charged, or contacted pets or people, and to perceptions where reporters expressed fear, worry, concern, discomfort or alarm. Using ordered logistic regression and chi-square tests, we compared boldness and concern scores to spatial, temporal, and contextual predictors. Our analysis showed that coyotes were bolder in less developed open areas and during the pup-rearing season, but human concern was higher in residential areas and during the dispersal season. Reports that mentioned dogs or cats were more likely to describe bolder coyote behavior, and those that mentioned pets or children had more negative perceptions about coyotes. Coyote boldness and human concern both indicated rising human-coyote conflict in Edmonton over the 10 years of reporting.
Keywords	canis latrans ; community science ; human-wildlife coexistence ; urban ecology ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Resilience Alliance
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in children 3-17 years old with hepatitis C virus infection.

Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition

2024

Abstract: Background: The safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in children aged 3-17 years with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of any genotype were evaluated.: Methods: In this Phase 2, multicenter, open-label study, patients received once ... ...

Abstract	Background: The safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in children aged 3-17 years with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of any genotype were evaluated. Methods: In this Phase 2, multicenter, open-label study, patients received once daily for 12 weeks either sofosbuvir-velpatasvir 400/100 mg tablet (12-17 years), 200/50 mg low dose tablet or oral granules (3-11 years and ≥17 kg), or 150/37.5 mg oral granules (3-5 years and <17 kg). The efficacy endpoint was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after therapy (SVR12). Dose appropriateness was confirmed by intensive pharmacokinetics in each age group. Findings: Among 216 patients treated, 76% had HCV genotype 1% and 12% had genotype 3. Rates of SVR12 were 83% (34/41) among 3-5-year-olds, 93% (68/73) among 6-11-year-olds, and 95% (97/102) among 12-17-year-olds. Only two patients experienced virologic failure. The most common adverse events were headache, fatigue, and nausea in 12-17-year-olds; vomiting, cough, and headache in 6-11-year-olds; and vomiting in 3-5-year-olds. Three patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. Four patients had serious adverse events; all except auditory hallucination (n = 1) were considered unrelated to study drug. Exposures of sofosbuvir, its metabolite GS-331007, and velpatasvir were comparable to those in adults in prior Phase 2/3 studies. Population pharmacokinetic simulations supported weight-based dosing for children in this age range. Interpretation: The pangenotypic regimen of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir is highly effective and safe in treating children 3-17 years with chronic HCV infection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603201-1
ISSN	1536-4801 ; 0277-2116
ISSN (online)	1536-4801
ISSN	0277-2116
DOI	10.1002/jpn3.12045
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