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Article: Mental Health Impact of Mass Depopulation of Swine on Veterinarians During COVID-19 Infrastructure Breakdown.

Baysinger, Angela / Kogan, Lori R

2022 Volume 9, Page(s) 842585

Abstract: This study was designed to assess the mental health of swine veterinarians involved with mass depopulation events related to COVID-19 and compare them to swine veterinarians not involved in mass depopulation. Additionally, we assessed the well being, ... ...

Abstract	This study was designed to assess the mental health of swine veterinarians involved with mass depopulation events related to COVID-19 and compare them to swine veterinarians not involved in mass depopulation. Additionally, we assessed the well being, quality of life, psychological distress, burnout, and resilience in veterinarians who conducted depopulation events and the potential impact of depopulation methods on these factors. Finally, we identified coping methods utilized by swine veterinarians for improved well being. The study involved the distribution of an anonymous online survey, available December 2020 to January 2021, to swine veterinarians practicing in the United States. A total of 134 responses were analyzed. Stress related to the depopulation effort was predominantly an outcome of two factors: ethics of care (people and pigs) and perception of others (public, colleagues, family, friends, neighbors). Depopulation involvement was associated with burnout (p = 0.001). The depopulation method utilized significantly impacted depopulation distress (p = 0.007), perception of others (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2022.842585
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Article ; Online: Mental Health Impact of Mass Depopulation of Swine on Veterinarians During COVID-19 Infrastructure Breakdown

Angela Baysinger / Lori R. Kogan

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2022 Volume 9

Abstract	This study was designed to assess the mental health of swine veterinarians involved with mass depopulation events related to COVID-19 and compare them to swine veterinarians not involved in mass depopulation. Additionally, we assessed the well being, quality of life, psychological distress, burnout, and resilience in veterinarians who conducted depopulation events and the potential impact of depopulation methods on these factors. Finally, we identified coping methods utilized by swine veterinarians for improved well being. The study involved the distribution of an anonymous online survey, available December 2020 to January 2021, to swine veterinarians practicing in the United States. A total of 134 responses were analyzed. Stress related to the depopulation effort was predominantly an outcome of two factors: ethics of care (people and pigs) and perception of others (public, colleagues, family, friends, neighbors). Depopulation involvement was associated with burnout (p = 0.001). The depopulation method utilized significantly impacted depopulation distress (p = 0.007), perception of others (p < 0.001), and burnout (p < 0.001). Nearly one-third (29%) of all participants reported moderate levels of burnout. Based on these results, the call to action is to enhance the availability and visibility of existing mental health services and take necessary steps to destigmatize mental health. Additionally, it is critical to support the development of mental health programs for swine veterinarians through education, training, research, and transparent communication.
Keywords	mental health ; depopulation ; swine ; COVID-19 ; well being ; psychological distress ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A case study of ventilation shutdown with the addition of high temperature and humidity for depopulation of pigs.

Baysinger, Angela / Senn, Michael / Gebhardt, Jordan / Rademacher, Christopher / Pairis-Garcia, Monique

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

2021 Volume 259, Issue 4, Page(s) 415–424

Abstract: Case description: In February 2020, a swine farm operating in multiple states throughout the Midwest began to evaluate emergency plans to respond to potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.: Clinical findings: From February through April, ... ...

Abstract	Case description: In February 2020, a swine farm operating in multiple states throughout the Midwest began to evaluate emergency plans to respond to potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical findings: From February through April, extensive mitigation strategies were implemented in anticipation of market disruption. The farm consulted the AVMA Guidelines for the Depopulation of Animals to identify preferred methods for depopulation of swine; however, none of these methods were feasible. When the first US packing plant closed in April 2020 because of human COVID-19 infection, the farm began to evaluate whether ventilation shutdown plus (VSD+) could be used for depopulation. Treatment and outcome: Through proof-of-concept trials, a method for ventilation shutdown with the addition of supplemental temperature and humidity was developed. A single location with 4 barns that could be retrofitted for the process was selected, and between April and June 2020, 243,016 pigs were depopulated (59,478 nursery and 183,538 finishing pigs). Mean ± SD time to silent (the time when no sounds could be heard and no motion seen) was 55.4 ± 14.5 minutes for the nursery pigs and 65.0 ± 18.1 minutes for the finishing pigs. Only 728 (0.300%) pigs required manual euthanasia at the end of the depopulation process. Clinical relevance: Efficacy exceeded AVMA recommendations for the use of VSD+ (> 95% mortality rate in < 1 hour). Findings could potentially guide the use of this method for mass depopulation in the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak or severe market disruption in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; COVID-19/veterinary ; Humans ; Humidity ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/prevention & control ; Temperature
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390811-2
ISSN	1943-569X ; 0003-1488
ISSN (online)	1943-569X
ISSN	0003-1488
DOI	10.2460/javma.259.4.415
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Article ; Online: Assessment of diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers to assess lung consolidation in calves with induced bacterial pneumonia using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Martin, Miriam / Kleinhenz, Michael D / Montgomery, Shawnee R / Blasi, Dale A / Almes, Kelli M / Baysinger, Angela K / Coetzee, Johann F

