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Article ; Online: Cultural specialization as a double-edged sword: division into specialized guilds might promote cultural complexity at the cost of higher susceptibility to cultural loss.

Ben-Oren, Yotam / Kolodny, Oren / Creanza, Nicole

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2023 Volume 378, Issue 1872, Page(s) 20210418

Abstract: The transition to specialization of knowledge within populations could have facilitated the accumulation of cultural complexity in humans. Specialization allows populations to increase their cultural repertoire without requiring that members of that ... ...

Abstract	The transition to specialization of knowledge within populations could have facilitated the accumulation of cultural complexity in humans. Specialization allows populations to increase their cultural repertoire without requiring that members of that population increase their individual capacity to accumulate knowledge. However, specialization also means that domain-specific knowledge can be concentrated in small subsets of the population, making it more susceptible to loss. Here, we use a model of cultural evolution to demonstrate that specialized populations can be more sensitive to stochastic loss of knowledge than populations without subdivision of knowledge, and that demographic and environmental changes have an amplified effect on populations with knowledge specialization. Finally, we suggest that specialization can be a double-edged sword; specialized populations may have an advantage in accumulating cultural traits but may also be less likely to expand and establish themselves successfully in new demes owing to the increased cultural loss that they experience during the population bottlenecks that often characterize such expansions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions'.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Biological Evolution ; Population Density ; Cultural Evolution
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2021.0418
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Article ; Online: A computational framework for resolving the microbiome diversity conundrum.

Daybog, Itay / Kolodny, Oren

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 7977

Abstract: Recent empirical studies offer conflicting findings regarding the relation between host fitness and the composition of its microbiome, a conflict which we term 'the microbial β- diversity conundrum'. The microbiome is crucial for host wellbeing and ... ...

Abstract	Recent empirical studies offer conflicting findings regarding the relation between host fitness and the composition of its microbiome, a conflict which we term 'the microbial β- diversity conundrum'. The microbiome is crucial for host wellbeing and survival. Surprisingly, different healthy individuals' microbiome compositions, even in the same population, often differ dramatically, contrary to the notion that a vital trait should be highly conserved. Moreover, gnotobiotic individuals exhibit highly deleterious phenotypes, supporting the view that the microbiome is paramount to host fitness. However, the introduction of almost arbitrarily selected microbiota into the system often achieves a significant rescue effect of the deleterious phenotypes. This is true even for microbiota from soil or phylogenetically distant host species, highlighting an apparent paradox. We suggest several solutions to the paradox using a computational framework, simulating the population dynamics of hosts and their microbiomes over multiple generations. The answers invoke factors such as host population size, the specific mode of microbial contribution to host fitness, and typical microbiome richness, offering solutions to the conundrum by highlighting scenarios where even when a host's fitness is determined in full by its microbiome composition, this composition has little effect on the natural selection dynamics of the population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bacteria/genetics ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phenotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-42768-4
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Article ; Online: Crossing the valley of non-intimidating conspicuousness: evolution of warning coloration through the lens of fitness landscapes.

Topper, Akiva / Kolodny, Oren

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution

2023 Volume 77, Issue 2, Page(s) 335–341

Abstract: The initial evolution of conspicuous aposematism is a longstanding evolutionary paradox: while the benefits of conspicuousness in aposematic signals have been demonstrated, they rely on predators being familiar with the conspicuous signals and avoiding ... ...

Abstract	The initial evolution of conspicuous aposematism is a longstanding evolutionary paradox: while the benefits of conspicuousness in aposematic signals have been demonstrated, they rely on predators being familiar with the conspicuous signals and avoiding them. In a system dominated by naïve predators, the appearance of conspicuousness would be expected to increase detection and attack rate by the predators. Hence, it is unclear how such signals could become established in a naïve community. We suggest that this problem may usefully be framed in the terms of fitness landscapes, an idea used for conceptualizing the mapping between genotype/phenotype and fitness. The evolution of conspicuousness can be thought of as a special case of valley crossing, which concerns the transition of populations between fitness peaks, when such a transition imposes an initial decrease in fitness. Crypsis may be regarded as a local fitness peak, hindering predators' ability to detect prey; for an unpalatable species, conspicuous aposematism may constitute a higher-still fitness peak, preventing predation attempts altogether and allowing access to niches unavailable to species encumbered by the necessity to remain concealed from predators. However, in order to reach this higher peak, the population must first cross the valley of non-intimidating conspicuousness, in which the prey is conspicuous but the predators are not yet deterred. Using terms borrowed from the concept of fitness landscapes, we categorize several solutions suggested previously in the literature as either concerning changes in the fitness landscape or as illuminating possible ridges connecting the two peaks, which emerge from unconsidered dimensions of the fitness landscape. We suggest that considering this question through the lens of fitness landscapes not only facilitates useful categorization of previously suggested solutions but may also prove useful for thinking about novel ones.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Predatory Behavior ; Environment ; Poaceae
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2036375-8
ISSN	1558-5646 ; 0014-3820
ISSN (online)	1558-5646
ISSN	0014-3820
DOI	10.1093/evolut/qpac044
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Article: Competition for resources can reshape the evolutionary properties of spatial structure.

