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  1. Article ; Online: Outbreak detection algorithms based on generalized linear model: a review with new practical examples.

    Zareie, Bushra / Poorolajal, Jalal / Roshani, Amin / Karami, Manoochehr

    BMC medical research methodology

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 235

    Abstract: Public health surveillance serves a crucial function within health systems, enabling the monitoring, early detection, and warning of infectious diseases. Recently, outbreak detection algorithms have gained significant importance across various ... ...

    Abstract Public health surveillance serves a crucial function within health systems, enabling the monitoring, early detection, and warning of infectious diseases. Recently, outbreak detection algorithms have gained significant importance across various surveillance systems, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. These algorithms are approached from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The theoretical aspect entails the development and introduction of novel statistical methods that capture the interest of statisticians. In contrast, the practical aspect involves designing outbreak detection systems and employing diverse methodologies for monitoring syndromes, thus drawing the attention of epidemiologists and health managers. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made in the field of surveillance, resulting in valuable publications that introduce new statistical methods and compare their performance. The generalized linear model (GLM) family has undergone various advancements in comparison to other statistical methods and models. This study aims to present and describe GLM-based methods, providing a coherent comparison between them. Initially, a historical overview of outbreak detection algorithms based on the GLM family is provided, highlighting commonly used methods. Furthermore, real data from Measles and COVID-19 are utilized to demonstrate examples of these methods. This study will be useful for researchers in both theoretical and practical aspects of outbreak detection methods, enabling them to familiarize themselves with the key techniques within the GLM family and facilitate comparisons, particularly for those with limited mathematical expertise.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Communicable Diseases ; Algorithms ; Population Surveillance/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041362-2
    ISSN 1471-2288 ; 1471-2288
    ISSN (online) 1471-2288
    ISSN 1471-2288
    DOI 10.1186/s12874-023-02050-z
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  2. Article ; Online: Outbreak detection algorithms based on generalized linear model

    Bushra Zareie / Jalal Poorolajal / Amin Roshani / Manoochehr Karami

    BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    a review with new practical examples

    2023  Volume 16

    Abstract: Abstract Public health surveillance serves a crucial function within health systems, enabling the monitoring, early detection, and warning of infectious diseases. Recently, outbreak detection algorithms have gained significant importance across various ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Public health surveillance serves a crucial function within health systems, enabling the monitoring, early detection, and warning of infectious diseases. Recently, outbreak detection algorithms have gained significant importance across various surveillance systems, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. These algorithms are approached from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The theoretical aspect entails the development and introduction of novel statistical methods that capture the interest of statisticians. In contrast, the practical aspect involves designing outbreak detection systems and employing diverse methodologies for monitoring syndromes, thus drawing the attention of epidemiologists and health managers. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made in the field of surveillance, resulting in valuable publications that introduce new statistical methods and compare their performance. The generalized linear model (GLM) family has undergone various advancements in comparison to other statistical methods and models. This study aims to present and describe GLM-based methods, providing a coherent comparison between them. Initially, a historical overview of outbreak detection algorithms based on the GLM family is provided, highlighting commonly used methods. Furthermore, real data from Measles and COVID-19 are utilized to demonstrate examples of these methods. This study will be useful for researchers in both theoretical and practical aspects of outbreak detection methods, enabling them to familiarize themselves with the key techniques within the GLM family and facilitate comparisons, particularly for those with limited mathematical expertise.
    Keywords Early aberration ; GLMs with negative binomial ; GLMs with Poisson ; Outbreak algorithm ; Statistical surveillance ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
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  3. Article: A Combined Nomogram Model to Preoperatively Predict Positive Sentinel Lymph Biopsy for Breast Cancer In Iranian Population.

