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Article ; Online: A reformulated contextual model of psychotherapy for treating anxiety and depression.

Hyland, Michael E

2020 Volume 80, Page(s) 101890

Abstract: This paper describes a reformulated contextual model that uses cognitive theory (dual process theory), motivation theory (personality) and behavioral adaptation (self-correcting control systems) to show how anxiety and depression are caused, treated and ... ...

Abstract	This paper describes a reformulated contextual model that uses cognitive theory (dual process theory), motivation theory (personality) and behavioral adaptation (self-correcting control systems) to show how anxiety and depression are caused, treated and prevented by an interaction between people and contexts. Depression and anxiety are the result of implicit beliefs (not cognitions) that all experience is unrewarding and threatening, these being components of the implicit belief that life is bad. Implicit beliefs are formed automatically from contextual cues and in healthy individuals are consistent with rational appraisal. They become more negative than reality through a process of adaptation when behaviors, directed by rational thinking, repeatedly create cues that signify lack of reward or threat. Such behaviors occur when social or other obligations lead people to choose behaviors that fail to satisfy their own unique goals in life and approach threatening situations, contrary to their automatic reactions. Therapeutic interventions and lifestyle change reverse these adaptive processes by positive experiences that create positive implicit beliefs, a change effected in different ways by contextual and specific mechanisms both of which correct the same fault of negative implicit beliefs. Effective therapeutic relationships and interventions are achieved by detecting and responding to a patient's unique needs and goals and their associated implicit beliefs. Mental health requires not only that people experience life as good as defined by their own goals and beliefs but also the avoidance of contexts where social and other pressures induce people to behave in ways inconsistent with their automatically generated feelings.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Psychological ; Anxiety/therapy ; Cognition ; Cues ; Depression/therapy ; Humans ; Psychological Theory ; Psychotherapy/methods
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	604577-7
ISSN	1873-7811 ; 0272-7358
ISSN (online)	1873-7811
ISSN	0272-7358
DOI	10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101890
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Article ; Online: Functional disorders can also be explained through a non-reductionist application of network theory.

Hyland, Michael E

The Behavioral and brain sciences

2019 Volume 42, Page(s) e12

Abstract: A network structure explains why reductionism is not possible for mental illness, but the same argument applies for the somatic symptoms of functional disorders. Because the covariation of symptoms of functional disorders cannot be explained in terms of ... ...

Abstract	A network structure explains why reductionism is not possible for mental illness, but the same argument applies for the somatic symptoms of functional disorders. Because the covariation of symptoms of functional disorders cannot be explained in terms of symptom-to-symptom causality, explanation requires a network of biological mechanisms having emergent properties that cannot be reduced to biology.
MeSH term(s)	Brain Diseases ; Humans ; Psychopathology ; Research
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	423721-3
ISSN	1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
ISSN (online)	1469-1825
ISSN	0140-525X
DOI	10.1017/S0140525X18001048
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Article: A reformulated contextual model of psychotherapy for treating anxiety and depression

Hyland, Michael E

Clin Psychol Rev

Abstract	This paper describes a reformulated contextual model that uses cognitive theory (dual process theory), motivation theory (personality) and behavioral adaptation (self-correcting control systems) to show how anxiety and depression are caused, treated and prevented by an interaction between people and contexts. Depression and anxiety are the result of implicit beliefs (not cognitions) that all experience is unrewarding and threatening, these being components of the implicit belief that life is bad. Implicit beliefs are formed automatically from contextual cues and in healthy individuals are consistent with rational appraisal. They become more negative than reality through a process of adaptation when behaviors, directed by rational thinking, repeatedly create cues that signify lack of reward or threat. Such behaviors occur when social or other obligations lead people to choose behaviors that fail to satisfy their own unique goals in life and approach threatening situations, contrary to their automatic reactions. Therapeutic interventions and lifestyle change reverse these adaptive processes by positive experiences that create positive implicit beliefs, a change effected in different ways by contextual and specific mechanisms both of which correct the same fault of negative implicit beliefs. Effective therapeutic relationships and interventions are achieved by detecting and responding to a patient's unique needs and goals and their associated implicit beliefs. Mental health requires not only that people experience life as good as defined by their own goals and beliefs but also the avoidance of contexts where social and other pressures induce people to behave in ways inconsistent with their automatically generated feelings.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #640116
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Moving towards patient-centred outcomes: the Severe Asthma Questionnaire.

Davies, Drew / Hyland, Michael E / Lanario, Joseph W / Jones, Rupert C / Masoli, Matthew

The European respiratory journal

2023 Volume 61, Issue 5

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Adult ; Asthma/diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	639359-7
ISSN	1399-3003 ; 0903-1936
ISSN (online)	1399-3003
ISSN	0903-1936
DOI	10.1183/13993003.02305-2022
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of menthol cigarette use among adults who smoke from the United States by census division and demographic subgroup, 2002-2020: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) project.