Devadhasan, Anush / Kolodny, Oren / Carja, Oana

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Many evolving ecosystems have spatial structures that can be conceptualized as networks, with nodes representing individuals or homogeneous subpopulations and links the patterns of interaction and replacement between them. Prior models of evolution on ... ...

Abstract	Many evolving ecosystems have spatial structures that can be conceptualized as networks, with nodes representing individuals or homogeneous subpopulations and links the patterns of interaction and replacement between them. Prior models of evolution on networks do not take ecological niche differences and eco-evolutionary interplay into account. Here, we combine a resource competition model with evolutionary graph theory to study how heterogeneous topological structure shapes evolutionary dynamics under global frequency-dependent ecological interactions. We find that the addition of ecological competition for resources can produce a reversal of roles between amplifier and suppressor networks for deleterious mutants entering the population. Moreover, we show that this effect is a non-linear function of ecological niche overlap and discuss intuition for the observed dynamics using simulations and analytical approximations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.04.13.589370
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Article ; Online: A computational framework for resolving the microbiome diversity conundrum

Itay Daybog / Oren Kolodny

Nature Communications, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 13

Abstract: Abstract Recent empirical studies offer conflicting findings regarding the relation between host fitness and the composition of its microbiome, a conflict which we term ‘the microbial β- diversity conundrum’. The microbiome is crucial for host wellbeing ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Recent empirical studies offer conflicting findings regarding the relation between host fitness and the composition of its microbiome, a conflict which we term ‘the microbial β- diversity conundrum’. The microbiome is crucial for host wellbeing and survival. Surprisingly, different healthy individuals’ microbiome compositions, even in the same population, often differ dramatically, contrary to the notion that a vital trait should be highly conserved. Moreover, gnotobiotic individuals exhibit highly deleterious phenotypes, supporting the view that the microbiome is paramount to host fitness. However, the introduction of almost arbitrarily selected microbiota into the system often achieves a significant rescue effect of the deleterious phenotypes. This is true even for microbiota from soil or phylogenetically distant host species, highlighting an apparent paradox. We suggest several solutions to the paradox using a computational framework, simulating the population dynamics of hosts and their microbiomes over multiple generations. The answers invoke factors such as host population size, the specific mode of microbial contribution to host fitness, and typical microbiome richness, offering solutions to the conundrum by highlighting scenarios where even when a host’s fitness is determined in full by its microbiome composition, this composition has little effect on the natural selection dynamics of the population.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Mutualism at the leading edge: insights into the eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-symbiont communities during range expansion.

Martignoni, Maria M / Tyson, Rebecca C / Kolodny, Oren / Garnier, Jimmy

Journal of mathematical biology

2024 Volume 88, Issue 2, Page(s) 24

Abstract: The evolution of mutualism between host and symbiont communities plays an essential role in maintaining ecosystem function and should therefore have a profound effect on their range expansion dynamics. In particular, the presence of mutualistic symbionts ...

Abstract	The evolution of mutualism between host and symbiont communities plays an essential role in maintaining ecosystem function and should therefore have a profound effect on their range expansion dynamics. In particular, the presence of mutualistic symbionts at the leading edge of a host-symbiont community should enhance its propagation in space. We develop a theoretical framework that captures the eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-symbiont communities, to investigate how the evolution of resource exchange may shape community structure during range expansion. We consider a community with symbionts that are mutualistic or parasitic to various degrees, where parasitic symbionts receive the same amount of resource from the host as mutualistic symbionts, but at a lower cost. The selective advantage of parasitic symbionts over mutualistic ones is increased with resource availability (i.e. with host density), promoting mutualism at the range edges, where host density is low, and parasitism at the population core, where host density is higher. This spatial selection also influences the speed of spread. We find that the host growth rate (which depends on the average benefit provided by the symbionts) is maximal at the range edges, where symbionts are more mutualistic, and that host-symbiont communities with high symbiont density at their core (e.g. resulting from more mutualistic hosts) spread faster into new territories. These results indicate that the expansion of host-symbiont communities is pulled by the hosts but pushed by the symbionts, in a unique push-pull dynamic where both the host and symbionts are active and tightly-linked players.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Symbiosis ; Parasites ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	187101-8
ISSN	1432-1416 ; 0303-6812
ISSN (online)	1432-1416
ISSN	0303-6812
DOI	10.1007/s00285-023-02037-w
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Article ; Online: Modelling effects of inter-group contact on links between population size and cultural complexity.

