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Article: Inhibition of HIV-1 entry into cells.

Copeland, Karen F T

Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery

2008 Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) 107–112

Abstract: ... and CXCR4, for entry into CD4+ T cells and macrophages. These discoveries have provided another target ...

Abstract	Treatments for HIV-1 include drugs which act to inhibit specific steps in the virus life cycle such as reverse transcription and viral maturation. In 1995 breakthroughs were made in our understanding of the entry of HIV-1 into cells. HIV-1 was shown to use, in addition to the CD4 receptor, chemokine co-receptors, primarily CCR5 and CXCR4, for entry into CD4+ T cells and macrophages. These discoveries have provided another target for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Drugs developed to block HIV-1 entry include CD4 receptor inhibitors, chemokine receptor inhibitors and inhibitors of attachment and membrane fusion. These drugs may add a further treatment for HIV-1 infection along with protease inhibitors and reverse transcription inhibitors. Several of the entry inhibitors are currently being used in clinical trials and demonstrate efficacy in vivo. In this review, the entry blocking drugs that have recently been patented, their mode of action in inhibiting HIV-1 and their efficacy in clinical trials will be discussed.
MeSH term(s)	CD4 Antigens/drug effects ; HIV Fusion Inhibitors/pharmacology ; HIV Fusion Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV-1/drug effects ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion/drug effects ; Patents as Topic ; Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors ; Virus Attachment/drug effects
Chemical Substances	CD4 Antigens ; HIV Fusion Inhibitors ; Receptors, Chemokine
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2261296-8
ISSN	2212-4071 ; 1574-891X
ISSN (online)	2212-4071
ISSN	1574-891X
DOI	10.2174/157489106775244118
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Article ; Online: A novel use for an old drug: the potential for minocycline as anti-HIV adjuvant therapy.

Copeland, Karen F T / Brooks, James I

The Journal of infectious diseases

2010 Volume 201, Issue 8, Page(s) 1115–1117

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Cytokines/drug effects ; Cytokines/physiology ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/immunology ; Humans ; Minocycline/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents ; Cytokines ; Minocycline (FYY3R43WGO)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-04-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Editorial
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1086/651278
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Article: CD8+ T-cells: function and response to HIV infection.

Gulzar, Naveed / Copeland, Karen F T

Current HIV research

2004 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 23–37

Abstract: CD8+ T-cells are a critical component of the cellular immune response and they play an important ... role in the control of viral infection. During HIV infection, CD8+ T-cells are able to recognize ... by the secretion of perforin and granzymes. These cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) can also eliminate virally infected ...

Abstract	CD8+ T-cells are a critical component of the cellular immune response and they play an important role in the control of viral infection. During HIV infection, CD8+ T-cells are able to recognize infected cells through an MHC-I dependent process and are able to lyse cells harboring viral infection by the secretion of perforin and granzymes. These cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) can also eliminate virally infected cells through the engagement of death-inducing ligands expressed by CD8+ T-cells with death receptors on the surface of the infected cell. In addition, CD8+ CTL secrete soluble factors such as beta-chemokines and the CD8+ antiviral factor (CAF) that suppress viral binding and transcription, respectively. In order for HIV to survive the pressures placed upon it by the immune system, the virus has adopted numerous strategies to evade the CD8+ T-cell response. The high mutation rate of HIV has allowed the virus to escape CD8+ T-cell recognition in addition to its ability to down-regulate surface MHC-I expression from infected cells. Also, by altering the pattern of cytokine production and engagement of cellular receptors, HIV disrupts proper CD8+ T-cell signaling. The resultant improper T-cell receptor (TcR) stimulation creates an anergic state in these cells. By affecting the function of CD4+ T-cells and antigen presenting cells that are required for proper CD8+ T-cell maturation, HIV is able to decrease the circulating pool of effector and memory CD8+ T-cells that are able to combat viral infection. The end result is the aberration of CD8+ T-cell function.
MeSH term(s)	Apoptosis ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Cytokines/physiology ; HIV/immunology ; HIV/pathogenicity ; HIV/physiology ; HIV Infections/immunology ; HIV Infections/virology ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology ; Perforin ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Perforin (126465-35-8) ; Serine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-03-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2192348-6
ISSN	1570-162X
ISSN	1570-162X
DOI	10.2174/1570162043485077
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Article ; Online: Cancer stage at diagnosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and transplant recipients.

