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  1. Article ; Online: Anti H. pylori, anti-secretory and gastroprotective effects of Thymus vulgaris on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Sprague Dawley rats.

    Balaky, Salah Tofik Jalal

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) e0287569

    Abstract: The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the acute toxicity, gastroprotective, therapeutic, anti-inflammatory and anti H. pylori activities of T. vulgaris total plant extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in Sprague Dawley rats. ... ...

    Abstract The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the acute toxicity, gastroprotective, therapeutic, anti-inflammatory and anti H. pylori activities of T. vulgaris total plant extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were divided into five groups i.e G-1 (Normal Control), Group 2 (ulcer control) were administered orally with 0.5% Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Group 3 (omeprazole treated) was administered orally with 20 mg/kg of omeprazole and Groups 4 and 5 (Low dose and High dose of the extract) were administered orally with 250, and 500 mg/ kg of Thymus vulgaris extract, respectively. After 1 hour, the normal group was orally administered with 0.5% CMC (5 ml/kg), whereas absolute alcohol (5ml/ kg) was orally administered to the ulcer control group, omeprazole group, and experimental groups. Stomachs were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Grossly, rats pre-treated with T. vulgaris demonstrated significantly decreased ulcer area and an increase in mucus secretion and pH of gastric content compared with the ulcer control group. Microscopy of gastric mucosa in the ulcer control group showed severe damage to gastric mucosa with edema and leukocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer. However, rats pretreated with omeprazole or Thyme vulgaris exhibited a mild to moderate disruption of the surface epithelium and lower level of edema and leukocyte infiltration of the submucosal layer. The T. vulgaris extract caused up-regulation of Hsp70 protein, down-regulation of Bax protein, and intense periodic acid Schiff uptake of the glandular portion of the stomach. Gastric mucosal homogenate of rats pre-treated with T. vulgaris exhibited significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly decreased. Based on the results showed in this study, Thymus vulgaris extract can be proposed as the safe medicinal plants for use and it has considerable gastroprotective potential via stomach epithelium protection against gastric ulcers and stomach lesions.
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced ; Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy ; Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control ; Thymus Plant ; Ulcer/drug therapy ; Ethanol/toxicity ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Gastric Mucosa/metabolism ; Omeprazole/adverse effects ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use ; Edema/drug therapy
    Chemical Substances Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Plant Extracts ; Omeprazole (KG60484QX9) ; Antioxidants ; Anti-Ulcer Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0287569
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  2. Article ; Online: Characterization of genes related to the efflux pump and porin in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with COVID-19 after secondary infection.

    Ganjo, Aryan R / Balaky, Salah Tofik Jalal / Mawlood, Ahang Hasan / Smail, Sakar B / Shabila, Nazar P

    BMC microbiology

    2024  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 122

    Abstract: Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogen that can cause secondary bacterial infections in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli as a secondary ... ...

    Abstract Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogen that can cause secondary bacterial infections in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli as a secondary bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19 and to assess the prevalence and characterization of genes related to efflux pumps and porin.
    Methods: A total of 50 nonduplicate E. coli isolates were collected as secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. The isolates were cultured from sputum samples. Confirmation and antibiotic susceptibility testing were conducted by Vitek 2. PCR was used to assess the prevalence of the efflux pump and porin-related genes in the isolates. The phenotypic and genotypic evolution of antibiotic resistance genes related to the efflux pump was evaluated.
    Results: The E. coli isolates demonstrated high resistance to ampicillin (100%), cefixime (62%), cefepime (62%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (60%), cefuroxime (60%), and ceftriaxone (58%). The susceptibility of E. coli to ertapenem was greatest (92%), followed by imipenem (88%), meropenem (86%), tigecycline (80%), and levofloxacin (76%). Regarding efflux pump gene combinations, there was a significant association between the acrA gene and increased resistance to levofloxacin, between the acrB gene and decreased resistance to meropenem and increased resistance to levofloxacin, and between the ompF and ompC genes and increased resistance to gentamicin.
    Conclusions: The antibiotics ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, tigecycline, and levofloxacin were effective against E. coli in patients with COVID-19. Genes encoding efflux pumps and porins, such as acrA, acrB, and outer membrane porins, were highly distributed among all the isolates. Efflux pump inhibitors could be alternative antibiotics for restoring tetracycline activity in E. coli isolates.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Escherichia coli ; Ertapenem/pharmacology ; Levofloxacin/pharmacology ; Meropenem/pharmacology ; Tigecycline/pharmacology ; Coinfection ; COVID-19 ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; Porins/genetics ; Porins/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
    Chemical Substances Ertapenem (G32F6EID2H) ; Levofloxacin (6GNT3Y5LMF) ; Meropenem (FV9J3JU8B1) ; Tigecycline (70JE2N95KR) ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Imipenem (71OTZ9ZE0A) ; Porins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041505-9
    ISSN 1471-2180 ; 1471-2180
    ISSN (online) 1471-2180
    ISSN 1471-2180
    DOI 10.1186/s12866-024-03283-8
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  3. Article ; Online: Incidence and geographical distribution of tuberculosis disease in Erbil city, Iraq.

