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Article ; Online: West Nile Virus and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases - United States, 2021.

Fagre, Anna C / Lyons, Shelby / Staples, J Erin / Lindsey, Nicole

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

2023 Volume 72, Issue 34, Page(s) 901–906

Abstract: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes or ticks, and in the continental United States, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease. ... ...

Abstract	Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes or ticks, and in the continental United States, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease. Other arboviruses cause sporadic cases of disease as well as occasional outbreaks. This report summarizes 2021 surveillance data reported to CDC by U.S. jurisdictions for nationally notifiable arboviruses; the report excludes chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease cases, because these infections were acquired primarily through travel during 2021. Forty-nine states and the District of Columbia reported 3,035 cases of domestic arboviral disease, including those caused by West Nile (2,911), La Crosse (40), Jamestown Canyon (32), Powassan (24), St. Louis encephalitis (17), unspecified California serogroup (six), and eastern equine encephalitis (five) viruses. Among the WNV disease cases, 2,008 (69%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease, for a national incidence of 0.61 cases per 100,000 population. Because arboviral diseases continue to cause serious illness, maintaining surveillance programs to monitor their transmission and prevalence is important to the direction and promotion of prevention activities. Health care providers should consider arboviral infections in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, obtain appropriate specimens for laboratory testing, and promptly report cases to public health authorities. Prevention depends on community and household efforts to reduce vector populations and personal protective measures to prevent mosquito and tick bites, such as use of Environmental Protection Agency-registered insect repellent and wearing protective clothing.
MeSH term(s)	Horses ; Animals ; Humans ; West Nile virus ; Mosquito Vectors ; Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology ; Yellow Fever ; District of Columbia ; Zika Virus Infection ; Culicidae ; Zika Virus
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	412775-4
ISSN	1545-861X ; 0149-2195
ISSN (online)	1545-861X
ISSN	0149-2195
DOI	10.15585/mmwr.mm7234a1
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Article ; Online: Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?

Fagre, Anna C / Kading, Rebekah C

Viruses

2019 Volume 11, Issue 3

Abstract: Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), ...

Abstract	Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV). Direct transmission cycles are often implicated in these outbreaks, with virus shed in bat feces, urine, and saliva. An additional mode of virus transmission between bats and humans requiring further exploration is the spread of disease via arthropod vectors. Despite the shared ecological niches that bats fill with many hematophagous arthropods (e.g. mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, etc.) known to play a role in the transmission of medically important arboviruses, knowledge surrounding the potential for bats to act as reservoirs for arboviruses is limited. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining the current understanding and potential for bats to act as reservoirs for viruses transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Serosurveillance and viral isolation from either free-ranging or captive bats are described in relation to four arboviral groups (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arboviruses/isolation & purification ; Arboviruses/physiology ; Arthropod Vectors/virology ; Chiroptera/virology ; Dengue Virus/isolation & purification ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Diptera/virology ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; West Nile virus/isolation & purification ; West Nile virus/physiology ; Zika Virus/isolation & purification ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zoonoses/transmission ; Zoonoses/virology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11030215
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Article ; Online: Coronavirus sampling and surveillance in bats from 1996-2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cohen, Lily E / Fagre, Anna C / Chen, Binqi / Carlson, Colin J / Becker, Daniel J

Nature microbiology

2023 Volume 8, Issue 6, Page(s) 1176–1186

Abstract: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlights a need for evidence-based strategies to monitor bat viruses. We performed a systematic review of coronavirus sampling (testing for RNA positivity) in bats globally. We identified 110 studies published between 2005 ... ...

Abstract	The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlights a need for evidence-based strategies to monitor bat viruses. We performed a systematic review of coronavirus sampling (testing for RNA positivity) in bats globally. We identified 110 studies published between 2005 and 2020 that collectively reported positivity from 89,752 bat samples. We compiled 2,274 records of infection prevalence at the finest methodological, spatiotemporal and phylogenetic level of detail possible from public records into an open, static database named datacov, together with metadata on sampling and diagnostic methods. We found substantial heterogeneity in viral prevalence across studies, reflecting spatiotemporal variation in viral dynamics and methodological differences. Meta-analysis identified sample type and sampling design as the best predictors of prevalence, with virus detection maximized in rectal and faecal samples and by repeat sampling of the same site. Fewer than one in five studies collected and reported longitudinal data, and euthanasia did not improve virus detection. We show that bat sampling before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was concentrated in China, with research gaps in South Asia, the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa, and in subfamilies of phyllostomid bats. We propose that surveillance strategies should address these gaps to improve global health security and enable the origins of zoonotic coronaviruses to be identified.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Chiroptera ; Phylogeny ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; China
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	2058-5276
ISSN (online)	2058-5276
DOI	10.1038/s41564-023-01375-1
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Article: First recorded outbreak of

Mayer, Treana / Moskaluk, Alexandra E / Kolby, Jonathan E / Russell, Michael / Schaffer, Paula / Fagre, Anna C

Medical mycology case reports

2022 Volume 38, Page(s) 13–17

Abstract: We describe fatal phaeohyphomycosis due ... ...

