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  1. Article: ANATOMIE. UNTERSCHIEDLICH VERDRAHTET. Infografik: Wie das Gehirn des Menschen aufgebaut ist und worin es sich von denen seiner Verwandten unterscheidet.

    Sherwood, Chet C.

    Spektrum der Wissenschaft : Spezial

    2022  Volume -, Issue 4,'Die Evolution des Menschen', Page(s) 28

    Language German
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2938618-4
    ISSN 2625-7947 ; 2193-4452
    Database Current Contents Medicine

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  2. Article: Glycine is a transmitter in the human and chimpanzee cochlear nuclei.

    Baizer, Joan S / Sherwood, Chet C / Hof, Patrick R / Baker, James F / Witelson, Sandra F

    Frontiers in neuroanatomy

    2024  Volume 18, Page(s) 1331230

    Abstract: Introduction: Auditory information is relayed from the cochlea via the eighth cranial nerve to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei (DCN, VCN). The organization, neurochemistry and circuitry of the cochlear nuclei (CN) have been studied in many ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Auditory information is relayed from the cochlea via the eighth cranial nerve to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei (DCN, VCN). The organization, neurochemistry and circuitry of the cochlear nuclei (CN) have been studied in many species. It is well-established that glycine is an inhibitory transmitter in the CN of rodents and cats, with glycinergic cells in the DCN and VCN. There are, however, major differences in the laminar and cellular organization of the DCN between humans (and other primates) and rodents and cats. We therefore asked whether there might also be differences in glycinergic neurotransmission in the CN.
    Methods: We studied brainstem sections from humans, chimpanzees, and cats. We used antibodies to glycine receptors (GLYR) to identify neurons receiving glycinergic input, and antibodies to the neuronal glycine transporter (GLYT2) to immunolabel glycinergic axons and terminals. We also examined archival sections immunostained for calretinin (CR) and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (NPNFP) to try to locate the octopus cell area (OCA), a region in the VCN that rodents has minimal glycinergic input.
    Results: In humans and chimpanzees we found widespread immunolabel for glycine receptors in DCN and in the posterior (PVCN) and anterior (AVCN) divisions of the VCN. We found a parallel distribution of GLYT2-immunolabeled fibers and puncta. The data also suggest that, as in rodents, a region containing octopus cells in cats, humans and chimpanzees has little glycinergic input.
    Discussion: Our results show that glycine is a major transmitter in the human and chimpanzee CN, despite the species differences in DCN organization. The sources of the glycinergic input to the CN in humans and chimpanzees are not known.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-15
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452969-2
    ISSN 1662-5129
    ISSN 1662-5129
    DOI 10.3389/fnana.2024.1331230
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The evolution of human altriciality and brain development in comparative context.

    Gómez-Robles, Aida / Nicolaou, Christos / Smaers, Jeroen B / Sherwood, Chet C

    Nature ecology & evolution

    2023  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 133–146

    Abstract: Human newborns are considered altricial compared with other primates because they are relatively underdeveloped at birth. However, in a broader comparative context, other mammals are more altricial than humans. It has been proposed that altricial ... ...

    Abstract Human newborns are considered altricial compared with other primates because they are relatively underdeveloped at birth. However, in a broader comparative context, other mammals are more altricial than humans. It has been proposed that altricial development evolved secondarily in humans due to obstetrical or metabolic constraints, and in association with increased brain plasticity. To explore this association, we used comparative data from 140 placental mammals to measure how altriciality evolved in humans and other species. We also estimated how changes in brain size and gestation length influenced the timing of neurodevelopment during hominin evolution. Based on our data, humans show the highest evolutionary rate to become more altricial (measured as the proportion of adult brain size at birth) across all placental mammals, but this results primarily from the pronounced postnatal enlargement of brain size rather than neonatal changes. In addition, we show that only a small number of neurodevelopmental events were shifted to the postnatal period during hominin evolution, and that they were primarily related to the myelination of certain brain pathways. These results indicate that the perception of human altriciality is mostly driven by postnatal changes, and they point to a possible association between the timing of myelination and human neuroplasticity.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Adult ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Biological Evolution ; Placenta ; Primates ; Hominidae ; Brain ; Mammals
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2397-334X
    ISSN (online) 2397-334X
    DOI 10.1038/s41559-023-02253-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Adult neurogenesis and "immature" neurons in mammals: an evolutionary trade-off in plasticity?