    Nafissi, Nahid / Zareie, Bushra / Rezagholi, Payman / Moayeri, Hassan

    Advanced biomedical research

    2022  Volume 11, Page(s) 108

    Abstract: Background: Axillary dissection in breast cancer provides useful information on the degree of axillary nodule involvement, which serves as a reliable indicator for the prognosis and staging of breast cancer in patients. The aim of this study was to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Axillary dissection in breast cancer provides useful information on the degree of axillary nodule involvement, which serves as a reliable indicator for the prognosis and staging of breast cancer in patients. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the nomogram model by combining prognostic factors and clinical features to predict the node status of preoperative breast guard positive node cancer.
    Materials and methods: Subjects consisted of patients referring to hospitals with the diagnosis of breast cancer. Patients were allowed to substitute molecular subtypes with data on breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis as well as sentinel node status. The bootstrap review was used for internal validation. The predicted performance was evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. According to the logistic regression analysis, the nomograms reported material strength between predictors and final status reliability.
    Results: 1172 patients participated in the study, of whom only 539 patients had axillary lymph node involvement. The subtype, family history, calcification, and necrosis were not significantly related to axillary lymph node involvement. Tumor size, histological type, and lymphovascular invasion in multivariate logistic regression were significantly and directly correlated with axillary lymph node involvement.
    Conclusion: Nomograms, depending on the population, help make decisions to prevent axillary surgery. It seems that the prediction model presented in this study, based on the results of the neuromography, can help surgeons make a more informed decision on underarm surgery. Moreover, in some cases, their surgical program will be informed by accurate medical care and preclusion of major surgeries such as ALND.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-28
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2672524-1
    ISSN 2277-9175
    ISSN 2277-9175
    DOI 10.4103/abr.abr_286_21
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  4. Article ; Online: Risk of primary lung cancer after breast cancer radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Zareie, Bushra / Rasouli, Mohammad Aziz / Poorolajal, Jalal

    Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan)

    2022  Volume 29, Issue 2, Page(s) 361–367

    Abstract: Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of secondary malignancies may increase by radiotherapy. Lung cancer is the most important long-term complication of breast cancer radiotherapy.: Methods: Major electronic databases ... ...

    Abstract Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of secondary malignancies may increase by radiotherapy. Lung cancer is the most important long-term complication of breast cancer radiotherapy.
    Methods: Major electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched. All cohort studies that investigated the association between radiotherapy for breast cancer and risk of primary lung, bronchus, and trachea cancers conducted until March 2021 were included. The study participants were evaluated regardless of their age and ethnicity. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. The designated effects were risk ratio (RR). The random-effects model was used to estimate the average effects.
    Results: Fifteen studies including 1,640,247 women with primary breast cancer were identified of which 937,151 had not received radiotherapy and 703,096 subjects had received radiotherapy. In general, there was no significant association between breast cancer radiotherapy and lung cancer based on 10 studies (RR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.87-1.02, P = 0.15), There was no association between breast cancer radiotherapy and lung, bronchus, and trachea cancers either based on 5 studies (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.93-1.02, P = 0.32).
    Conclusion: Radiotherapy for breast cancer is not associated with an excess risk of lung cancer. Due to the limited number of studies, lack of data regarding smoking status, and substantial variation in exposure of the lungs in breast cancer radiotherapy worldwide, further investigations based on randomized controlled trials are suggested to address the potential risk of lung cancer after breast cancer radiotherapy.
    MeSH term(s) Breast Neoplasms/complications ; Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy ; Neoplasms, Second Primary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-28
    Publishing country Japan
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2052429-8
    ISSN 1880-4233 ; 1340-6868
    ISSN (online) 1880-4233
    ISSN 1340-6868
    DOI 10.1007/s12282-021-01318-w
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  5. Article ; Online: Comparing the Efficacy and Adverse Events of Available COVID-19 Vaccines Through Randomized Controlled Trials: Updated Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

    Hossaini, Shima / Keramat, Fariba / Cheraghi, Zahra / Zareie, Bushra / Doosti-Irani, Amin

    Journal of research in health sciences

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 4, Page(s) e00593

    Abstract: Background: Different vaccines have so far been developed and approved to cope with COVID-19 in the world. The aim of this updated network meta-analysis (NMA) was to compare and rank all available vaccines in terms of efficacy and complications ... ...