    Balaky, Salah Tofik Jalal / Saniotis, Arthur / Mawlood, Ahang Hasan / Hussein, Ali M / Shabila, Nazar P

    Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology

    2022  Volume 53, Issue 2, Page(s) 519–523

    Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to identify the geographical distribution of TB in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, determine potential risk factors associated with TB distribution, and provide recommendations to improve TB control programs in the ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to identify the geographical distribution of TB in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, determine potential risk factors associated with TB distribution, and provide recommendations to improve TB control programs in the region.
    Methods: The records of TB patients registered at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, from January 2012 to December 2016 were reviewed and analyzed. The number of cases by the quarter of residence within Erbil city were analyzed spatially and presented in an appropriate map.
    Results: The estimated annual incidence of TB in Erbil city constantly increased from 16 per 100,000 inhabitants in the year 2012 to 21.7 per 100,000 inhabitants in the year 2016. Most of the TB cases were from the middle zone of Erbil city (44%), followed by the outer zone (43.8%) and the central zone (12.2%). The largest number of the cases were from Brayaty quarter (40), followed by Badawa (35) Nawroz (35) and Kurdistan (31) quarters. Clusters with a large number of cases were mainly located in the southern part of the city.
    Conclusion: The estimated TB incidence constantly increased in Erbil city from 2012 to 2016. Mapping the distribution of TB cases in Erbil city provided useful information about the epidemiological situation of TB that can be used to direct future TB control strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Incidence ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Tuberculosis/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-29
    Publishing country Brazil
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2017175-4
    ISSN 1678-4405 ; 1517-8382
    ISSN (online) 1678-4405
    ISSN 1517-8382
    DOI 10.1007/s42770-022-00717-1
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  4. Article ; Online: Clinical and hematological characteristics of 300 COVID-19 patients in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

    Hwaiz, Rundk Ahmad / Zaki Abdullah, Sahar Mohammed / Jalal Balaky, Salah Tofik / Ali, Katan Sabir / Merza, Mohammed Yousif / Khailani, Shakhawan Assad / Shabila, Nazar Pauls

    International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology

    2022  Volume 36, Page(s) 3946320221085465

    Abstract: Background: COVID-19 primarily presents as a respiratory tract infection, but studies indicate that it could be considered a systemic disease that can spread to affect multiple organ systems, including respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, ... ...

    Abstract Background: COVID-19 primarily presents as a respiratory tract infection, but studies indicate that it could be considered a systemic disease that can spread to affect multiple organ systems, including respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, neurological, and immune systems.
    Objective: To describe and analyze the clinical and hematological characteristics of 300 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Erbil, Kurdistan.
    Methods: This retrospective study included 300 patients of any age admitted to hospital due to confirmed COVID-19 between September 2020 and February 2021. Cases were diagnosed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays of nasopharyngeal swab specimens.
    Results: The highest proportion of patients were aged 21-40 years. The most common symptoms among the patients were myalgia (66.7%), fatigue (62.3%), headache (50.7%), and chest pain (52.7%). Differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed between deceased and recovered patients. Only the mid-range absolute count percentage (MID%) was significantly higher in the recovered patients than in the deceased ones (6.41% vs. 4.48,
    Conclusions: Different hematological and biochemical parameter findings were observed among the COVID-19 patients. Low MID%, older age, and presence of diabetes mellitus and chronic disease were significantly associated with death among COVID-19 patients.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; COVID-19 ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 645171-8
    ISSN 2058-7384 ; 0394-6320
    ISSN (online) 2058-7384
    ISSN 0394-6320
    DOI 10.1177/03946320221085465
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    Zs.A 2537: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Survival analysis of patients with tuberculosis in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan region.