    Bonfanti, Luca / La Rosa, Chiara / Ghibaudi, Marco / Sherwood, Chet C

    Brain structure & function

    2023  

    Abstract: Neuronal plasticity can vary remarkably in its form and degree across animal species. Adult neurogenesis, namely the capacity to produce new neurons from neural stem cells through adulthood, appears widespread in non-mammalian vertebrates, whereas it is ... ...

    Abstract Neuronal plasticity can vary remarkably in its form and degree across animal species. Adult neurogenesis, namely the capacity to produce new neurons from neural stem cells through adulthood, appears widespread in non-mammalian vertebrates, whereas it is reduced in mammals. A growing body of comparative studies also report variation in the occurrence and activity of neural stem cell niches between mammals, with a general trend of reduction from small-brained to large-brained species. Conversely, recent studies have shown that large-brained mammals host large amounts of neurons expressing typical markers of neurogenesis in the absence of cell division. In layer II of the cerebral cortex, populations of prenatally generated, non-dividing neurons continue to express molecules indicative of immaturity throughout life (cortical immature neurons; cINs). After remaining in a dormant state for a very long time, these cINs retain the potential of differentiating into mature neurons that integrate within the preexisting neural circuits. They are restricted to the paleocortex in small-brained rodents, while extending into the widely expanded neocortex of highly gyrencephalic, large-brained species. The current hypothesis is that these populations of non-newly generated "immature" neurons might represent a reservoir of developmentally plastic cells for mammalian species that are characterized by reduced stem cell-driven adult neurogenesis. This indicates that there may be a trade-off between various forms of plasticity that coexist during brain evolution. This balance may be necessary to maintain a "reservoir of plasticity" in brain regions that have distinct roles in species-specific socioecological adaptations, such as the neocortex and olfactory structures.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-13
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2273162-3
    ISSN 1863-2661 ; 1863-2653
    ISSN (online) 1863-2661
    ISSN 1863-2653
    DOI 10.1007/s00429-023-02717-9
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  5. Article ; Online: Myelin characteristics of the corpus callosum in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) across the lifespan.

    Watson, Chase M / Sherwood, Chet C / Phillips, Kimberley A

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 8786

    Abstract: The midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (CC) is frequently studied in relation to brain development, connectivity, and function. Here we quantify myelin characteristics from electron microscopy to understand more fully differential patterns of white ... ...

    Abstract The midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (CC) is frequently studied in relation to brain development, connectivity, and function. Here we quantify myelin characteristics from electron microscopy to understand more fully differential patterns of white matter development occurring within the CC. We subdivided midsagittal regions of the CC into: I-rostrum and genu, II-rostral body, III-anterior midbody, IV-posterior midbody, and V-isthmus and splenium. The sample represented capuchin monkeys ranging in age from 2 weeks to 35 years (Sapajus [Cebus] apella, n = 8). Measurements of myelin thickness, myelin fraction, and g-ratio were obtained in a systematic random fashion. We hypothesized there would be a period of rapid myelin growth within the CC in early development. Using a locally weighted regression analysis (LOESS), we found regional differences in myelin characteristics, with posterior regions showing more rapid increases in myelin thickness and sharper decreases in g-ratio in early development. The most anterior region showed the most sustained growth in myelin thickness. For all regions over the lifespan, myelin fraction increased, plateaued, and decreased. These results suggest differential patterns of nonlinear myelin growth occur early in development and well into adulthood in the CC of capuchin monkeys.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cebus ; Corpus Callosum ; Longevity ; Myelin Sheath ; Sapajus ; Sapajus apella
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-12893-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Coevolution of language and tools in the human brain: An ALE meta-analysis of neural activation during syntactic processing and tool use.

    Kulik, Veronika / Reyes, Laura D / Sherwood, Chet C

    Progress in brain research

    2022  Volume 275, Page(s) 93–115

    Abstract: Language and complex tool use are often cited as behaviors unique to humans and may be evolutionarily linked owing to the underlying cognitive processes they have in common. We executed a quantitative activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis ( ...

