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  1. Article ; Online: The gender paradox

    Leah Shelef

    Journal of Men's Health, Vol 17, Iss 4, Pp 22-

    do men differ from women in suicidal behavior?

    2021  Volume 29

    Abstract: Is men’s suicidal behavior different from that of women’s? Much research has been devoted to this question since the late 1980s. Scientific literature refers to it as the “Gender Paradox”. This term was coined due to the seemingly self-contradictory ... ...

    Abstract Is men’s suicidal behavior different from that of women’s? Much research has been devoted to this question since the late 1980s. Scientific literature refers to it as the “Gender Paradox”. This term was coined due to the seemingly self-contradictory findings regarding the differences in suicidal behavior between males and females, whereby women attempt suicide more often but more men die by suicide. If there are indeed differences between the sexes, then it is essential to modify the various suicide prevention programs accordingly. This study aimed to investigate whether those differences are real and inherent to the sexes. It attempted to gain a better understanding of the sources of those differences and the reasons behind them by reviewing the available literature on differences between males and females regarding, suicide and suicidal behaviors. The study found that the differences between the sexes regarding suicidal behavior are indeed inherent. Whether these differences associate more with inheritance or genetics is unclear, as is whether they relate to the sex differences or to gender identity. Clearly though, for effective suicide prevention the differences between male and female suicidal behaviors have to be acknowledged, studied separately and prevention and intervention programs have to take these differences into account.
    Keywords suicide ; gender ; sex ; male ; female ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MRE Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Understanding the phenomenon of suicide

    Leah Shelef

    Journal of Men's Health, Vol 17, Iss 4, Pp 1-

    2021  Volume 3

    Abstract: Background and objective: Suicidality and suicidal behavior have long been studied extensively, as they are considered the main cause of premature death throughout the world. Death by suicide seems to have always been part of human behavior. The earliest ...

    Abstract Background and objective: Suicidality and suicidal behavior have long been studied extensively, as they are considered the main cause of premature death throughout the world. Death by suicide seems to have always been part of human behavior. The earliest known report of a suicide was written 4000 years ago on papyrus. Still, despite the rich literature on the topic, prevention or prediction of suicide are still hard and sometimes impossible. To date, there is still no theoretical model that encompasses all possibilities of the phenomenon. Material and methods: This study aim was to present studies of Professor Israel Orbach who was one of the pioneers in the research of suicide and a leading theoretician in the field of suicide. Results: Studies point to numerous variables involved in suicidal behavior and in the suicidal act that the interaction between those variables promotes a destructive process that leads the individual to act in a self-harming manner. The research of mental pain and the inability to moderate it are the main contributions to the field of suicide, alongside with dissociation process which by its presence, increases the probability of suicidal behavior. Conclusion: Numerous theories and models attempt to describe the process leading to the act of suicide, but the unknown is still larger. The fact that in most cultures suicide and suicidal behavior are still considered taboo, something to hide and be ashamed of, is a tragedy for the suicidal individual as well as his or her family, and other close people, as it impedes identification, treatment and prevention. It may be even more of a tragedy and harder to comprehend and accept, when the suicidal person is an otherwise healthy adolescent who has his whole life ahead of him or her. Therefore, any bit of new information and knowledge added to the field of suicidality is another layer in the understanding of the process, mechanism and dynamics of this subject and contributes to the improvement of prevention, treatment, and to assistance to those ...
    Keywords mental pain ; suicidal behavior ; suicide ; dissociation process ; israel orbach ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MRE Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: The Link Between Somatization and Dissociation and PTSD Severity in Veterans Who Sought Help From the IDF Combat Stress Reaction Unit.