Journal of animal science

2021 Volume 100, Issue 1

Abstract: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically significant disease for cattle producers in the U.S. Cattle with advanced lung lesions at harvest have reduced average daily gain, yield grades, and carcass quality outcomes. The identification of ...

Abstract	Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically significant disease for cattle producers in the U.S. Cattle with advanced lung lesions at harvest have reduced average daily gain, yield grades, and carcass quality outcomes. The identification of biomarkers and clinical signs that accurately predict lung lesions could benefit livestock producers in determining a BRD prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are graphical plots that illustrate the diagnostic ability of a biomarker or clinical sign. Previously we used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to identify cortisol, hair cortisol, and infrared thermography imaging as having acceptable (AUC > 0.7) diagnostic accuracy for detecting pain in cattle. Herein, we used ROC curves to assess the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers and clinical signs associated with lung lesions after experimentally induced BRD. We hypothesized pain biomarkers and clinical signs assessed at specific time points after induction of BRD could be used to predict lung consolidation at necropsy. Lung consolidation of > 10% was retrospectively assigned at necropsy as a true positive indicator of BRD. Calves with a score of < 10% were considered negative for BRD. The biomarkers and clinical signs analyzed were serum cortisol; infrared thermography (IRT); mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT); substance P; kinematic gait analysis; a visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score (CIS); computerized lung score (CLS); average activity levels; prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGEM); serum amyloid A; and rectal temperature. A total of 5,122 biomarkers and clinical signs were collected from 26 calves, of which 18 were inoculated with M. haemolytica. All statistics were performed using JMP Pro 14.0. Results comparing calves with significant lung lesions to those without yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) for right front stride length at 0 h; gait velocity at 32 h; VAS, CIS, average activity and rumination levels, step count, and rectal temperature, all at 48 h; PGEM at 72 h; gait distance at 120 h; cortisol at 168 h; and IRT, right front force and serum amyloid A, all at 192 h. These results show ROC analysis can be a useful indicator of the predictive value of pain biomarkers and clinical signs in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. AUC values for VAS score, average activity levels, step count, and rectal temperature seemed to yield good diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) at multiple time points, while MNT values, substance P concentrations, and CLS did not (all AUC values < 0.75).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomarkers ; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex/diagnosis ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/diagnosis ; Lung ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/veterinary ; ROC Curve ; Retrospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skab368
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Article: Knowledge and Opinions of Third Year Veterinary Students Relevant to Animal Welfare Before and After Implementation of a Core Welfare Course.

Johnstone, Elizabeth C S / Frye, Melinda A / Lord, Linda K / Baysinger, Angela K / Edwards-Callaway, Lily N

Frontiers in veterinary science

2019 Volume 6, Page(s) 103

Abstract: Although leading veterinary organizations emphasize the importance of animal welfare knowledge, there exists a gap in current veterinary student animal welfare education and training. A survey instrument was created to assess third-year Doctor of ... ...

Abstract	Although leading veterinary organizations emphasize the importance of animal welfare knowledge, there exists a gap in current veterinary student animal welfare education and training. A survey instrument was created to assess third-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) student knowledge of key animal welfare topics, opinions regarding the inclusion of welfare education in the veterinary curriculum, and views on veterinarian responsibilities as advocates. In Spring 2018, Colorado State University added a required animal welfare course to the DVM curriculum. Pre- and post-course paper surveys were distributed to the third-year students enrolled in the animal welfare course. One hundred thirty one completed pre-course surveys were collected and 125 completed post-course surveys were collected. Of the pre and post-course surveys collected, 61 were paired with identification codes and utilized for statistical comparison. Results indicated that the course led students to view the inclusion of an animal welfare course in the veterinary curriculum more favorably (
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2019.00103
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Article ; Online: Comparison of the effect of tildipirosin administered alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin on the performance, health, activity, and well-being of transported feedlot calves on arrival at the feedlot.

