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Article ; Online: Perceived Balance, Balance Performance, and Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study.

Dolan, Hanne R / Pohl, Janet / Pituch, Keenan / Coon, David W

2024 , Page(s) 8982643241242518

Abstract: Objectives: ...

Abstract	Objectives:
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1045392-1
ISSN	1552-6887 ; 0898-2643
ISSN (online)	1552-6887
ISSN	0898-2643
DOI	10.1177/08982643241242518
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Article: Using Shopping Data to Improve the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer: Computational Analysis of a Web-Based Survey.

Dolan, Elizabeth H / Goulding, James / Tata, Laila J / Lang, Alexandra R

JMIR cancer

2023 Volume 9, Page(s) e37141

Abstract: Background: Shopping data can be analyzed using machine learning techniques to study population health. It is unknown if the use of such methods can successfully investigate prediagnosis purchases linked to self-medication of symptoms of ovarian cancer.! ...

Abstract	Background: Shopping data can be analyzed using machine learning techniques to study population health. It is unknown if the use of such methods can successfully investigate prediagnosis purchases linked to self-medication of symptoms of ovarian cancer. Objective: The aims of this study were to gain new domain knowledge from women's experiences, understand how women's shopping behavior relates to their pathway to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and inform research on computational analysis of shopping data for population health. Methods: A web-based survey on individuals' shopping patterns prior to an ovarian cancer diagnosis was analyzed to identify key knowledge about health care purchases. Logistic regression and random forest models were employed to statistically examine how products linked to potential symptoms related to presentation to health care and timing of diagnosis. Results: Of the 101 women surveyed with ovarian cancer, 58.4% (59/101) bought nonprescription health care products for up to more than a year prior to diagnosis, including pain relief and abdominal products. General practitioner advice was the primary reason for the purchases (23/59, 39%), with 51% (30/59) occurring due to a participant's doctor believing their health problems were due to a condition other than ovarian cancer. Associations were shown between purchases made because a participant's doctor believing their health problems were due to a condition other than ovarian cancer and the following variables: health problems for longer than a year prior to diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 7.33, 95% CI 1.58-33.97), buying health care products for more than 6 months to a year (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.04-13.98) or for more than a year (OR 7.64, 95% CI 1.38-42.33), and the number of health care product types purchased (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.13-2.11). Purchasing patterns are shown to be potentially predictive of a participant's doctor thinking their health problems were due to some condition other than ovarian cancer, with nested cross-validation of random forest classification models achieving an overall in-sample accuracy score of 89.1% and an out-of-sample score of 70.1%. Conclusions: Women in the survey were 7 times more likely to have had a duration of more than a year of health problems prior to a diagnosis of ovarian cancer if they were self-medicating based on advice from a doctor rather than having made the decision to self-medicate independently. Predictive modelling indicates that women in such situations, who are self-medicating because their doctor believes their health problems may be due to a condition other than ovarian cancer, exhibit distinct shopping behaviors that may be identifiable within purchasing data. Through exploratory research combining women sharing their behaviors prior to diagnosis and computational analysis of these data, this study demonstrates that women's shopping data could potentially be useful for early ovarian cancer detection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-31
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2369-1999
ISSN	2369-1999
DOI	10.2196/37141
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Article ; Online: Anaesthesia and analgesia for knee joint arthroplasty.

O'Donnell, R / Dolan, J

BJA education

2017 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 8–15

Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2888911-3
ISSN	2058-5357 ; 2058-5349
ISSN (online)	2058-5357
ISSN	2058-5349
DOI	10.1016/j.bjae.2017.11.003
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Article ; Online: Cachexia index for prognostication in surgical patients with locally advanced oesophageal or gastric cancer: multicentre cohort study.