Driezen, Pete / Gravely, Shannon / Kasza, Karin A / Thompson, Mary E / Cummings, K Michael / Hyland, Andrew / Fong, Geoffrey T

Population health metrics

2024 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Background: Targeted marketing of menthol cigarettes in the US influences disparities in the prevalence of menthol smoking. There has been no analysis of sub-national data documenting differences in use across demographic subgroups. This study estimated ...

Abstract	Background: Targeted marketing of menthol cigarettes in the US influences disparities in the prevalence of menthol smoking. There has been no analysis of sub-national data documenting differences in use across demographic subgroups. This study estimated trends in the prevalence of menthol use among adults who smoke in the nine US census divisions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity from 2002 to 2020. Methods: Data from 12 waves of the US ITC Survey were used to estimate the prevalence of menthol cigarette use across census divisions and demographic subgroups using multilevel regression and post-stratification (n = 12,020). Multilevel logistic regression was used to predict the prevalence of menthol cigarette use in 72 cross-classified groups of adults who smoke defined by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status; division-level effects were fit with a random intercept. Predicted prevalence was weighted by the total number of adults who smoke in each cross-classified group and aggregated to divisions within demographic subgroup. Estimates were validated against the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS). Results: Overall modeled prevalence of menthol cigarette use was similar to TUS-CPS estimates. Prevalence among adults who smoke increased in each division from 2002 to 2020. By 2020, prevalence was highest in the Middle (46.3%) and South Atlantic (42.7%) and lowest in the Pacific (25.9%) and Mountain (24.2%) divisions. Prevalence was higher among adults aged 18-29 (vs. 50+) and females (vs. males). Prevalence among non-Hispanic Black people exceeded 80% in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, and South Atlantic in all years and varied most among Hispanic people in 2020 (Pacific: 26.5%, New England: 55.1%). Conclusions: Significant geographic variation in the prevalence of menthol cigarette use among adults who smoke suggests the proposed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) menthol cigarette ban will exert differential public health benefits and challenges across geographic and demographic subgroups.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Censuses ; Menthol ; Prevalence ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Tobacco Control ; Tobacco Products ; United States/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Menthol (1490-04-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2127230-X
ISSN	1478-7954 ; 1478-7954
ISSN (online)	1478-7954
ISSN	1478-7954
DOI	10.1186/s12963-024-00326-0
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: "Life-changing": the experience of super-responders to biologics in severe asthma.

Lanario, Joseph W / Cartwright, Lucy / Jones, Rupert C / Sayers, Ross / Hyland, Michael E / Masoli, Matthew

BMC pulmonary medicine

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 445

Abstract: Background: There is limited information on the patient's perspective of how biologic treatments impact their lives. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the patient's experience of being considered a super-responder from a quality of life ... ...

Abstract	Background: There is limited information on the patient's perspective of how biologic treatments impact their lives. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the patient's experience of being considered a super-responder from a quality of life perspective. Methods: Patients with severe asthma identified as super-responders were invited to semi-structured interviews conducted online. Participants could bring a family member/friend to the interview. The interviews explored experiences of biologic treatment, were transcribed and underwent thematic analysis. Results: Twenty-five participants took part in this study. Themes emerged on the impact of biologic treatment for participants and for their friends/family: (i) Words used to describe their often life-changing experiences and (ii) the positive changes noted. Biologic treatment stopped the disruption of family life and social life caused by exacerbations. Improvements in mental health were also noted. Marked individual variations in the way it affected their lives were noted. Most participants noticed improvements 2-3 months after starting their biologic, but some noticed improvement within a few days and others after 6 months. Conclusions: Super-responders reported profound but heterogeneous improvements following biologic treatment beyond asthma symptoms and exacerbations including important benefits to social and family life. Improvements may be underestimated as social and family benefits are not reliably measured in current studies with implications for health economic evaluations. Not all patients are super-responders, and excellent responses may be lost in group mean data in trials. Individual time course and response patterns need further elucidation to identify who will respond best to biologics.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Quality of Life ; Asthma/drug therapy ; Qualitative Research ; Family/psychology ; Biological Products/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Biological Products
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2059871-3
ISSN	1471-2466 ; 1471-2466
ISSN (online)	1471-2466
ISSN	1471-2466
DOI	10.1186/s12890-022-02241-2
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Article ; Online: The association between excise taxes and smoking and vaping transitions-Findings from the 2016-2020 ITC United States surveys.

He, Yanyun / Fong, Geoffrey T / Cummings, K Michael / Hyland, Andrew / Shang, Ce

The International journal on drug policy

2024 Volume 126, Page(s) 104372

Abstract: Background: While a growing number of studies examined the effect of e-cigarette (EC) excise taxes ...