Martin, Miriam / Kleinhenz, Michael / Kleinhenz, Katie / Reppert, Emily / Blasi, Dale / Parks, Timothy / Baysinger, Angela / Hutcheson, John / Coetzee, Johann

Translational animal science

2020 Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 452–459

Abstract: Long distance transportation can be a significant source of stress to cattle and is associated with increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been shown to reduce stress ... ...

Abstract	Long distance transportation can be a significant source of stress to cattle and is associated with increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been shown to reduce stress following long distance transport. The objective of this study was to compare performance, health, accelerometer activity, and well-being between calves receiving either tildipirosin (Zuprevo 18%; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin (BANAMINE Transdermal Pour-on Solution; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) on arrival at the feedlot. Three hundred eighty-four polled, Continental × English, and English crossbred bulls (
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txaa005
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Article ; Online: Proposed multidimensional pain outcome methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy and facilitate future drug approval for piglet castration.

Baysinger, Angela / Webb, Sherrie R / Brown, Jennifer / Coetzee, Johann F / Crawford, Sara / DeDecker, Ashley / Karriker, Locke A / Pairis-Garcia, Monique / Sutherland, Mhairi A / Viscardi, Abbie V

Animal health research reviews

2021 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 163–176

Abstract: Castration of male piglets in the United States is conducted without analgesics because no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products are labeled for pain control in swine. The absence of approved products is primarily due to a wide variation ... ...

Abstract	Castration of male piglets in the United States is conducted without analgesics because no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products are labeled for pain control in swine. The absence of approved products is primarily due to a wide variation in how pain is measured in suckling piglets and the lack of validated pain-specific outcomes individually indistinct from other biological responses, such as general stress or inflammation responses with cortisol. Simply put, to measure pain mitigation, measurement of pain must be specific, quantifiable, and defined. Therefore, given the need for mitigating castration pain, a consortium of researchers, veterinarians, industry, and regulatory agencies was formed to identify potential animal-based outcomes and develop a methodology, based on the known scientific research, to measure pain and the efficacy of mitigation strategies. The outcome-based measures included physiological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, and production parameters. Ultimately, this consortium aims to provide a validated multimodal methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy for piglet castration.Measurable outcomes were selected based on published studies suggesting their validity, reliability, and sensitivity for the direct or indirect measurement of pain associated with surgical castration in piglets. Outcomes to be considered are observation of pain behaviors (i.e. ethogram defined behaviors and piglet grimace scale), gait parameters measured with a pressure mat, infrared thermography of skin temperature of the cranium and periphery of the eye, and blood biomarkers. Other measures include body weight and mortality rate.This standardized measurement of the outcome variable's primary goal is to facilitate consistency and rigor by developing a research methodology utilizing endpoints that are well-defined and reliably measure pain in piglets. The resulting methodology will facilitate and guide the evaluation of the effectiveness of comprehensive analgesic interventions for 3- to 5-day-old piglets following surgical castration.
MeSH term(s)	Analgesics/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Drug Approval ; Male ; Orchiectomy/adverse effects ; Orchiectomy/veterinary ; Pain/drug therapy ; Pain/veterinary ; Reproducibility of Results ; Swine
Chemical Substances	Analgesics
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2072117-1
ISSN	1475-2654 ; 1466-2523
ISSN (online)	1475-2654
ISSN	1466-2523
DOI	10.1017/S1466252321000141
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Article ; Online: Relationship of tissue dimensions and three captive bolt placements on cadaver heads from mature swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) > 200 kg body weight.

Anderson, Karly N / Allen, Kaysie J / Baysinger, Angela / Benjamin, Madonna / Berger, Jennifer / Claus, James R / Greco, Brian J / Massie, Emily A / O'Brien, Brett / Ramirez, Alejandro / Rendahl, Aaron K / Reyes, Arquimides A / Zhitnitskiy, Perle E / Vogel, Kurt D

Journal of animal science

2022 Volume 99, Issue 12

Abstract: Three penetrating captive bolt (PCB) placements were tested on cadaver heads from swine with estimated body weight (BW) >200 kg (sows = 232.9 ± 4.1 kg; boars = 229.3 ± 2.6 kg). The objectives were to determine tissue depth, cross-sectional brain area, ... ...