Shiels, Meredith S / Copeland, Glenn / Goodman, Marc T / Harrell, Janna / Lynch, Charles F / Pawlish, Karen / Pfeiffer, Ruth M / Engels, Eric A

Cancer

2015 Volume 121, Issue 12, Page(s) 2063–2071

Abstract: Background: It is unknown whether immunosuppression results in more aggressive, advanced stage cancers. Because cancer stage is influenced both by tumor biology and medical surveillance, the authors assessed cancer stage in individuals infected with the ...

Abstract	Background: It is unknown whether immunosuppression results in more aggressive, advanced stage cancers. Because cancer stage is influenced both by tumor biology and medical surveillance, the authors assessed cancer stage in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and solid organ transplant recipients, 2 immunosuppressed groups with differences in their health care use. Methods: The authors used data on all cases of 15 cancer types diagnosed during 1996 through 2010 in 2 studies that linked US cancer registries with HIV and transplant registries. Odds ratios (ORs) for advanced (vs local) disease were estimated comparing HIV and transplant populations with immunocompetent individuals in polytomous logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, registry, and year. Results: A total of 8411 of 4.5 million cancer cases occurred in HIV-infected individuals and 7322 of 6.4 million cancer cases occurred in transplant recipients. Compared with immunocompetent patients with cancer, those infected with HIV were more likely to be diagnosed with distant stage lung (OR, 1.13), female breast (OR, 1.99), and prostate (OR, 1.57) cancers, whereas transplant recipients had fewer distant stage lung (OR, 0.54), female breast (OR, 0.75), and prostate (OR, 0.72) cancers. Both immunosuppressed populations had a shift toward advanced stage melanoma (ORs of 1.97 for HIV-infected individuals and 1.82 for transplant recipients) and bladder cancer (ORs of 1.42 for HIV-infected individuals and 1.54 for transplant recipients). Conclusions: Bladder cancer and melanoma were more likely to be diagnosed at a nonlocal stage in both HIV-infected individuals and transplant recipients, suggesting a role for immunosuppression in their progression. In addition, we observed a shift for some common cancers toward later stages in HIV-infected individuals and toward earlier stages in transplant recipients, which is consistent with differential access to medical care or surveillance.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Female ; HIV Infections/immunology ; Humans ; Immunosuppression Therapy/adverse effects ; Immunosuppression Therapy/methods ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Neoplasms/virology ; Transplant Recipients ; Transplantation Immunology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1429-1
ISSN	1097-0142 ; 0008-543X ; 1934-662X
ISSN (online)	1097-0142
ISSN	0008-543X ; 1934-662X
DOI	10.1002/cncr.29324
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Article ; Online: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection protects against a Tc1-to-Tc2 shift in CD8(+) T cells.

Gulzar, Naveed / Diker, Bilge / Balasubramanian, Sowmya / Jiang, Janina Q / Copeland, Karen F T

Human immunology

2011 Volume 72, Issue 11, Page(s) 995–1000

Abstract: Despite the reports of dysfunction of the lytic abilities of CD8(+) T cells during ... T cells have not been well characterized to date. We examined the effect of HIV-1 infection ... on the cytokine and chemokine responses of peripheral blood-derived CD8(+) T cells in an in vitro system ...