    Abstract Background: Different vaccines have so far been developed and approved to cope with COVID-19 in the world. The aim of this updated network meta-analysis (NMA) was to compare and rank all available vaccines in terms of efficacy and complications simultaneously.
    Methods: Three major international databases, including Web of Science, Medline via PubMed, and Scopus, were searched through September 2023. The transitivity assumption was evaluated qualitatively in terms of epidemiologic effect modifiers. The exposure of interest in this study was receiving any available COVID-19 vaccine, and the primary outcome of interest was the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19. In this NMA, the relative risk of symptomatic COVID-19 was used to summarize the efficacy of vaccines in preventing COVID-19. The data were analyzed using the frequentist-based approach, and the results were reported using a random-effects model. Finally, the vaccines were ranked using a P-score.
    Results: In total, 34 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review and NMA out of 3682 retrieved references. Based on the results of the NMA, mRNA-1273 was the most effective vaccine in preventing COVID-19 and demonstrated the highest P-score (0.93). The relative risk (RR) for mRNA-1273 versus placebo was 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03, 0.17). The second and third-ranked vaccines were BNT-162b2 (RR=0.08; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.15; P-score=0.93) and Gam-COVID-Vac (0.09; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.25; 0.88).
    Conclusion: Based on the results of this NMA, it seems that all available vaccines were effective in COVID-19 prevention. However, the top three ranked vaccines were mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2, and Gam-COVID-Vac, respectively.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Network Meta-Analysis ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 (EPK39PL4R4) ; BNT162 Vaccine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-29
    Publishing country Iran
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2575001-X
    ISSN 2228-7809 ; 2228-7809
    ISSN (online) 2228-7809
    ISSN 2228-7809
    DOI 10.34172/jrhs.2023.128
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  6. Article ; Online: Association of maternal diabetes during pregnancy with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring in an Iranian population

    Soleiman Mohammadzadeh / Samad Hamidi / Mohammad Aziz Rasouli / Bahar Sahadatmand / Bushra Zareie

    Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 23-

    A case-control study

    2023  Volume 29

    Abstract: Background and aims: Gestational diabetes has long-term adverse consequences for both the mother and child and seems to be a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. However, no research has been conducted in this ... ...

    Abstract Background and aims: Gestational diabetes has long-term adverse consequences for both the mother and child and seems to be a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. However, no research has been conducted in this regard in Iran. Methods: This was a case-control study. The sample consisted of 225 children who were referred to the general and psychiatric clinic of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj and were evaluated for a history of maternal diabetes in the fetal period. The diagnosis of ADHD in children was based on a structured clinical interview with Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) by a psychiatrist and a short and revised form of Conners’ parent scale. The data were analyzed using Stata 14. Results: The results showed that 25.3% of the mothers of children with ADHD had gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and 17.3% were taking diabetes medication. However, the results revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the history of gestational diabetes and ADHD (P=0.427). Furthermore, the logistic regression results demonstrated that the place of residence (P<0.027, OR=8.351) increases the probability of suffering from ADHD in children, while the age of the mother during pregnancy (P<0.031, OR=0.907) decreases the probability of the child suffering from ADHD. Conclusion: Although cohort studies have associated gestational diabetes with an increased risk of ADHD in children, the results of this case-control study do not support this association.
    Keywords gestational diabetes ; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; adhd ; maternal diabetes ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Lifetime and past-month alcohol use and related factors among female sex workers in Iran.

    Rasouli, Mohammad Aziz / Zareie, Bushra / Gouya, Mohammad Mehdi / Hadavandsiri, Fatemeh / Mahboobi, Marzieh / Moradi, Yousef / Moradi, Rozhin / Moradi, Ghobad