Abstract	Three penetrating captive bolt (PCB) placements were tested on cadaver heads from swine with estimated body weight (BW) >200 kg (sows = 232.9 ± 4.1 kg; boars = 229.3 ± 2.6 kg). The objectives were to determine tissue depth, cross-sectional brain area, visible brain damage (BD), regions of BD, and bolt-brain contact; and determine relationships between external head dimensions and tissue depth at each placement. A Jarvis PAS-Type P 0.25R PCB with a Long Stunning Rod Nosepiece Assembly and 3.5 g power loads was used at the following placements on heads from 111 sows and 46 boars after storage at 2 to 4 °C for ~62 h before treatment: FRONTAL (F)-3.5 cm superior to the optic orbits at midline, TEMPORAL (T)-at the depression posterior to the lateral canthus of the eye within the plane between the lateral canthus and the base of the ear, or BEHIND EAR (BE)-directly caudal to the pinna of the ear on the same plane as the eyes and targeting the middle of the opposite eye. For sows, the bolt path was in the plane of the brain for 42/42 (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 91.6% to 100.0%) F heads, 39/40 (97.5%, 95% CI: 86.8% to 99.9%) T heads, and 34/39 (87.5%, 95% CI: 72.6% to 95.7%) BE heads; for the heads that could reliably be assessed for BD damage was detected in 25/26 (96.2%, 95% CI: 80.4% to 99.9%) F heads, 24/35 (68.6%, 95% CI: 50.7% to 83.2%) T heads, and 5/40 (12.5%, 95% CI: 4.2% to 26.8%) BE heads. For boars, the bolt path was in the plane of the brain for 17/17 (100.0%, 95% CI: 80.5% to 100.0%) F heads, 18/18 (100.0%, 95% CI: 81.5% to 100.0%) T heads, and 14/14 (100.0%, 95% CI: 76.8% to 100.0%) BE heads; damage was detected in 11/12 (91.7%, 95% CI: 61.5% to 99.8%) F heads, 2/15 (13.3%, 95% CI: 1.7% to 40.5%) T heads, and 7/14 (50.0%, 95% CI: 23.0% to 77.0%) BE heads. Tissue depth was reported as mean ± standard error followed by 95% one-sided upper reference limit (URL). For sows, total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.05) between placements (F: 52.7 ± 1.0 mm, URL: 64.1 mm; T: 69.8 ± 1.4 mm, URL: 83.9 mm; BE: 89.3 ± 1.5 mm, URL: 103.4 mm). In boars, total tissue thickness was different (P < 0.05) between placements (F: 41.2 ± 2.1 mm, URL: 56.3 mm; T: 73.2 ± 1.5 mm, URL: 83.4 mm; BE: 90.9 ± 3.5 mm, URL: 113.5 mm). For swine > 200 kg BW, F placement may be more effective than T or BE due to less soft tissue thickness, which may reduce concussive force. The brain was within the plane of bolt travel for 100% of F heads with BD for 96.2% and 91.7% of F sow and boar heads, respectively.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Body Weight ; Cadaver ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Head ; Male ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; Swine Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skab327
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Article: Proposed multidimensional pain outcome methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy and facilitate future drug approval for piglet castration

Baysinger, Angela / Webb, Sherrie R. / Brown, Jennifer / Coetzee, Johann F. / Crawford, Sara / DeDecker, Ashley / Karriker, Locke A. / Pairis-Garcia, Monique / Sutherland, Mhairi A. / Viscardi, Abbie V.