Abstract	Background: While a growing number of studies examined the effect of e-cigarette (EC) excise taxes on tobacco use behaviors using cross-sectional surveys or sales data, there are currently no studies that evaluate the impact of EC taxes on smoking and vaping transitions. Methods: Using data from the US arm of the 2016-2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (ITC 4CV), we employed a multinomial logit model with two-way fixed effects to simultaneously estimate the impacts of cigarette/EC taxes on the change in smoking and vaping frequencies. Results: Our benchmark model suggests that a 10 % increase in cigarette taxes led to an 11 % reduction in smoking frequencies (p < 0.01), while EC taxes did not have a significant effect on smoking frequencies. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that increasing cigarette taxes may serve as an effective means of encouraging people who smoke to cut back on smoking or quit smoking. The impact of increasing EC taxes on smoking transitions is less certain at this time.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Taxes/economics ; Vaping/epidemiology ; Vaping/economics ; United States ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/economics ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Smoking/economics ; Tobacco Products/economics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Middle Aged ; Smoking Cessation/economics ; Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data ; Cigarette Smoking/economics ; Cigarette Smoking/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2010000-0
ISSN	1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
ISSN (online)	1873-4758
ISSN	0955-3959
DOI	10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104372
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Was COVID-19 associated with increased cigarette purchasing, consumption, and smoking at home among US smokers in early 2020? Findings from the US arm of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.

Driezen, Pete / Kasza, Karin A / Gravely, Shannon / Thompson, Mary E / Fong, Geoffrey T / Michael Cummings, K / Hyland, Andrew

Addictive behaviors

2022 Volume 129, Page(s) 107276

Abstract: Evidence of the impact of COVID-19 and mandatory stay-at-home orders on cigarette smoking is mixed. In the United States, household tobacco purchases increased in early 2020, but it is unclear whether this was associated with increased smoking. Using ... ...

Abstract	Evidence of the impact of COVID-19 and mandatory stay-at-home orders on cigarette smoking is mixed. In the United States, household tobacco purchases increased in early 2020, but it is unclear whether this was associated with increased smoking. Using individual-level, longitudinal data from a representative cohort of US smokers (n = 3046), this study tested whether (1) carton purchases of cigarettes increased in early 2020 relative to the same calendar period in 2018, (2) more smokers permitted smoking inside their homes, and (3) smokers increased the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. Weighted multivariable logistic regression tested whether trends in carton purchasing and smoke-free homes differed in 2020 compared to 2018 while weighted multivariable linear regression tested whether trends in cigarette consumption differed in 2020 compared to 2018. Overall, 24.0% of US smokers last purchased cigarettes by the carton in early 2018; this increased to 28.8% in early 2020 (p = 0.007). Average daily cigarette consumption and the percentage of smokers reporting that smoking was not allowed inside their homes did not differ between 2018 and 2020 (p = 0.92 and p = 0.054, respectively). Overall, these findings suggest that COVID-19 mitigation measures implemented in the spring of 2020 had limited impact on the smoking behavior of US adult smokers.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smokers ; Nicotiana ; Tobacco Products ; United States/epidemiology ; Vaping/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	197618-7
ISSN	1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
ISSN (online)	1873-6327
ISSN	0306-4603
DOI	10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107276
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Article: Tailoring Self-Help Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques for Stroke Survivors: Examining Preferences, Feasibility and Acceptability.

Wang, Xu / Smith, Connie / Ashley, Laura / Hyland, Michael E

Frontiers in psychology

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 391

Abstract: Objective: ...

Abstract	Objective:
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00391
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Article ; Online: Motivation and placebos: do different mechanisms occur in different contexts?

Hyland, Michael E

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2011 Volume 366, Issue 1572, Page(s) 1828–1837

Abstract: This paper challenges the common assumption that the mechanisms underlying short-term placebo paradigms (where there is no motivation for health improvement) and long-term placebo paradigms (where patients value improvement in their health) are the same. ...

Abstract	This paper challenges the common assumption that the mechanisms underlying short-term placebo paradigms (where there is no motivation for health improvement) and long-term placebo paradigms (where patients value improvement in their health) are the same. Three types of motivational theory are reviewed: (i) classical placebo motivation theory that the placebo response results from the desire for therapeutic improvement; (ii) goal activation model that expectancy-driven placebo responses are enhanced when the placebo response satisfies an activated goal; and (iii) motivational concordance model that the placebo response is the consequence of concordance between the placebo ritual and significant intrinsic motives. It is suggested that current data are consistent with the following theory: response expectancy, conditioning and goal activation are responsible for short-term placebo effects but long-term therapeutic change is achieved through the effects of goal satisfaction and affect on the inflammatory response system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Empirical predictions of this new theory are outlined, including ways in which placebo effects can be combined with other psychologically mediated effects on short-term and long-term psychological and physiological state.
MeSH term(s)	Goals ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Motivation ; Placebo Effect
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-05-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2010.0391
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