    Shabat, Nizan / Bechor, Uzi / Yavnai, Nirit / Tatsa-Laur, Lucian / Shelef, Leah

    Military medicine

    2024  

    Abstract: Introduction: This study aimed to examine the relationships between dissociative and somatic symptoms and how they might contribute to PTSD severity among ex-soldiers who sought help from the IDF Combat Stress Reaction Unit (CSRU).: Materials and ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to examine the relationships between dissociative and somatic symptoms and how they might contribute to PTSD severity among ex-soldiers who sought help from the IDF Combat Stress Reaction Unit (CSRU).
    Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,305 former compulsory, career, and reserve soldiers, who filled out self-report questionnaires on admission for evaluation at the CSRU. The study's dependent variables included two posttraumatic stress disorder measures (CAPS and PCL-5). The independent variables were the Dissociative Experience Scale and Brief Symptom Inventory. Background and service-related variables were also examined.
    Results: Spearman correlation revealed that the higher the level of somatization is, the higher the level of PTSD via PCL and CAPS. A significant positive association was found between somatization and dissociation (r = 0.544; P < 0.001). The higher the somatization level, the more severe the dissociation. A multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict severe PTSD revealed that the longer the time elapsed from the traumatic event (OR = 1.019, P = 0.015), the higher the risk for severe PTSD. The most prominent variables were dissociation (OR = 6.420, P < 0.001) and somatization (OR = 4.792, P < 0.001). The entire model reached 40.8% of the shared variance in the regression.
    Conclusions: While there is direct reference to dissociation in the clinical assessment by PCL or CAPS, there is no such reference to somatization. Highly functioning combatants sometimes express their distress somatically. Our findings suggest regarding severe somatic symptoms as diagnostic criteria for PTSD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391061-1
    ISSN 1930-613X ; 0026-4075
    ISSN (online) 1930-613X
    ISSN 0026-4075
    DOI 10.1093/milmed/usae118
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: [WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR?]

    Bechor, Uzi / Shoval-Zuckerman, Yael / Tatsa-Laur, Lucian / Shelef, Leah

    Harefuah

    2023  Volume 162, Issue 10, Page(s) 631–637

    Abstract: Introduction: The question of what we know about the treatment of soldiers who are prisoners of war and kidnapped civilians is more relevant today than ever. On October 7, 2023, for 239 Israelis, the transition from an independent and autonomous person ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: The question of what we know about the treatment of soldiers who are prisoners of war and kidnapped civilians is more relevant today than ever. On October 7, 2023, for 239 Israelis, the transition from an independent and autonomous person to a captive was a sharp, brutal transition that interrupted the continuity of life. Taking prisoners of war (POWs) at this time included, in addition to soldiers, kidnapped civilians, older men, women, teenagers, children and toddlers. The existing knowledge about the treatment of such diverse populations, and in such large numbers, is scarce. Hence, it is a great challenge for all care providers when the POWs return home.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Adolescent ; Prisoners of War ; Prisoners ; Military Personnel ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
    Language Hebrew
    Publishing date 2023-12-20
    Publishing country Israel
    Document type English Abstract ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 953872-0
    ISSN 0017-7768
    ISSN 0017-7768
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: [THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MENTAL HEALTH - LITERATURE REVIEW].

    Shelef, Leah / Zalsman, Gil

    Harefuah

    2020  Volume 159, Issue 5, Page(s) 320–325

    Abstract: Introduction: The spread of epidemics resulting in many deaths has been known since the dawn of civilization, for example, the typhus and smallpox epidemics and the plague. Early in the previous century there was an outbreak of the Spanish Flue and ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: The spread of epidemics resulting in many deaths has been known since the dawn of civilization, for example, the typhus and smallpox epidemics and the plague. Early in the previous century there was an outbreak of the Spanish Flue and towards the end of the 60's, the AIDS epidemic (HIV). Since the start of the current century, several epidemics broke out and spread to various places around the world, for instance, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), the Avian Influenza and the Swine Influenza. In 2014 there was an outbreak of Ebola (Ebola virus disease) and in 2015 the Zika virus emerged and there were more. Epidemics cause havoc and impact all areas of life. Each epidemic takes an unfathomable price in lives. It is estimated, for example, that the AIDS epidemic took the lives of some 30 million people. The Corona virus (Covid-19) broke out in China, towards the end of 2019 and spread to most parts of the world. The implications of the outbreak are similar in many countries, among others, due to the uncertainty regarding the way the virus spreads, the appropriate treatment, the lack of vaccination and the high rate of deaths. Naturally, at such times physical protection is a top priority. However, coping with the implications to people's mental health is no less important and these may result in long-term negative impacts.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Disease Outbreaks ; HIV ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection
    Keywords covid19
    Language Hebrew
    Publishing date 2020-05-20
    Publishing country Israel
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 953872-0
    ISSN 0017-7768
    ISSN 0017-7768
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: COVID-19 vs. terrorism: Contribution of the COR theory to the process of coping with invisible threats.

    Shelef, Leah / Schiff, Miriam / Pat-Horenczyk, Ruth / Dekel, Rachel

    Journal of psychiatric research

    2022  Volume 147, Page(s) 176–182

    Abstract: Two years have passed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The entire world is still struggling with the virus and its mutations, and governments have been imposing various restrictions, including social distancing and quarantine. This paper ... ...