Animal health research reviews. 2021 Dec., v. 22, no. 2

2021

Abstract	Castration of male piglets in the United States is conducted without analgesics because no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products are labeled for pain control in swine. The absence of approved products is primarily due to a wide variation in how pain is measured in suckling piglets and the lack of validated pain-specific outcomes individually indistinct from other biological responses, such as general stress or inflammation responses with cortisol. Simply put, to measure pain mitigation, measurement of pain must be specific, quantifiable, and defined. Therefore, given the need for mitigating castration pain, a consortium of researchers, veterinarians, industry, and regulatory agencies was formed to identify potential animal-based outcomes and develop a methodology, based on the known scientific research, to measure pain and the efficacy of mitigation strategies. The outcome-based measures included physiological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, and production parameters. Ultimately, this consortium aims to provide a validated multimodal methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy for piglet castration. Measurable outcomes were selected based on published studies suggesting their validity, reliability, and sensitivity for the direct or indirect measurement of pain associated with surgical castration in piglets. Outcomes to be considered are observation of pain behaviors (i.e. ethogram defined behaviors and piglet grimace scale), gait parameters measured with a pressure mat, infrared thermography of skin temperature of the cranium and periphery of the eye, and blood biomarkers. Other measures include body weight and mortality rate. This standardized measurement of the outcome variable's primary goal is to facilitate consistency and rigor by developing a research methodology utilizing endpoints that are well-defined and reliably measure pain in piglets. The resulting methodology will facilitate and guide the evaluation of the effectiveness of comprehensive analgesic interventions for 3- to 5-day-old piglets following surgical castration.
Keywords	Food and Drug Administration ; analgesics ; animal health ; biomarkers ; blood ; body weight ; castration ; cortisol ; eyes ; gait ; grimace scale ; industry ; inflammation ; males ; mortality ; pain ; piglets ; research ; research methods ; skin temperature ; skull ; thermography
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Size	p. 163-176.
Publishing place	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2072117-1
ISSN	1475-2654 ; 1466-2523
ISSN (online)	1475-2654
ISSN	1466-2523
DOI	10.1017/S1466252321000141
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Assessment of pain associated with bovine respiratory disease and its mitigation with flunixin meglumine in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia.

Martin, Miriam S / Kleinhenz, Michael D / White, Brad J / Johnson, Blaine T / Montgomery, Shawnee R / Curtis, Andrew K / Weeder, Mikaela M / Blasi, Dale A / Almes, Kelli M / Amachawadi, Raghu G / Salih, Harith M / Miesner, Matt D / Baysinger, Angela K / Nickell, Jason S / Coetzee, Johann F

Journal of animal science

2021 Volume 100, Issue 2

Abstract: Pleuritic chest pain from bacterial pneumonia is often reported in human medicine. However, studies investigating pain associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess if bacterial pneumonia ... ...

Abstract	Pleuritic chest pain from bacterial pneumonia is often reported in human medicine. However, studies investigating pain associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess if bacterial pneumonia elicits a pain response in calves with experimentally induced BRD and to determine the analgesic effects of transdermally administered flunixin. A total of 26 calves, 6-7 mo of age, with no history of BRD were enrolled into one of three treatment groups: 1) experimentally induced BRD + transdermal flunixin at 3.3 mg/kg twice, 24 h apart (BRD + FTD); 2) experimentally induced BRD + placebo (BRD + PLBO); and 3) sham induction + placebo (CNTL + PLBO). Calves induced with BRD were inoculated with Mannheimia haemolytica via bronchoalveolar lavage. Outcomes were collected from -48 to 192 h post-treatment and included serum cortisol, infrared thermography, mechanical nociceptive threshold, substance P, kinematic gait analysis, visual analog scale (VAS), clinical illness score, computerized lung score, average activity and rumination level, prostaglandin E2 metabolite, plasma serum amyloid A, and rectal temperature. Outcomes were evaluated using either a generalized logistic mixed model for categorical variables or a generalized linear mixed model for continuous variables. Right front force differed by treatment (P = 0.01). The BRD + PLBO had lower mean force applied to the right front limb (85.5 kg) compared with BRD + FTD (96.5 kg; P < 0.01). Average VAS differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). The VAS scores differed for BRD + PLBO at -48 (3.49 mm) compared with 168 and 192 h (13.49 and 13.64 mm, respectively) (P < 0.01). Activity for BRD + PLBO was higher at -48 h (27 min/h) compared with 48, 72, 120, and 168 h (≤ 22.24 min/h; P < 0.01). Activity differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). Activity for BRD + FTD was higher at -48 and 0 h (28.2 and 28.2 min/h, respectively) compared to 48, 72, 96, and 168 h (≤23.7 min/h; P < 0.01). Results show a combination of reduced activity levels, decreased force on the right front limb, and increased VAS pain scores all support that bacterial pneumonia in cattle is painful. Differences in right front force indicate that flunixin transdermal may attenuate certain pain biomarkers in cattle with BRD. These findings suggest that BRD is painful and analgesic drugs may improve the humane aspects of care for cattle with BRD.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/drug therapy ; Clonixin/analogs & derivatives ; Pain/drug therapy ; Pain/veterinary ; Pain Measurement ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/complications ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/veterinary
Chemical Substances	flunixin meglumine (8Y3JK0JW3U) ; Clonixin (V7DXN0M42R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skab373
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