    Balaky, Salah Tofik Jalal / Mawlood, Ahang Hasan / Shabila, Nazar P

    BMC infectious diseases

    2019  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 865

    Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is an important health concern in Iraq, but limited research has examined the quality of tuberculosis care and the survival of the patients. This study aimed to assess the 12-month survival of tuberculosis patients and evaluate ... ...

    Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is an important health concern in Iraq, but limited research has examined the quality of tuberculosis care and the survival of the patients. This study aimed to assess the 12-month survival of tuberculosis patients and evaluate the effect of the associated risk factors on patients' survival.
    Methods: We reviewed the records of 728 patients with tuberculosis who were registered and treated at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, from January 2012 to December 2017. Demographic data, the site of the disease, and treatment outcomes were retrieved from patients' records. Data analysis included the use of the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test to calculate the estimates of the survival and assess the differences in the survival among the patients. The Cox regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis.
    Results: The mean period of the follow-up of the patients was 7.6 months. Of 728 patients with tuberculosis, 50 (6.9%) had died. The 12-month survival rate of our study was 93.1%. A statistically significant difference was detected in the survival curves of different age groups (P < 0.001) and the site of the disease (P = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, lower survival rates were only observed among patients aged ≥65 years (hazard ratio = 9.36, 95% CI 2.14-40.95) and patients with extrapulmonary disease (hazard ratio = 2.61, 95% CI 1.30-5.27).
    Conclusion: The 12-month survival rate of tuberculosis patients managed at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Erbil was similar to the international rates. The high rates of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and the low survival rate necessitate further studies and action with a possible revision to the tuberculosis management strategy.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Awareness ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Iraq ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate ; Tuberculosis/mortality ; Tuberculosis/prevention & control ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041550-3
    ISSN 1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
    ISSN (online) 1471-2334
    ISSN 1471-2334
    DOI 10.1186/s12879-019-4544-8
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  6. Article ; Online: Evaluation of Invasive and Non-Invasive Methods for the Diagnosis of H. pylori in Dyspepsia Patients

    Ahang Hasan Mawlood / Ronia Shawkat Kawther / Salah Tofik Jalal Balaky

    Diyala Journal of Medicine, Vol 16, Iss

    2019  Volume 2

    Abstract: Background: H. pylori has been established as the major causative agent of chronic gastritis, and represents the main etiological cause of other gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulceration, gastric lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Therefore, screening ...

    Abstract Background: H. pylori has been established as the major causative agent of chronic gastritis, and represents the main etiological cause of other gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulceration, gastric lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Therefore, screening and treatment of the bacterium is an important strategy for preventing gastric cancer. Objective: To compare some invasive classical histological tests to non-invasive serological antibody and stool antigen tests for the diagnosis of H. pylori infections. Patients and Methods:The study population comprised of 171 patients with symptoms of dyspepsia and other gastritis related symptoms. Three biopsy specimens were taken and collected from the stomach and sent for histopathologic study. H and E staining and modified Giemsa staining were performed on tissue sections of each case. Serology antibody and Stool antigen tests were also used as nan-invasive tests in this study. Results: Four tests had been done to detect the presence of H. pylori Bacteria. The mean age (+ SD) of the studied sample was 43.8 + 14.7 years, ranging from 20 to 74 years. The median was 44 years. The total agreement between the serum Ab test and the stool Ag test was 88.3%. Significant differences were detected between the two tests (p < 0.001). It is evident that the serum Ab test is highly sensitive (sensitivity = 98.4%), but the Predictive value positive (76.3%) was not so high. The Giemsa test was highly specific (specificity = 98.2%), and highly sensitive (sensitivity = 93.5%). Conclusion: The main advantage of histopathology tests is not only restricted to detection purpose, it also can detect any abnormalities of gastric mucosa by bacteria such as peptic ulcer bleeding, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. The modified Giemsa staining method could be used as a method of choice for the detection of H. pylori due to its sensitivity, simplicity and consistency.
    Keywords H. pylori ; gastritis ; peptic ulcer ; histology ; H & E ; Giemsa ; Stool Ag and serum Ab test ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher College of medicine/ University of Diyala
    Document type Article ; Online
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  7. Article ; Online: Molecular Identification of Acinetobacter baumanii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU Using PCR