    Brain and behavior

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 12, Page(s) e3288

    Abstract: Objective: Alcohol use is more common among female sex workers (FSWs). This study assessed the prevalence of lifetime and past-month alcohol use and related factors among FSWs in Iran.: Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1464 women ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Alcohol use is more common among female sex workers (FSWs). This study assessed the prevalence of lifetime and past-month alcohol use and related factors among FSWs in Iran.
    Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1464 women from 8 major cities in Iran. Behavioral data were collected by trained interviewers and conducted face-to-face in a private room. Weighted analysis was used to determine the lifetime and past-month alcohol use prevalence. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between alcohol use and independent variables.
    Results: The most alcohol used in lifetime and past-month (weekly, less than once a week, and daily) in FSWs was 52.7% (12.25%, 12.94%, and 1.83%), respectively. In the final model, factors that were independently associated with alcohol use included the 31-40 years (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.13-5.15), education level of diploma (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.31-4.51), history of lifetime drug use (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 2.01-3.89), history of lifetime group sex (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.41-3.03), history of intentional abortion (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.06-1.92), six or more sexual clients in the last month (AOR = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.80-5.87), history of lifetime anal sex (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.82-3.35), and FSWs the married, temporarily married, and living with partner were positively associated with lifetime alcohol use.
    Conclusion: Alcohol use is prevalent among FSWs in Iran. Further prevention programs are needed to address and reduce harms associated with alcohol use among this vulnerable population in Iran. Designing intervention programs, it is suggested to consider other variables affecting alcohol use in FSWs.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Sex Workers ; Iran/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Sexual Behavior ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2623587-0
    ISSN 2162-3279 ; 2162-3279
    ISSN (online) 2162-3279
    ISSN 2162-3279
    DOI 10.1002/brb3.3288
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  8. Article: Drug use patterns and related factors among female sex workers in Iran in 2019-2020: results from Integrated Bio-Behavioral Surveillance-III (IBBS-III).

    Zareie, Bushra / Rasouli, Mohammad Aziz / Gouya, Mohammad Mehdi / Akbarpour, Samaneh / Hadavandsiri, Fatemeh / Rezaei, Elham / Moradi, Yousef / Soltani, Ali / Moradi, Ghobad

    Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique

    2023  Volume 81, Issue 1, Page(s) 120

    Abstract: Introduction: Drug use is highly prevalent among female sex workers (FSWs). Some forms of drug use, such as injecting drug users (IDU), put them at greater risks for HIV and blood born disease (BBD). In this study, the pattern of drug use and its ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Drug use is highly prevalent among female sex workers (FSWs). Some forms of drug use, such as injecting drug users (IDU), put them at greater risks for HIV and blood born disease (BBD). In this study, the pattern of drug use and its related factors among Iranian FSWs were investigated.
    Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed based on the data of the integrated bio-behavioral surveillance-III (IBBS-III) on FSWs in 8 cities of Iran using the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method conducting in 2019-2020. Of the 1515 FSWs participating in the IBBS-III study, 1,480 answered questions about drug use. To calculate the prevalence of drug use lifetime and in the past month, weighted analysis was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the factors related to drug use.
    Results: The prevalence of lifetime drug use and the prevalence of current drug use (single and poly drug use) among FSWs were estimated to be 29.3% and 18.86%, respectively. According to multivariate regression analysis, the odds ratio (odds) of lifetime drug use showed a statistically significant association with lower education (AOR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07-1.3), being a direct sex worker (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.21-2.61), working in team houses or hangouts (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.10-2.06), a history of intentional abortion (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.07-1.87), condom use in the last sex (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.19-2.17), a history of imprisonment (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI: 2.25-4.14), HIV positive tests (AOR = 8.24; 95% CI: 1.66-40.9), alcohol use (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.29-2.29), and finding sexual clients in places such as parties, shopping malls, streets, and hotels, or by friends (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.01-2.12).
    Conclusion: Given that drug use among FSWs is about 14 times higher than that of the Iranian general population, it is imperative that drug reduction programs be integrated into service packages. Specifically, prevention programs should be prioritized for occasional drug users within this population as they are at a greater risk of developing drug use issues compared to the general population.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1117688-x
    ISSN 2049-3258 ; 0778-7367 ; 0003-9578
    ISSN (online) 2049-3258
    ISSN 0778-7367 ; 0003-9578
    DOI 10.1186/s13690-023-01143-x
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 147: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  9. Article ; Online: Drug use patterns and related factors among female sex workers in Iran in 2019–2020