    Abstract Two years have passed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The entire world is still struggling with the virus and its mutations, and governments have been imposing various restrictions, including social distancing and quarantine. This paper leans on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theoretical model in comparing the impact of COVID-19 with that of an ongoing threat of terror attacks, allowing us to understand the similarities and differences between them. Such exploration could result in an understanding that may guide devising psycho-social interventions to minimize the negative psychological consequences of a continuous life-threatening situation. By applying the extensive available literature on the aftermath of terrorist attacks to the little-known long-run consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper comes up with several guidelines such as increasing online social support and enhancing adaptive coping with stress, that are applicable on the individual, community, and societal levels.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptation, Psychological ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Terrorism/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 3148-3
    ISSN 1879-1379 ; 0022-3956
    ISSN (online) 1879-1379
    ISSN 0022-3956
    DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.023
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: The Psychological Impact of Exposure to Battle on Medics: A Cross-Sectional Study of Ex-Soldiers Who Sought Help From the IDF Combat Reaction Unit.

    Shelef, Leah / Bechor, Uzi / Ohayon, Ofir / Tatsa-Laur, Lucian / Antonovsky, Avishai

    Military medicine

    2023  Volume 189, Issue 3-4, Page(s) e781–e788

    Abstract: Introduction: The present study's central aim was to examine two questions: (1) Will there be differences in mental health outcomes between medics and non-medics who sought help at the Israeli Combat Reaction Unit (CRU)? (2) Will there be differences in ...

    Abstract Introduction: The present study's central aim was to examine two questions: (1) Will there be differences in mental health outcomes between medics and non-medics who sought help at the Israeli Combat Reaction Unit (CRU)? (2) Will there be differences in mental health outcomes between combatants and non-combatants?
    Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included files of 1,474 Israeli Defense Forces ex-service members (89% combatants, of whom 13% were medics; 11% non-combatants, of whom 6% were medics), who filled out questionnaires on admission for evaluation at the CRU.Dependent variables were mental health measures and included two PTSD measures (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), Beck Depression Inventory, Dissociative Experience Scale, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Military profession (medics vs. non-medics) and status (combatant vs. non-combatant) were the independent variables. Background variables were also examined.
    Results: We found no substantial differences between medics and non-medics in the mental health measures. When looking at combat and non-combat separately, the non-combat medics (CMs), in general, were in better mental health conditions than the other three groups- CMs, non-medic combatants, and non-medic non-combatants-all of whom had similar scores in the mental health measures. However, compared to the rest, non-CMs took considerably longer years before approaching the CRU.
    Conclusions: The elapsed time to seek help for non-MCs was explained by their reluctance to seek help, not being combatants, and being medics who are portrayed as resilient. Recommendations for encouraging this subgroup to seek help were given.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Military Personnel ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Mental Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Mental Disorders
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391061-1
    ISSN 1930-613X ; 0026-4075
    ISSN (online) 1930-613X
    ISSN 0026-4075
    DOI 10.1093/milmed/usad368
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Are intelligent people more likely to get vaccinated? The association between COVID-19 vaccine adherence and cognitive profiles.

    Zur, Meital / Shelef, Leah / Glassberg, Elon / Fink, Noam / Matok, Ilan / Friedensohn, Limor

    Vaccine

    2023  Volume 41, Issue 40, Page(s) 5848–5853

    Abstract: Introduction: Since vaccination adherence is crucial in reducing morbidity and mortality during a pandemic, we characterized the association between demographic, intelligence, and personal attributes and COVID-19 vaccination adherence among young adults. ...