Ben-Oren, Yotam / Strassberg, Sarah Saxton / Hovers, Erella / Kolodny, Oren / Creanza, Nicole

Biology letters

2023 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 20230020

Abstract: Human populations rely on cultural artefacts for their survival. Populations vary dramatically in the size of their tool repertoires, and the determinants of these cultural repertoire sizes have been the focus of extensive study. A prominent hypothesis, ... ...

Abstract	Human populations rely on cultural artefacts for their survival. Populations vary dramatically in the size of their tool repertoires, and the determinants of these cultural repertoire sizes have been the focus of extensive study. A prominent hypothesis, supported by computational models of cultural evolution, asserts that tool repertoire size increases with population size. However, not all empirical studies have found such a correlation, leading to a contentious and ongoing debate. As a possible resolution to this longstanding controversy, we suggest that accounting for even rare cultural migration events that allow sharing of knowledge between different-sized populations may help explain why a population's size might not always predict its cultural repertoire size. Using an agent-based model to test assumptions about the effects of population size and connectivity on tool repertoires, we find that cultural exchange between a focal population and others, particularly with large populations, may significantly boost its tool repertoire size. Thus, two populations of identical size may have drastically different tool repertoire sizes, hinging upon their access to other groups' knowledge. Intermittent contact between populations boosts cultural repertoire size and still allows for the development of unique tool repertoires that have limited overlap between populations.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Population Density ; Cultural Evolution
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2023.0020
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Article ; Online: Human major transitions from the perspective of distributed adaptations.

Lamm, Ehud / Finkel, Meir / Kolodny, Oren

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2023 Volume 378, Issue 1872, Page(s) 20210401

Abstract: Distributed adaptations are cases in which adaptation is dependent on the population as a whole: the adaptation is conferred by a structural or compositional aspect of the population; the adaptively relevant information cannot be reduced to information ... ...

Abstract	Distributed adaptations are cases in which adaptation is dependent on the population as a whole: the adaptation is conferred by a structural or compositional aspect of the population; the adaptively relevant information cannot be reduced to information possessed by a single individual. Possible examples of human-distributed adaptations are song lines, traditions, trail systems, game drive lanes and systems of water collection and irrigation. Here we discuss the possible role of distributed adaptations in human cultural macro-evolution. Several kinds of human-distributed adaptations are presented, and their evolutionary implications are highlighted. In particular, we discuss the implications of population size, density and bottlenecks on the distributed adaptations that a population may possess and how they in turn would affect the population's resilience to ecological change. We discuss the implications that distributed adaptations may have for human collective action and the possibility that they played a role in colonization of new areas and niches, in seasonal migration, and in setting constraints for minimal inter-population connectivity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions'.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Acclimatization ; Population Density ; Cultural Evolution
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2021.0401
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Article ; Online: Distributed Adaptations

Ehud Lamm / Oren Kolodny

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol

Can a Species Be Adapted While No Single Individual Carries the Adaptation?

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: Species’ adaptation to their environments occurs via a range of mechanisms of adaptation. These include genetic adaptations as well as non-traditional inheritance mechanisms such as learned behaviors, niche construction, epigenetics, horizontal gene ... ...

Abstract	Species’ adaptation to their environments occurs via a range of mechanisms of adaptation. These include genetic adaptations as well as non-traditional inheritance mechanisms such as learned behaviors, niche construction, epigenetics, horizontal gene transfer, and alteration of the composition of a host’s associated microbiome. We propose to supplement these with another modality of eco-evolutionary dynamics: cases in which adaptation to the environment occurs via what may be called a “distributed adaptation,” in which the adaptation is not conferred via something carried by an individual of the adapted species (as with genes, behavior, or associated microbes), but by some structural or compositional aspect of the population. Put differently, the adaptively relevant information cannot be reduced to information possessed by a single individual, whether genetic or otherwise. Rather, the adaptively relevant information is distributed, and is found strictly at the population level. While human culture is presumably such a case, as may be cases found in social insects, we want to suggest that there are other cases that belong to this category and to explore its evolutionary implications. In particular, we discuss the factors that affect whether adaptive information is stored in a distributed way, to what degree, and what kinds of adaptive information are most likely to be found in this modality of adaptation.
Keywords	adaptation ; major transitions ; cultural evolution ; social learning ; collective behavior ; collective memory ; Evolution ; QH359-425 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Simplified model assumptions artificially constrain the parameter range in which selection at the holobiont level can occur.

Daybog, Itay / Kolodny, Oren

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2020 Volume 117, Issue 22, Page(s) 11862–11863

MeSH term(s)	Microbiota ; Symbiosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2004737117
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