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Article ; Online: Cardiovascular contributions and energetic costs of thermoregulation in ectothermic vertebrates.

Parlin, Adam F / Schaeffer, Paul J

2022 Volume 225, Issue Suppl1

Abstract: Ectothermic vertebrates use a suite of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, which result in various thermoregulatory strategies from thermoconformity to thermoregulation. Here, we present a novel synthesis of theoretical and ... ...

Abstract	Ectothermic vertebrates use a suite of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, which result in various thermoregulatory strategies from thermoconformity to thermoregulation. Here, we present a novel synthesis of theoretical and empirical methods to determine cardiovascular contributions to heat transfer in free-living ectothermic vertebrates. We start by identifying the fundamental components of heat transfer and the cardiovascular mechanisms for physiological modulation of heat exchange, and then integrate these components into a single, integrative framework: the cardiovascular heat exchange framework (CHEF). We demonstrate that this framework can identify details of the thermoregulatory strategy in two turtle species, most notably the preponderance of instances where turtles use physiological mechanisms to avoid overheating, suggesting vulnerability to climate change. As modulated physiological contributions to heat flow incur a greater energy demand than relying on unmodulated passive heat transfer, we then asked whether we could characterize the energetic costs of thermoregulation. We measured field metabolic rate (FMR) in free-living turtles and used the CHEF to determine FMR while actively or passively thermoregulating. Comparing an individual's actual FMR to the rate calculated assuming absence of thermoregulation revealed that painted turtles, a partial thermoregulator, elevate their daily energy expenditure (DEE) by about 25%, while box turtles, a thermoconformer, have a DEE that is nearly unchanged as a result of thermoregulation. This integrative framework builds a new paradigm that provides a mechanism to explain correlations between energy demand and thermoregulatory strategy, quantifies the energetic costs of thermoregulation, and identifies the role of cardiovascular contributions to thermoregulation in free-living animals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Turtles/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.243095
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Gravisensation and modulation of gravitactic responses by other sensory cues in the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus).

Kendzel, Mitchell J / Parlin, Adam F / Guerra, Patrick A

The Journal of experimental biology

2023 Volume 226, Issue 21

Abstract: Using the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), we studied how animals can use cues from multiple sensory modalities for deriving directional information from their environment to display oriented movement. Our work focused on determining how monarchs ... ...

Abstract	Using the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), we studied how animals can use cues from multiple sensory modalities for deriving directional information from their environment to display oriented movement. Our work focused on determining how monarchs use gravity as a cue for oriented movement and determined how cues from other sensory modalities, cues that by themselves also produce oriented movement (visual and magnetic directional cues), might modulate gravisensation. In two tests of gravisensation (movement in a vertical tube; righting behavior), we found that monarchs display negative gravitaxis only (movement opposite to the direction of gravity). Negative gravitaxis can be modulated by either visual (light) or magnetic field cues (inclination angle) that provide directional information. The modulation of gravity-mediated responses, however, depends on the relationship between cues when presented during trials, such as when cues are in accord or in conflict. For example, when light cues that elicit positive phototaxis conflicted with negative gravitaxis (light from below the monarch), monarch gravisensation was unaffected by directional light cues. We also found that the antennae play a role in gravity-mediated movement (righting), as, with antennae removed, monarch movement behavior was no longer the same as when the antennae were intact. Our results demonstrate that monarchs can use and integrate multiple, multimodal cues for oriented movement, but that the use of such cues can be hierarchical (that is, one cue dominant for movement), and the hierarchy of cues, and the responses towards them when found together, depends on the physical relationships between cues during movement.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Butterflies/physiology ; Cues ; Animal Migration/physiology ; Magnetic Fields
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.245451
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Article ; Online: Dimorphic cocoons of the robin moth, Hyalophora cecropia, reflect the existence of two distinct architectural syndromes.

Parlin, Adam F / Guerra, Patrick A

The Journal of experimental biology

2021 Volume 224, Issue 10

Abstract: The architectural design of animal structures forms part of an individual's extended phenotype that can be subjected to strong selection pressures. We examined cocoon architectural dimorphism in robin moths (Hyalophora cecropia), which construct ... ...