Abstract	We describe fatal phaeohyphomycosis due to
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2670415-8
ISSN	2211-7539
ISSN	2211-7539
DOI	10.1016/j.mmcr.2022.09.002
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Article: SARS-CoV-2 infects multiple species of North American deer mice and causes clinical disease in the California mouse.

Lewis, Juliette / Zhan, Shijun / Vilander, Allison C / Fagre, Anna C / Kiaris, Hippokratis / Schountz, Tony

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2022

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and its rapid global spread has resulted in millions of deaths. An important public health ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and its rapid global spread has resulted in millions of deaths. An important public health consideration is the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to establish endemicity in a secondary animal reservoir outside of Asia or acquire adaptations that result in new variants with the ability to evade the immune response and reinfect the human population. Previous work has shown that North American deer mice ( Importance: A significant concern is the spillback of SARS-CoV-2 into North American wildlife species. We have determined that several species of peromyscine rodents, the most abundant mammals in North America, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that infection is likely long enough that the virus may be able to establish persistence in local rodent populations. Strikingly, some California mice developed clinical disease that suggests this species may be useful for the study of human co-morbidities often associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2022.08.22.504888
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Article ; Online: Bartonella Infection in Fruit Bats and Bat Flies, Bangladesh.

Fagre, Anna C / Islam, Ausraful / Reeves, Will K / Kading, Rebekah C / Plowright, Raina K / Gurley, Emily S / McKee, Clifton D

Microbial ecology

2023 Volume 86, Issue 4, Page(s) 2910–2922

Abstract: Bats harbor diverse intracellular Bartonella bacteria, but there is limited understanding of the factors that influence transmission over time. Investigation of Bartonella dynamics in bats could reveal general factors that control transmission of ... ...

Abstract	Bats harbor diverse intracellular Bartonella bacteria, but there is limited understanding of the factors that influence transmission over time. Investigation of Bartonella dynamics in bats could reveal general factors that control transmission of multiple bat-borne pathogens, including viruses. We used molecular methods to detect Bartonella DNA in paired bat (Pteropus medius) blood and bat flies in the family Nycteribiidae collected from a roost in Faridpur, Bangladesh between September 2020 and January 2021. We detected high prevalence of Bartonella DNA in bat blood (35/55, 64%) and bat flies (59/60, 98%), with sequences grouping into three phylogenetic clades. Prevalence in bat blood increased over the study period (33% to 90%), reflecting an influx of juvenile bats in the population and an increase in the prevalence of bat flies. Discordance between infection status and the clade/genotype of detected Bartonella was also observed in pairs of bats and their flies, providing evidence that bat flies take blood meals from multiple bat hosts. This evidence of bat fly transfer between hosts and the changes in Bartonella prevalence during a period of increasing nycteribiid density support the role of bat flies as vectors of bartonellae. The study provides novel information on comparative prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella in pteropodid bats and their ectoparasites, as well as demographic factors that affect Bartonella transmission and potentially other bat-borne pathogens.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Phylogeny ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Chiroptera ; Genetic Variation ; Bartonella Infections/epidemiology ; Bartonella Infections/veterinary ; Bartonella Infections/microbiology ; Bartonella/genetics ; DNA
Chemical Substances	DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1462065-0
ISSN	1432-184X ; 0095-3628
ISSN (online)	1432-184X
ISSN	0095-3628
DOI	10.1007/s00248-023-02293-9
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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of

Fagre, Anna C / Mayo, Christie E / Pabilonia, Kristy L / Landolt, Gabriele A

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc

2020 Volume 32, Issue 5, Page(s) 718–721

Abstract: Detection ... ...

Abstract	Detection of
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; Colorado/epidemiology ; Female ; Horse Diseases/epidemiology ; Horse Diseases/microbiology ; Horses ; Leptospira ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology ; Leptospirosis/microbiology ; Leptospirosis/veterinary ; Male ; Prevalence ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serogroup
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	287603-6
ISSN	1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
ISSN (online)	1943-4936
ISSN	1040-6387
DOI	10.1177/1040638720943155
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Zs.A 3645: Show issues

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Article: Three Immunocompetent Small Animal Models That Do Not Support Zika Virus Infection.

Miller, Megan R / Fagre, Anna C / Clarkson, Taylor C / Markle, Erin D / Foy, Brian D

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 10, Issue 8

Abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. ZIKV causes disease in infected humans with added complications of Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects in infants ... ...