Brown, Leo R / Thomson, Georgina G / Gardner, Ellen / Chien, Siobhan / McGovern, Josh / Dolan, Ross D / McSorley, Stephen T / Forshaw, Matthew J / McMillan, Donald C / Wigmore, Stephen J / Crumley, Andrew B / Skipworth, Richard J E

The British journal of surgery

2024 Volume 111, Issue 4

Abstract: Background: Features of cancer cachexia adversely influence patient outcomes, yet few currently inform clinical decision-making. This study assessed the value of the cachexia index (CXI), a novel prognostic marker, in patients for whom neoadjuvant ... ...

Abstract	Background: Features of cancer cachexia adversely influence patient outcomes, yet few currently inform clinical decision-making. This study assessed the value of the cachexia index (CXI), a novel prognostic marker, in patients for whom neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery for oesophagogastric cancer is planned. Methods: Consecutive patients newly diagnosed with locally advanced (T3-4 or at least N1) oesophagogastric cancer between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015 were identified through the West of Scotland and South-East Scotland Cancer Networks. CXI was calculated as (L3 skeletal muscle index) × (serum albumin)/(neutrophil lymphocyte ratio). Sex-stratified cut-off values were determined based on the area under the curve (AUC), and patients were divided into groups with low or normal CXI. Primary outcomes were disease progression during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and overall survival (at least 5 years of follow-up). Results: Overall, 385 patients (72% men, median age 66 years) were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophageal (274) or gastric (111) cancer across the study interval. Although patients with a low CXI (men: CXI below 52 (AUC 0.707); women: CXI below 41 (AUC 0.759)) were older with more co-morbidity, disease characteristics were comparable to those in patients with a normal CXI. Rates of disease progression during neoadjuvant chemotherapy, leading to inoperability, were higher in patients with a low CXI (28 versus 12%; adjusted OR 3.07, 95% c.i. 1.67 to 5.64; P < 0.001). Low CXI was associated with worsened postoperative mortality (P = 0.019) and decreased overall survival (median 14.9 versus 56.9 months; adjusted HR 1.85, 1.42 to 2.42; P < 0.001). Conclusion: CXI is associated with disease progression, worse postoperative mortality, and overall survival, and could improve prognostication and decision-making in patients with locally advanced oesophagogastric cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Stomach Neoplasms/complications ; Stomach Neoplasms/surgery ; Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Cachexia/etiology ; Lymphocytes ; Disease Progression ; Cohort Studies ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2985-3
ISSN	1365-2168 ; 0263-1202 ; 0007-1323 ; 1355-7688
ISSN (online)	1365-2168
ISSN	0263-1202 ; 0007-1323 ; 1355-7688
DOI	10.1093/bjs/znae098
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Article ; Online: Hematopathologic Correlates of CAR T-Cell Therapy.

Dolan, J Gregory / Paessler, Michele E / Rheingold, Susan R / Pillai, Vinodh

Clinics in laboratory medicine

2021 Volume 41, Issue 3, Page(s) 325–339

Abstract: CD19-targeting chimeric antigen rector (CAR) T-cell products are used for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. The success of CD19-CAR-T cells has led to the ... ...

Abstract	CD19-targeting chimeric antigen rector (CAR) T-cell products are used for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. The success of CD19-CAR-T cells has led to the investigation of CAR T-cell products targeting different antigens in other hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Clinical laboratories play an important role in the manufacture, distribution, and monitoring of CAR T-cell therapy. Hence, it is important for laboratory professionals to be cognizant of clinicopathologic aspects of CAR T-cell therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Antigens, CD19 ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ; T-Lymphocytes
Chemical Substances	Antigens, CD19 ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	604580-7
ISSN	1557-9832 ; 0272-2712
ISSN (online)	1557-9832
ISSN	0272-2712
DOI	10.1016/j.cll.2021.03.012
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Zs.A 1695: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Parallel cognitive maps for multiple knowledge structures in the hippocampal formation.

Zheng, Xiaochen Y / Hebart, Martin N / Grill, Filip / Dolan, Raymond J / Doeller, Christian F / Cools, Roshan / Garvert, Mona M

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

2024 Volume 34, Issue 2

Abstract: The hippocampal-entorhinal system uses cognitive maps to represent spatial knowledge and other types of relational information. However, objects can often be characterized by different types of relations simultaneously. How does the hippocampal formation ...