Abstract	The architectural design of animal structures forms part of an individual's extended phenotype that can be subjected to strong selection pressures. We examined cocoon architectural dimorphism in robin moths (Hyalophora cecropia), which construct multilayered silk-woven cocoons that possess either a 'baggy' or 'compact' morphology. These dimorphic cocoons reflect extended phenotypes that can enable survival during a critical developmental period (pupal stage to adult emergence), with cocoons occurring either sympatrically or as monomorphic groups across different climatic regions in North America. We hypothesized that cocoon dimorphism is related to the cocoon's role as a mediating barrier for moisture. We predicted that the macro- and micro-architectural differences between the cocoon morphs would be consistent with this function. We compared the cocoon morphs in terms of their orientation when spun under natural field conditions, examined how these orientations affected cocoon water absorption under simulated rain trials, and performed material surface tests to compare the hydrophobicity of cocoons. We found that compact cocoons had traits that increased water resistance, as they had significantly greater hydrophobicity than baggy cocoons, because they absorbed less water and released water vapor faster. In contrast, the increased water absorptiveness of baggy cocoons can allow for greater moisture retention, a function related to the prevention of desiccation. Our study suggests that cocoon dimorphism in robin moths reflects distinct architectural syndromes, in which cocoons are spun to optimize either water resistance or retention. These different functions are consistent with strategies that act to respond to uncertain external environmental conditions that an individual might encounter during development.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.239780
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Article: Lack of evidence for a fine-scale magnetic map sense for fall migratory Eastern North American monarch butterflies (

Guerra, Patrick A / Parlin, Adam F / Matter, Stephen F

Ecology and evolution

2022 Volume 12, Issue 11, Page(s) e9498

Abstract: How first-time animal migrants find specific destinations remains an intriguing ecological question. Migratory marine species use geomagnetic map cues acquired as juveniles to aide long-distance migration, but less is known for long-distance migrants in ... ...

Abstract	How first-time animal migrants find specific destinations remains an intriguing ecological question. Migratory marine species use geomagnetic map cues acquired as juveniles to aide long-distance migration, but less is known for long-distance migrants in other taxa. We test the hypothesis that naïve Eastern North American fall migratory monarch butterflies (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.9498
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A behavioral assay to test sensory-cue-guided oriented flight in monarch butterflies under controlled conditions.

Parlin, Adam F / Stratton, Samuel M / Guerra, Patrick A

STAR protocols

2022 Volume 3, Issue 4, Page(s) 101920

Abstract: ... For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Parlin et al. (2022). ...

Abstract	Many animals use sensory cues to guide movement. Testing animals under conditions in which cues can be isolated and manipulated is key for understanding the function of cues. Here, we present a protocol to assess the flight of migratory monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). We describe procedures to optimize and conduct trials, especially under indoor conditions. This protocol facilitates testing monarchs in various experimental conditions including during their subjective night when they are not normally flying. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Parlin et al. (2022).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Butterflies ; Cues ; Animal Migration
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-1667
ISSN (online)	2666-1667
DOI	10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101920
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Oriented migratory flight at night: Consequences of nighttime light pollution for monarch butterflies.

Parlin, Adam F / Stratton, Samuel M / Guerra, Patrick A

iScience

2022 Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 104310

Abstract: We show that light trespass-a form of nighttime light pollution (NLP)-elicits normal daytime clock-mediated migratory behavior in fall monarch butterflies during their night-cycle. In controlled indoor flight simulator studies isolating the role of NLP ... ...

Abstract	We show that light trespass-a form of nighttime light pollution (NLP)-elicits normal daytime clock-mediated migratory behavior in fall monarch butterflies during their night-cycle. In controlled indoor flight simulator studies isolating the role of NLP on the expression of oriented migratory flight using a time-compensated sun compass,a full-spectrum light source consistent with lights used outdoors at night by the public,triggered proper fall directional flight at night in monarchs. Monarchs remained quiescent when initially placed in the flight simulator in the dark, but flight was immediately triggered when our light source was turned on. This nighttime behavior was identical to that seen in outdoor free-flying fall conspecifics during the day. The light source provided directional cues equivalent to those provided by the sun and could either phase-advance or phase-delay monarchs. Our study highlights the negative consequences of NLP on diurnal animals, especially those that rely on clock-mediated behavior.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2022.104310
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Lack of evidence for a fine‐scale magnetic map sense for fall migratory Eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus)

Patrick A. Guerra / Adam F. Parlin / Stephen F. Matter

Ecology and Evolution, Vol 12, Iss 11, Pp n/a-n/a (2022)

2022

Abstract: Abstract How first‐time animal migrants find specific destinations remains an intriguing ecological question. Migratory marine species use geomagnetic map cues acquired as juveniles to aide long‐distance migration, but less is known for long‐distance ... ...