    Abstract Language and complex tool use are often cited as behaviors unique to humans and may be evolutionarily linked owing to the underlying cognitive processes they have in common. We executed a quantitative activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis (GingerALE 2.3) on published, whole-brain neuroimaging studies to identify areas associated with syntactic processing and/or tool use in humans. Significant clusters related to syntactic processing were identified in areas known to be related to language production and comprehension, including bilateral Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus. Tool use activation clusters were all in the left hemisphere and included the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex, in addition to other areas involved with sensorimotor transformation. Activation shared by syntactic processing and tool use was only significant at one cluster, located in the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus. This minimal overlap between syntactic processing and tool use activation from our meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies indicates that there is not a widespread common neural network between the two. Broca's area may serve as an important hub that was initially recruited in early human evolution in the context of simple tool use, but was eventually co-opted for linguistic purposes, including the sequential and hierarchical ordering processes that characterize syntax. In the future, meta-analyses of additional components of language may allow for a more comprehensive examination of the functional networks that underlie the coevolution of human language and complex tool use.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Tool Use Behavior ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Language ; Brain ; Broca Area/physiology ; Brain Mapping
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1875-7855 ; 0079-6123
    ISSN (online) 1875-7855
    ISSN 0079-6123
    DOI 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.003
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  7. Article ; Online: What single neurons can tell us.

    Miller, Elaine N / Sherwood, Chet C

    eLife

    2019  Volume 8

    Abstract: IQ scores are correlated with the morphology and activity of certain neurons in the human temporal cortex. ...

    Abstract IQ scores are correlated with the morphology and activity of certain neurons in the human temporal cortex.
    MeSH term(s) Dendrites ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Neurons ; Pyramidal Cells ; Temporal Lobe
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.44560
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  8. Article: Uncovering the Morphological Evolution of Language-Relevant Brain Areas.

    Gallardo, Guillermo / Eichner, Cornelius / Sherwood, Chet C / Hopkins, William D / Anwander, Alfred / Friederici, Angela D

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Human language is supported by a cortical network involving Broca's area which comprises Brodmann Areas 44 and 45 (BA44, BA45). While cytoarchitectonic homolog areas have been identified in nonhuman primates, it remains unknown how these regions evolved ... ...

    Abstract Human language is supported by a cortical network involving Broca's area which comprises Brodmann Areas 44 and 45 (BA44, BA45). While cytoarchitectonic homolog areas have been identified in nonhuman primates, it remains unknown how these regions evolved to support human language. Here, we use histological data and advanced cortical registration methods to precisely compare the morphology of BA44 and 45 between humans and chimpanzees. We found a general expansion of Broca's areas in humans, with the left BA44 enlarging the most, growing anteriorly into a region known to process syntax. Together with recent functional studies, our findings show that BA44 evolved from a purely action-related region to a more expanded region in humans, with a posterior portion supporting action and an anterior portion supporting syntactic processes. Furthermore, our findings provide a solution for the longstanding debate concerning the structural and functional evolution of Broca's area and its role in action and language.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.03.17.533103
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  9. Article ; Online: Morphological evolution of language-relevant brain areas.

    Gallardo, Guillermo / Eichner, Cornelius / Sherwood, Chet C / Hopkins, William D / Anwander, Alfred / Friederici, Angela D

    PLoS biology

    2023  Volume 21, Issue 9, Page(s) e3002266

    Abstract: Human language is supported by a cortical network involving Broca's area, which comprises Brodmann Areas 44 and 45 (BA44 and BA45). While cytoarchitectonic homolog areas have been identified in nonhuman primates, it remains unknown how these regions ... ...

    Abstract Human language is supported by a cortical network involving Broca's area, which comprises Brodmann Areas 44 and 45 (BA44 and BA45). While cytoarchitectonic homolog areas have been identified in nonhuman primates, it remains unknown how these regions evolved to support human language. Here, we use histological data and advanced cortical registration methods to precisely compare the morphology of BA44 and BA45 in humans and chimpanzees. We found a general expansion of Broca's areas in humans, with the left BA44 enlarging the most, growing anteriorly into a region known to process syntax. Together with recent functional and receptorarchitectural studies, our findings support the conclusion that BA44 evolved from an action-related region to a bipartite system, with a posterior portion supporting action and an anterior portion supporting syntactic processes. Our findings add novel insights to the longstanding debate on the relationship between language and action, and the evolution of Broca's area.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Brain ; Language ; Pan troglodytes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002266
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  10. Article ; Online: Brain Evolution: Mapping the Inner Neandertal.

    Sherwood, Chet C / Bradley, Brenda J

    Current biology : CB

    2019  Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) R95–R97

    Abstract: Human populations that migrated out of Africa interbred with Neandertals. A new study assesses the effects of Neandertal gene variants on brain shape in modern humans, providing insights into the genomic basis of the uniquely globular human brain. ...

    Abstract Human populations that migrated out of Africa interbred with Neandertals. A new study assesses the effects of Neandertal gene variants on brain shape in modern humans, providing insights into the genomic basis of the uniquely globular human brain.
    MeSH term(s) Africa ; Animals ; Brain ; Genome ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Neanderthals/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.024
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