    Abstract Introduction: Since vaccination adherence is crucial in reducing morbidity and mortality during a pandemic, we characterized the association between demographic, intelligence, and personal attributes and COVID-19 vaccination adherence among young adults.
    Methods: Cohort study including vaccination data of 185,061 personnel, collected during 13 months of COVID-19 vaccination campaign, while a wide array of vaccination incentives were offered. The effect of demographic data (age, gender and socioeconomic status), military medical fitness - fit for combat service, administrative service, or unfit (volunteering), general intelligence score (GIS) and military social score (MSS) assessing social abilities, on vaccine adherence (allocating by IMOH guidelines) was examined.
    Results: Adherent (vs. nonadherent) personnel presented higher GIS (mean 5.68 ± 1.84 vs. 4.72 ± 1.91) and MSS (median 26 (IQR 23-29) vs. 24 (IQR 19-26)), p < 0.001 for both. Higher intelligence was the strongest predictor for vaccine adherence (OR = 5.38, 95 %CI 5.11-5.67, p < 0.001). The probability for vaccine adherence increased in association with escalating GIS scores, with highest GIS females more likely to adhere to vaccination than same-level males (OR = 5.66, 95 %CI 5.09-6.28 vs. OR = 3.69, 95 %CI 3.45-3.94, respectively, p < 0.001 for both). Medically fit service-members were approximately three times as likely to be adherent than volunteering personnel (OR = 2.90 (95 %CI 2.65-3.17) for administrative and OR = 2.94 (95 %CI 2.70-3.21) for combative fitness, p < 0.001 for both).
    Conclusions: During a COVID-19 vaccination campaign, addressing vaccine hesitancy contributing factors and providing wide vaccine availability, GIS and physical fitness had the strongest association with vaccination adherence among young adults. When planning future vaccination campaigns, implementing these insights should be considered to improve adherence.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Male ; Young Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Cohort Studies ; Intelligence ; Cognition
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-15
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.019
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Predicting mental burnout among Israeli Home Front Command soldiers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Antonovsky, Avishai / Danon, Roey / Schiff, Miriam / Shelef, Leah

    Health promotion international

    2021  Volume 37, Issue 2

    Abstract: Background: The present study examined personality, situational and organizational predictors of burnout during COVID-19 in a military setting, based on the salutogenic theory of health (Antonovsky, 1987).: Method: Questionnaires were completed by ... ...

    Abstract Background: The present study examined personality, situational and organizational predictors of burnout during COVID-19 in a military setting, based on the salutogenic theory of health (Antonovsky, 1987).
    Method: Questionnaires were completed by 116 reserve Israeli Home Front Command medical staff (71% males). Background variables (e.g., gender), personality variables (self-efficacy and sense of coherence - SOC), situational variables (state-anxiety, self-rated health and sense of threat) and organizational variables (satisfaction with military's and government's handling of the COVID-19 crisis) were measured as predictors of burnout.
    Results: Females had higher levels of state anxiety and burnout compared to males. Females also reported a lower level of satisfaction with the military's handling of the COVID-19 crisis than males. SOC and state anxiety were the only statistically significant predictors of burnout after controlling for sociodemographic variables. The entire model explained 59.4% of the burnout variance.
    Conclusion: In accordance with salutogenic theory, SOC is associated with active adaptation through use of generalized and specific resistance resources to avoid burnout in a stressful milieu. Psychological support, psychoeducation and simulation training are offered to increase manageability in crisis situations.
    Limitations: Following a large dropout rate due to being quarantined, the final sample size was much smaller than planned. Also, although previous longitudinal studies have found SOC to be a causal factor in burnout, the present cross-sectional design limits such conclusions.
    MeSH term(s) Burnout, Professional/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Israel/epidemiology ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Pandemics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1027448-0
    ISSN 1460-2245 ; 0957-4824
    ISSN (online) 1460-2245
    ISSN 0957-4824
    DOI 10.1093/heapro/daab036
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: [THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF A PANDEMIC OUTBREAK ON MEDICAL STAFF - LITERATURE REVIEW].

    Shelef, Leah / Schiff, Miriam / Zalsman, Gil

    Harefuah

    2020  Volume 159, Issue 5, Page(s) 326–331

    Abstract: Introduction: In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an international emergency due to the outbreak of COVID-19. In March 2020 the WHO announced that the epidemic could be characterized as a pandemic. Subsequently, the WHO ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an international emergency due to the outbreak of COVID-19. In March 2020 the WHO announced that the epidemic could be characterized as a pandemic. Subsequently, the WHO acknowledged the importance of providing support to the medical teams, realizing the enormous burden and stress facing this group. The aim of the present study is to review the up-to-date professional literature dealing with the psychological impact of a pandemic outbreak on medical staff. The literature existing so-far is scarce. It does, however, provide evidence of the short- and long-term impact of such epidemics on the mental health of the medical teams. Direct exposure to affected patients, the risk of contagion, a subjectively negative perception of one's medical condition and being in isolation or quarantine, all constitute risk factors for mental symptoms such as depression, anxiety and post-trauma. A sense of control, especially regarding the means of protection and controlling infection, altruistic acceptance of the work-related risks, social support, good team-spirit in the medical unit and support from superiors are all protective factors.
    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; World Health Organization
    Keywords covid19
    Language Hebrew
    Publishing date 2020-06-03
    Publishing country Israel
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 953872-0
    ISSN 0017-7768
    ISSN 0017-7768
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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