Abstract	Despite the reports of dysfunction of the lytic abilities of CD8(+) T cells during human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disease progression, the effects of infection on the noncytolytic functions of CD8(+) T cells have not been well characterized to date. We examined the effect of HIV-1 infection on the cytokine and chemokine responses of peripheral blood-derived CD8(+) T cells in an in vitro system. Activation of HIV-1-infected CD8(+) T cells with phytohemagglutinin resulted in a 4- to 8-fold increase in the production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted, and interleukin (IL)-16. Treatment of activated HIV-1-infected CD8(+) T cells with anti-CD3 monoclonal (M) antibody (Ab) and IL-15 induced strong production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Treatment of cells with anti-IL-12 MAb and IL-4 to induce a Tc1-to-Tc2 shift resulted in no change in viral production levels or IFN-γ production within the HIV-1-infected CD8(+) T cell population. Initiation of a Tc2-to-Tc1 shift resulted in a 6-fold increase in HIV-1 replication and 2- to 3-fold higher levels of IFN-γ, demonstrating that infection can protect against a Tc1-to-Tc2 shift in CD8(+) T cells.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism ; CD3 Complex/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Disease Progression ; HIV Infections/immunology ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/pathogenicity ; HIV-1/physiology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Phytohemagglutinins/immunology ; Phytohemagglutinins/metabolism ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Virus Replication/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; CD3 Complex ; Cytokines ; Phytohemagglutinins
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	801524-7
ISSN	1879-1166 ; 0198-8859
ISSN (online)	1879-1166
ISSN	0198-8859
DOI	10.1016/j.humimm.2011.08.012
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Article ; Online: Comparative efflux of saquinavir, ritonavir and lopinavir from primary human cells.

Diker, Bilge / Janneh, Omar / van Heeswijk, Rolf P G / Copeland, Karen F T

Drug metabolism letters

2010 Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) 241–245

Abstract: ... from primary T lymphocytes to determine optimum conditions to be adopted in the processing of blood samples ...

Abstract	Therapeutic drug monitoring is an important element in the management of drug treatment in HIV-1 infected patients. We have examined the effect of temperature on the egress of HIV-1 protease inhibitors from primary T lymphocytes to determine optimum conditions to be adopted in the processing of blood samples in order to accurately estimate intracellular or plasma drug concentrations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells or U937 cells were incubated with radiolabelled saquinavir, ritonavir or lopinavir at a concentration of 1 µM. The cells were washed and resuspended in RPMI medium (without radiolabelled drug) and further incubated at 37°C, room temperature (21°C) or at 4°C. We observed that release of drug ensued upon the removal of cells from bathing media containing drug, with the rate of efflux being slower at 4°C and fastest at 37°C for all the protease inhibitors. There was a more rapid efflux of saquinavir and ritonavir than lopinavir from both cultured monocytic and primary human cells. The rank order of the partition coefficient of the drugs were lopinavir > saquinavir > ritonavir. All factors that may limit optimal estimation of cell-associated drug concentrations must be considered so that intracellular concentrations of drug can be accurately estimated.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Transport ; HIV Protease Inhibitors/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Lopinavir ; Pyrimidinones/metabolism ; Ritonavir/metabolism ; Saquinavir/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Temperature ; U937 Cells
Chemical Substances	HIV Protease Inhibitors ; Pyrimidinones ; Lopinavir (2494G1JF75) ; Saquinavir (L3JE09KZ2F) ; Ritonavir (O3J8G9O825)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-07-21
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1874-0758
ISSN (online)	1874-0758
DOI	10.2174/187231210792928297
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Article ; Online: Infection of CD8+CD45RO+ memory T-cells by HIV-1 and their proliferative response.

Gulzar, Naveed / Balasubramanian, Sowyma / Harris, Greg / Sanchez-Dardon, Jaime / Copeland, Karen F T

The open AIDS journal

2008 Volume 2, Page(s) 43–57

Abstract: CD8+ T-cells are involved in controlling HIV-1 infection by eliminating infected cells and ... of infection of CD8+ T-cells by HIV-1 in vitro, we examined the susceptibility of these cells and their subsets ... to infection. CD8+ T-cells supported greater levels of replication with T-cell tropic strains of HIV-1 ...