    Bushra Zareie / Mohammad Aziz Rasouli / Mohammad Mehdi Gouya / Samaneh Akbarpour / Fatemeh Hadavandsiri / Elham Rezaei / Yousef Moradi / Ali Soltani / Ghobad Moradi

    Archives of Public Health, Vol 81, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    results from Integrated Bio-Behavioral Surveillance-III (IBBS-III)

    2023  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract Introduction Drug use is highly prevalent among female sex workers (FSWs). Some forms of drug use, such as injecting drug users (IDU), put them at greater risks for HIV and blood born disease (BBD). In this study, the pattern of drug use and its ...

    Abstract Abstract Introduction Drug use is highly prevalent among female sex workers (FSWs). Some forms of drug use, such as injecting drug users (IDU), put them at greater risks for HIV and blood born disease (BBD). In this study, the pattern of drug use and its related factors among Iranian FSWs were investigated. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was performed based on the data of the integrated bio-behavioral surveillance-III (IBBS-III) on FSWs in 8 cities of Iran using the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method conducting in 2019–2020. Of the 1515 FSWs participating in the IBBS-III study, 1,480 answered questions about drug use. To calculate the prevalence of drug use lifetime and in the past month, weighted analysis was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the factors related to drug use. Results The prevalence of lifetime drug use and the prevalence of current drug use (single and poly drug use) among FSWs were estimated to be 29.3% and 18.86%, respectively. According to multivariate regression analysis, the odds ratio (odds) of lifetime drug use showed a statistically significant association with lower education (AOR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.3), being a direct sex worker (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.21–2.61), working in team houses or hangouts (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.10–2.06), a history of intentional abortion (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.07–1.87), condom use in the last sex (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.19–2.17), a history of imprisonment (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI: 2.25–4.14), HIV positive tests (AOR = 8.24; 95% CI: 1.66–40.9), alcohol use (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.29–2.29), and finding sexual clients in places such as parties, shopping malls, streets, and hotels, or by friends (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.01–2.12). Conclusion Given that drug use among FSWs is about 14 times higher than that of the Iranian general population, it is imperative that drug reduction programs be integrated into service packages. Specifically, prevention programs should be prioritized for occasional drug users ...
    Keywords Female sex workers ; Drug use ; High risk behaviors ; Bio-behavioral surveillance ; Iran ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
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  10. Article: Evaluating the quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the HbA1c: A national survey in Iran.

    Moradi, Ghobad / Shokri, Azad / Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad / Zareie, Bushra / Piroozi, Bakhtiar

    Heliyon

    2021  Volume 7, Issue 3, Page(s) e06485

    Abstract: Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of care for type2 diabetic patients based on the HbA1c in Iran.: Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 among patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of care for type2 diabetic patients based on the HbA1c in Iran.
    Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 among patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. The data were collected through a three-part questionnaire including demographic information, disease-related records, and HbA1C status of patients. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between the outcome variable (HbA1c status) and the independent variables in Stata 12.
    Results: The mean HBA1c was 8.01 ± 1.76% among 1,198 diabetic patients, and more than 66% of them had HBA1c above 7%, i.e. they had uncontrolled blood sugar levels. HBA1c has the highest average among people with more than 10 years of diabetes (8.47 ± 1.77%), self-employed people (8.36 ± 1.94%), illiterate people or those with elementary education (8.13 ± 1.76%) and people with poor economic status (8.12 ± 1.79%). Also, in the final model, people with more than 10 years of disease history had the highest prevalence of HBA1C > 7 with a chance ratio of 3.28 (P < 0.001, 95%CI: 2.37-4.53) and followed by illiterate people or those with elementary education with a chance ratio of 1.6 (P = 0.020, 95%CI: 1.08-2.39) compared to those with high school diploma or academic education.
    Conclusion: The prevalence of adverse HBA1c in 66% of the studied subjects indicates an inappropriate status of diabetes control in Iran. This indicates the poor quality of services provided to the diabetics. This is a warning sign and requires appropriate interventions to improve the quality of services provided to diabetic patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06485
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