Abstract	The hippocampal-entorhinal system uses cognitive maps to represent spatial knowledge and other types of relational information. However, objects can often be characterized by different types of relations simultaneously. How does the hippocampal formation handle the embedding of stimuli in multiple relational structures that differ vastly in their mode and timescale of acquisition? Does the hippocampal formation integrate different stimulus dimensions into one conjunctive map or is each dimension represented in a parallel map? Here, we reanalyzed human functional magnetic resonance imaging data from Garvert et al. (2017) that had previously revealed a map in the hippocampal formation coding for a newly learnt transition structure. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation analysis, we found that the degree of representational similarity in the bilateral hippocampus also decreased as a function of the semantic distance between presented objects. Importantly, while both map-like structures localized to the hippocampal formation, the semantic map was located in more posterior regions of the hippocampal formation than the transition structure and thus anatomically distinct. This finding supports the idea that the hippocampal-entorhinal system forms parallel cognitive maps that reflect the embedding of objects in diverse relational structures.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Hippocampus ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Semantics ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/bhad485
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Article ; Online: Model based planners reflect on their model-free propensities.

Moran, Rani / Keramati, Mehdi / Dolan, Raymond J

PLoS computational biology

2021 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) e1008552

Abstract: Dual-reinforcement learning theory proposes behaviour is under the tutelage of a retrospective, value-caching, model-free (MF) system and a prospective-planning, model-based (MB), system. This architecture raises a question as to the degree to which, ... ...

Abstract	Dual-reinforcement learning theory proposes behaviour is under the tutelage of a retrospective, value-caching, model-free (MF) system and a prospective-planning, model-based (MB), system. This architecture raises a question as to the degree to which, when devising a plan, a MB controller takes account of influences from its MF counterpart. We present evidence that such a sophisticated self-reflective MB planner incorporates an anticipation of the influences its own MF-proclivities exerts on the execution of its planned future actions. Using a novel bandit task, wherein subjects were periodically allowed to design their environment, we show that reward-assignments were constructed in a manner consistent with a MB system taking account of its MF propensities. Thus, in the task participants assigned higher rewards to bandits that were momentarily associated with stronger MF tendencies. Our findings have implications for a range of decision making domains that includes drug abuse, pre-commitment, and the tension between short and long-term decision horizons in economics.
MeSH term(s)	Computational Biology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Humans ; Intention ; Models, Psychological ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008552
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Article ; Online: Efficiency and prioritization of inference-based credit assignment.

Moran, Rani / Dayan, Peter / Dolan, Raymond J

Current biology : CB

2021 Volume 31, Issue 13, Page(s) 2747–2756.e6

Abstract: Organisms adapt to their environments by learning to approach states that predict rewards and avoid states associated with punishments. Knowledge about the affective value of states often relies on credit assignment (CA), whereby state values are updated ...

Abstract	Organisms adapt to their environments by learning to approach states that predict rewards and avoid states associated with punishments. Knowledge about the affective value of states often relies on credit assignment (CA), whereby state values are updated on the basis of reward feedback. Remarkably, humans assign credit to states that are not observed but are instead inferred based on a cognitive map that represents structural knowledge of an environment. A pertinent example is authors attempting to infer the identity of anonymous reviewers to assign them credit or blame and, on this basis, inform future referee recommendations. Although inference is cognitively costly, it is unknown how it influences CA or how it is apportioned between hidden and observable states (for example, both anonymous and revealed reviewers). We addressed these questions in a task that provided choices between lotteries where each led to a unique pair of occasionally rewarding outcome states. On some trials, both states were observable (rendering inference nugatory), whereas on others, the identity of one of the states was concealed. Importantly, by exploiting knowledge of choice-state associations, subjects could infer the identity of this hidden state. We show that having to perform inference reduces state-value updates. Strikingly, and in violation of normative theories, this reduction in CA was selective for the observed outcome alone. These findings have implications for the operation of putative cognitive maps.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Reward ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.091
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Article ; Online: High-resolution mapping reveals the mechanism and contribution of genome insertions and deletions to RNA virus evolution.