Abstract	Abstract How first‐time animal migrants find specific destinations remains an intriguing ecological question. Migratory marine species use geomagnetic map cues acquired as juveniles to aide long‐distance migration, but less is known for long‐distance migrants in other taxa. We test the hypothesis that naïve Eastern North American fall migratory monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), a species that possesses a magnetic sense, locate their overwintering sites in Central Mexico using inherited geomagnetic map cues. We examined whether overwintering locations and the abundance of monarchs changed with the natural shift of Earth's magnetic field from 2004 to 2018. We found that migratory monarchs continued to overwinter at established sites in similar abundance despite significant shifts in the geomagnetic field, which is inconsistent with monarchs using fine‐scale geomagnetic map cues to find overwintering sites. It is more likely that monarchs use geomagnetic cues to assess migratory direction rather than location and use other cues to locate overwintering sites.
Keywords	flight orientation ; geomagnetic signposts ; magnetic declination angle ; magnetic inclination angle ; migration ; navigation ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A behavioral assay to test sensory-cue-guided oriented flight in monarch butterflies under controlled conditions

Adam F. Parlin / Samuel M. Stratton / Patrick A. Guerra

STAR Protocols, Vol 3, Iss 4, Pp 101920- (2022)

2022

Abstract: ... For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Parlin et al. (2022).1 ...

Abstract	Summary: Many animals use sensory cues to guide movement. Testing animals under conditions in which cues can be isolated and manipulated is key for understanding the function of cues. Here, we present a protocol to assess the flight of migratory monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). We describe procedures to optimize and conduct trials, especially under indoor conditions. This protocol facilitates testing monarchs in various experimental conditions including during their subjective night when they are not normally flying.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Parlin et al. (2022).1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
Keywords	Model Organisms ; Neuroscience ; Behavior ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Oriented migratory flight at night

Adam F. Parlin / Samuel M. Stratton / Patrick A. Guerra

iScience, Vol 25, Iss 5, Pp 104310- (2022)

Consequences of nighttime light pollution for monarch butterflies

2022

Abstract: Summary: We show that light trespass—a form of nighttime light pollution (NLP)—elicits normal daytime clock-mediated migratory behavior in fall monarch butterflies during their night-cycle. In controlled indoor flight simulator studies isolating the role ...

Abstract	Summary: We show that light trespass—a form of nighttime light pollution (NLP)—elicits normal daytime clock-mediated migratory behavior in fall monarch butterflies during their night-cycle. In controlled indoor flight simulator studies isolating the role of NLP on the expression of oriented migratory flight using a time-compensated sun compass,a full-spectrum light source consistent with lights used outdoors at night by the public,triggered proper fall directional flight at night in monarchs. Monarchs remained quiescent when initially placed in the flight simulator in the dark, but flight was immediately triggered when our light source was turned on. This nighttime behavior was identical to that seen in outdoor free-flying fall conspecifics during the day. The light source provided directional cues equivalent to those provided by the sun and could either phase-advance or phase-delay monarchs. Our study highlights the negative consequences of NLP on diurnal animals, especially those that rely on clock-mediated behavior.
Keywords	Ecology ; Entomology ; Behavioral neuroscience ; Science ; Q
Subject code	535
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The cost of movement: assessing energy expenditure in a long-distant ectothermic migrant under climate change.

Parlin, Adam F / Kendzel, Mitchell J / Taylor, Orley R / Culley, Theresa M / Matter, Stephen F / Guerra, Patrick A

The Journal of experimental biology

2023 Volume 226, Issue 21

Abstract: Migration is an energetically taxing phenomenon as animals move across vast, heterogeneous landscapes where the cost of transport is impacted by permissible ambient conditions. In this study, we assessed the energetic demands of long-distance migration ... ...

Abstract	Migration is an energetically taxing phenomenon as animals move across vast, heterogeneous landscapes where the cost of transport is impacted by permissible ambient conditions. In this study, we assessed the energetic demands of long-distance migration in a multigenerational ectothermic migrant, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). We tested the hypotheses that temperature-dependent physiological processes reduce energy reserves faster during migration than previously estimated, and that increasing climatic temperatures resulting from the climate crisis will intensify baseline daily energy expenditure. First, we reared monarchs under laboratory conditions to assess energy and mass conversion from fifth instar to adult stages, as a baseline for migratory adult mass and ontogenetic shifts in metabolic rate from larvae to adult. Then, using historical tag-recapture data, we estimated the movement propensity and migratory pace of autumn migrants using computer simulations and subsequently calculated energy expenditure. Finally, we estimated the energy use of monarchs based on these tag-recapture data and used this information to estimate daily energy expenditure over a 57 year period. We found support for our two hypotheses, noting that incorporating standard metabolic rate into estimates of migratory energy expenditure shows higher energy demand and that daily energy expenditure has been gradually increasing over time since 1961. Our study shows the deleterious energetic consequences under current climate change trajectories and highlights the importance of incorporating energetic estimates for understanding migration by small, ectothermic migrants.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Climate Change ; Animal Migration/physiology ; Butterflies/physiology ; Larva ; Energy Metabolism
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.245296
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