Abstract	Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. ZIKV causes disease in infected humans with added complications of Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. There are several large immunocompetent animal models for ZIKV including non-human primates (NHPs). NHP models closely reflect human infection; however, due to sample size restrictions, investigations into the effects of transmission route and the impacts on disease dynamics have been understudied. Mice have been widely used for modeling ZIKV infection, yet there are few ZIKV-susceptible immunocompetent mouse models and none of these have been used to investigate sexual transmission. In an effort to identify a small immunocompetent animal model to characterize sexual transmission of ZIKV, we attempt experimental infection of multimammate mice, New Zealand white rabbits, and Hartley guinea pigs. The multimammate mouse is the natural reservoir of Lassa fever virus and has been identified to harbor other human pathogens. Likewise, while NZW rabbits are susceptible to West Nile virus, they have not yet been examined for their susceptibility to infection with ZIKV. Guinea pigs have been successfully used as models for ZIKV infection, but only in immunocompromised life stages (young or pregnant). Here, it was found that the multimammate mouse and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are not susceptible ZIKV infection as determined by a lack viral RNA in tissues and fluids collected. Sexually mature male Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously and by mosquito bite, but found to be refractory to ZIKV infection, contrary to findings of other studies in young and pregnant guinea pigs. Interestingly, here it is shown that adult male guinea pigs are not susceptible to ZIKV infection, even when infected by natural route (e.g., mosquito bite). Although a new small animal model for the sexual transmission for ZIKV was not established through this study, these findings provide information on outbred animal species that are not permissive to infection (NZW rabbits and multimammate mice) and new information surrounding limitations of a previously established animal model (guinea pigs).
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10080971
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Article ; Online: Enhancing Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Surveillance in New Jersey: Optimized Collection of Culiseta Melanura.

Fagre, Anna C / Soto, Raymond A / Magleby, Reed / Cuadera, Mervin Keith Q / Sun, Alexandria / Cervantes, Kim / Crans, Scott C / Panella, Nicholas A / Kenney, Joan L / Angelus, Autumn / Burkhalter, Kristen L / Woell, Dana / Horiuchi, Kalanthe / Biggerstaff, Brad J / Staples, J Erin / Connelly, Roxanne / Martin, Stacey W / Komar, Nicholas

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

2024

Abstract: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) causes the most clinically severe neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States. The virus is endemic in eastern and Gulf Coast states and the Great Lakes region, causing cases annually. To detect EEEV ... ...

Abstract	Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) causes the most clinically severe neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States. The virus is endemic in eastern and Gulf Coast states and the Great Lakes region, causing cases annually. To detect EEEV circulation in its enzootic cycle before the virus infects humans and other mammals, mosquito control agencies in New Jersey have conducted mosquito surveillance using a series of permanent wooden resting box sites since 1975. We conducted 2 field studies, 1 evaluating resting traps and 1 evaluating efficacy of CO2 lures, to optimize collection of Culiseta melanura, the primary enzootic vector of EEEV. Resulting mosquito samples were subjected to molecular analysis to determine EEEV infection rates. Corrugated plastic boxes trapped more bloodfed Cs. melanura than other resting trap types (resting boxes, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] resting traps, or fiber pots) and were similar to resting boxes in total number of female Cs. melanura caught. Further, non-baited CDC light traps were more successful in trapping host-seeking Cs. melanura than those baited with dry ice, a CO2 lure. The EEEV RNA was identified in Cs. melanura, Aedes vexans, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Uranotaenia sapphirina. Our findings indicate that corrugated plastic boxes and non-CO2 baited traps could improve detection of Cs. melanura. Mosquito control agencies are encouraged to periodically assess their surveillance strategy for EEEV.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632618-3
ISSN	1943-6270 ; 8756-971X
ISSN (online)	1943-6270
ISSN	8756-971X
DOI	10.2987/23-7148
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Zs.B 2810: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Exploring the Mosquito-Arbovirus Network: A Survey of Vector Competence Experiments.

Chen, Binqi / Sweeny, Amy R / Wu, Velen Y / Christofferson, Rebecca C / Ebel, Gregory / Fagre, Anna C / Gallichotte, Emily / Kading, Rebekah C / Ryan, Sadie J / Carlson, Colin J

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

2023 Volume 108, Issue 5, Page(s) 987–994

Abstract: Arboviruses receive heightened research attention during major outbreaks or when they cause unusual or severe clinical disease, but they are otherwise undercharacterized. Global change is also accelerating the emergence and spread of arboviral diseases, ... ...

Abstract	Arboviruses receive heightened research attention during major outbreaks or when they cause unusual or severe clinical disease, but they are otherwise undercharacterized. Global change is also accelerating the emergence and spread of arboviral diseases, leading to time-sensitive questions about potential interactions between viruses and novel vectors. Vector competence experiments help determine the susceptibility of certain arthropods to a given arbovirus, but these experiments are often conducted in real time during outbreaks, rather than with preparedness in mind. We conducted a systematic review of reported mosquito-arbovirus competence experiments, screening 570 abstracts to arrive at 265 studies testing in vivo arboviral competence. We found that more than 90% of potential mosquito-virus combinations are untested in experimental settings and that entire regions and their corresponding vectors and viruses are undersampled. These knowledge gaps stymie outbreak response and limit attempts to both build and validate predictive models of the vector-virus network.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Arboviruses/physiology ; Culicidae ; Mosquito Vectors ; Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Aedes
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2942-7
ISSN	1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
ISSN (online)	1476-1645
ISSN	0002-9637
DOI	10.4269/ajtmh.22-0511
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