Aguilar Rangel, Mauricio / Dolan, Patrick T / Taguwa, Shuhei / Xiao, Yinghong / Andino, Raul / Frydman, Judith

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2023 Volume 120, Issue 31, Page(s) e2304667120

Abstract: RNA viruses rapidly adapt to selective conditions due to the high intrinsic mutation rates of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps). Insertions and deletions (indels) in viral genomes are major contributors to both deleterious mutational load and ... ...

Abstract	RNA viruses rapidly adapt to selective conditions due to the high intrinsic mutation rates of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps). Insertions and deletions (indels) in viral genomes are major contributors to both deleterious mutational load and evolutionary novelty, but remain understudied. To characterize the mechanistic details of their formation and evolutionary dynamics during infection, we developed a hybrid experimental-bioinformatic approach. This approach, called MultiMatch, extracts insertions and deletions from ultradeep sequencing experiments, including those occurring at extremely low frequencies, allowing us to map their genomic distribution and quantify the rates at which they occur. Mapping indel mutations in adapting poliovirus and dengue virus populations, we determine the rates of indel generation and identify mechanistic and functional constraints shaping indel diversity. Using poliovirus RdRp variants of distinct fidelity and genome recombination rates, we demonstrate tradeoffs between fidelity and Indel generation. Additionally, we show that maintaining translation frame and viral RNA structures constrain the Indel landscape and that, due to these significant fitness effects, Indels exert a significant deleterious load on adapting viral populations. Conversely, we uncover positively selected Indels that modulate RNA structure, generate protein variants, and produce defective interfering genomes in viral populations. Together, our analyses establish the kinetic and mechanistic tradeoffs between misincorporation, recombination, and Indel rates and reveal functional principles defining the central role of Indels in virus evolution, emergence, and the regulation of viral infection.
MeSH term(s)	Evolution, Molecular ; Genome ; Mutation Rate ; INDEL Mutation ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; RNA Viruses/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2304667120
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Article ; Online: Human subjects exploit a cognitive map for credit assignment.

Moran, Rani / Dayan, Peter / Dolan, Raymond J

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2021 Volume 118, Issue 4

Abstract: An influential reinforcement learning framework proposes that behavior is jointly governed by model-free (MF) and model-based (MB) controllers. The former learns the values of actions directly from past encounters, and the latter exploits a cognitive map ...

Abstract	An influential reinforcement learning framework proposes that behavior is jointly governed by model-free (MF) and model-based (MB) controllers. The former learns the values of actions directly from past encounters, and the latter exploits a cognitive map of the task to calculate these prospectively. Considerable attention has been paid to how these systems interact during choice, but how and whether knowledge of a cognitive map contributes to the way MF and MB controllers assign credit (i.e., to how they revaluate actions and states following the receipt of an outcome) remains underexplored. Here, we examine such sophisticated credit assignment using a dual-outcome bandit task. We provide evidence that knowledge of a cognitive map influences credit assignment in both MF and MB systems, mediating subtly different aspects of apparent relevance. Specifically, we show MF credit assignment is enhanced for those rewards that are related to a choice, and this contrasted with choice-unrelated rewards that reinforced subsequent choices negatively. This modulation is only possible based on knowledge of task structure. On the other hand, MB credit assignment was boosted for outcomes that impacted on differences in values between offered bandits. We consider mechanistic accounts and the normative status of these findings. We suggest the findings extend the scope and sophistication of cognitive map-based credit assignment during reinforcement learning, with implications for understanding behavioral control.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cognition/physiology ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Models, Psychological ; Models, Statistical ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2016884118
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