Abstract	CD8+ T-cells are involved in controlling HIV-1 infection by eliminating infected cells and secreting soluble factors that inhibit viral replication. To investigate the mechanism and significance of infection of CD8+ T-cells by HIV-1 in vitro, we examined the susceptibility of these cells and their subsets to infection. CD8+ T-cells supported greater levels of replication with T-cell tropic strains of HIV-1, though viral production was lower than that observed in CD4+ T-cells. CD8+ T-cell infection was found to be productive through ELISA, RT-PCR and flow cytometric analyses. In addition, the CD8+CD45RO+ memory T-cell population supported higher levels of HIV-1 replication than CD8+CD45RA+ naïve T-cells. However, infection of CD8+CD45RO+ T-cells did not affect their proliferative response to the majority of mitogens tested. We conclude, with numerous lines of evidence detecting and measuring infection of CD8+ T-cells and their subsets, that this cellular target and potential reservoir may be central to HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-07-10
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2396652-X
ISSN	1874-6136 ; 1874-6136
ISSN (online)	1874-6136
ISSN	1874-6136
DOI	10.2174/1874613600802010043
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Article: Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy and immune recovery on CD8+ T-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 transcription.

Beaudoin, Greg / Diker, Bilge / Angel, Jonathan B / Copeland, Karen F T

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

2006 Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 393–400

Abstract: ... of disease progression in HIV-1 infection (CD4 T-cell counts and viral load [VL]) is inconclusive. Particularly ... production in CD8 T cells of HIV-1-positive individuals divided into 3 groups: patients on protease inhibitor ... in HIV-1-positive individuals. Furthermore, we have distinguished between CD8 T-cell-mediated suppression ...

Abstract	Summary: : To date, the relation between the CD8 antiviral factor (CAF) and clinical indicators of disease progression in HIV-1 infection (CD4 T-cell counts and viral load [VL]) is inconclusive. Particularly, the effect of antiretroviral therapy and immune recovery on CAF production remains unclear. Using a transient transfection assay and a reporter gene activated by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), we analyzed CAF production in CD8 T cells of HIV-1-positive individuals divided into 3 groups: patients on protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy, patients on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based therapy, and patients receiving no therapy. We found that within the untreated group, CAF activity inversely correlated with VL and high CAF was associated with lower VLs over a period of 0.5 to 3 years. Furthermore, patients who were drug-naive demonstrated significantly higher CAF than untreated patients who had previously undergone antiretroviral therapy. CAF activity in treated patients was similar to CAF in drug-naive patients and higher than in off-treatment patients. There seemed to be a trend toward higher CAF in patients on NNRTI-based therapy compared with those on PI-based therapy. These results suggest that immune recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) contributes to the normalization of CAF levels in HIV-1-positive individuals. Furthermore, we have distinguished between CD8 T-cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication and gene transcription.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Antiviral Agents/blood ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/immunology ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat/drug effects ; HIV-1/drug effects ; HIV-1/metabolism ; HIV-1/physiology ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells/virology ; Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral Load ; Virus Replication
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents ; Antiviral Agents ; Protease Inhibitors ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	645053-2
ISSN	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450 ; 1525-4135 ; 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255
ISSN (online)	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450
ISSN	1525-4135 ; 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255
DOI	10.1097/01.qai.0000232916.35884.7b
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Article ; Online: Association of Physical Activity With Bioactive Lipids and Cardiovascular Events.

Circulation research

2022 Volume 131, Issue 4, Page(s) e84–e99

Abstract: Background: To clarify the mechanisms underlying physical activity (PA)-related cardioprotection, we examined the association of PA with plasma bioactive lipids (BALs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We additionally performed genome-wide ... ...