    Salah Tofik Jalal Balaky / Haval Abdulkhalik / Bashdar Mahmud Hussen / Hozan Hassan / Ahang Hasan Mawlood

    Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol 31, Iss 1, Pp 17-

    2019  Volume 22

    Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is well known to be multi-drug resistant and associated with many infectins. Manual and automated identification systems, can not differentiate between both species A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU. The reason ... ...

    Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is well known to be multi-drug resistant and associated with many infectins. Manual and automated identification systems, can not differentiate between both species A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU. The reason is the differences in nucleotide sequences in gyrB of both species, therefore, specific genotypic test required for differentiating them. The aim of this study is to differentiate between two species of Acinetobacter based on gyrB gene nucleotide sequence differences and their antibiotic resistance profile in Erbil city. Six hundred thirty two clinical specimens were collected during the period of March to August 2016. Colony, cultural morphology and VITEK2 system were used, in which 105 of them were A. baumannii. PCR was then used to differentiate between A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU. Out of 632 clinical specimens, 105 were phenotypically identified as Acinetobacter baumannii using VITEK2 system. PCR results showed that Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU gave an amplicon of 294 bp as one band, but A. baumannii gave a second amplicon of 490 bp. The PCR method correctly identified 43 A. baumannii and 62 Acinetobacter genomic 13TU. Carbapenem resistance was observed 60% (n=40), infection among male 69.53% (n=73) was higher than female. PCR detection of Acinetobacter species showed high sensitivity and accuracy as compared to other phynotypic methods. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study performed to differentiate two important species of Acinetobacter in Kurdistan region.
    Keywords Acinetobacter baumannii ; genomic 13TU ; gyrB gene ; PCR ; Technology ; T ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Salahaddin University-Erbil
    Document type Article ; Online
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  8. Article ; Online: A comprehensive review of histopathological findings of infections induced by COVID-19.

    Balaky, Salah Tofik Jalal / Zaki Abdullah, Sahar Mohammed / Alexander, Markov / Maashi, Marwah Suliman / Alkaim, Ayad F / Shahriyari, Sara / Tabari, Fariba / Kazemi, Elham

    Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)

    2020  Volume 66, Issue 7, Page(s) 143–151

    Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV2) virus, first identified in Wuhan, China, caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which soon became a global pandemic, as labelled by the World Health Organization (WHO). The ... ...

    Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV2) virus, first identified in Wuhan, China, caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which soon became a global pandemic, as labelled by the World Health Organization (WHO). The transmission method of the infection is primarily through droplets of various sizes. The SARS-CoV2 virus leads to a severe respiratory illness which in the first place causes the simulation of the acute respiratory syndrome. In order to diagnose of COVID-19 efficiently, samples with infection probability need to be examined through histopathological methods. Survival chances of the infected can remarkably increase if the virus is diagnosed timely by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest. One of the destructive effects of COVID-19 is the formation of ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the lungs which might be regarded to be equivalent to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). COVID-19 acts very similarly to SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) which can be inactivated by the chemical compounds of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite. Epidemiologic characteristics of COVID-19 have been indicated by numerous studies; however, there is still a lack of details of pathologic changes in the lung. The present comprehensive review is an attempt to assess and cover the current state of knowledge on COVID-19 disease based on the histopathologic studies conducted before May 2020.
    MeSH term(s) Biopsy ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney/pathology ; Liver/pathology ; Lung/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-31
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1161779-2
    ISSN 1165-158X ; 0145-5680
    ISSN (online) 1165-158X
    ISSN 0145-5680
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    Zs.A 3812: Show issues Location:
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