Abstract	Background: To clarify the mechanisms underlying physical activity (PA)-related cardioprotection, we examined the association of PA with plasma bioactive lipids (BALs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We additionally performed genome-wide associations. Methods: PA-bioactive lipid associations were examined in VITAL (VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL)-clinical translational science center (REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. Clinicaltrials: gov; Unique identifier: NCT01169259; N=1032) and validated in JUPITER (Justification for the Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin)-NC (REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. Clinicaltrials: gov; Unique identifier: NCT00239681; N=589), using linear models adjusted for age, sex, race, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total-C, and smoking. Significant BALs were carried over to examine associations with incident CVD in 2 nested CVD case-control studies: VITAL-CVD (741 case-control pairs) and JUPITER-CVD (415 case-control pairs; validation). Results: We detected 145 PA-bioactive lipid validated associations (false discovery rate <0.1). Annotations were found for 6 of these BALs: 12,13-diHOME, 9,10-diHOME, lysoPC(15:0), oxymorphone-3b-D-glucuronide, cortisone, and oleoyl-glycerol. Genetic analysis within JUPITER-NC showed associations of 32 PA-related BALs with 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. From PA-related BALs, 12 are associated with CVD. Conclusions: We identified a PA-related bioactive lipidome profile out of which 12 BALs also had opposite associations with incident CVD events.
MeSH term(s)	Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Exercise ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Risk Factors ; Rosuvastatin Calcium
Chemical Substances	Cholesterol, LDL ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Rosuvastatin Calcium (83MVU38M7Q)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80100-8
ISSN	1524-4571 ; 0009-7330 ; 0931-6876
ISSN (online)	1524-4571
ISSN	0009-7330 ; 0931-6876
DOI	10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.122.320952
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Article ; Online: Proportion of HIV-1 infected CD8+CD4- T lymphocytes in vivo.

Gulzar, Naveed / Diker, Bilge / Mihowich, Jennifer / Deschatelets, Jose / Arsenault, Mary-Ellen / Lamoureux, Nancy / Cameron, Donald W / Kim, John E / Copeland, Karen F T

Current HIV research

2008 Volume 6, Issue 6, Page(s) 585–596

Abstract: The proportion and significance of HIV-1 infection of CD8+ T-cells was examined in a patient cohort ... of the clinical status of the patients, productively HIV-1 infected CD8+ T-cells would be found and these cells ... transcripts by ex vivo culture of isolated CD8+ T-cells were employed. In 22 of the 28 patient samples ...

Abstract	The proportion and significance of HIV-1 infection of CD8+ T-cells was examined in a patient cohort of HIV-1 seropositive (n=28) and seronegative individuals (n=4). It was hypothesized that irrespective of the clinical status of the patients, productively HIV-1 infected CD8+ T-cells would be found and these cells would contribute to the plasma viral load in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, RT-PCR analysis using HIV-1(pol) specific primers, and quantification of HIV-1 viral transcripts by ex vivo culture of isolated CD8+ T-cells were employed. In 22 of the 28 patient samples analyzed, a significantly higher proportion of cells with expression of CD8+HIV-1(gag)+ than of CD4+HIV-1(gag)+ T-cells was observed (36.9% +/- 10.0% vs 26.4% +/- 13.1% respectively, p< 0.01). No correlation was observed between absolute CD4 counts, CD8 counts, plasma viral load and CD8+ T cell infection. RT-PCR analysis indicated the presence of HIV-1 transcripts in the ex vivo isolated CD8+ T-cell population. Ex vivo isolated CD8+ T-cells demonstrated productive infection over time. We conclude, with three lines of evidence detecting and measuring HIV-1 infection of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, that this cellular target and reservoir may be central to HIV-1 pathogenesis.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Flow Cytometry ; HIV Infections/immunology ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral ; Viral Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-08-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2192348-6
ISSN	1873-4251 ; 1570-162X
ISSN (online)	1873-4251
ISSN	1570-162X
DOI	10.2174/157016208786501544
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