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  1. Article ; Online: A review of COVID-19 vaccines in development: 6 months into the pandemic.

    Sanicas, Merlin / Sanicas, Melvin / Diop, Doudou / Montomoli, Emanuele

    The Pan African medical journal

    2020  Volume 37, Page(s) 124

    Abstract: The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamics of its spread is unprecedented. Therefore, the need for a vaccine against the virus is huge. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine. Experts estimate that a fast-tracked ... ...

    Abstract The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamics of its spread is unprecedented. Therefore, the need for a vaccine against the virus is huge. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine. Experts estimate that a fast-tracked vaccine development process could speed a successful candidate to market in approximately 12-18 months. The objective of this review was to describe the coronavirus vaccines candidates in development and the important considerations. The review was conducted through a thematic analysis of the literature on COVID-19 vaccines in development. It only included data until the end of June 2020, 6 months after the emergence of the COVID-19. Different approaches are currently used to develop COVID-19 vaccines from traditional live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit vaccines, to more novel technologies such as DNA or mRNA vaccines. The race is on to find both medicines and vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. As with drugs, vaccine candidates go through pre-clinical testing first before they go through the three phases of clinical trials in humans. Of the over 130 vaccine candidates, 17 are in clinical trials while others are expected to move to clinical testing after the animal studies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Development ; Humans ; Time Factors
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-05
    Publishing country Uganda
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2514347-5
    ISSN 1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
    ISSN (online) 1937-8688
    ISSN 1937-8688
    DOI 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.124.24973
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: A review of COVID-19 vaccines in development

    Merlin Sanicas / Melvin Sanicas / Doudou Diop / Emanuele Montomoli

    The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 37, Iss

    6 months into the pandemic

    2020  Volume 124

    Abstract: The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamics of its spread is unprecedented. Therefore, the need for a vaccine against the virus is huge. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine. Experts estimate that a fast-tracked ... ...

    Abstract The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamics of its spread is unprecedented. Therefore, the need for a vaccine against the virus is huge. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine. Experts estimate that a fast-tracked vaccine development process could speed a successful candidate to market in approximately 12-18 months. The objective of this review was to describe the coronavirus vaccines candidates in development and the important considerations. The review was conducted through a thematic analysis of the literature on COVID-19 vaccines in development. It only included data until the end of June 2020, 6 months after the emergence of the COVID-19. Different approaches are currently used to develop COVID-19 vaccines from traditional live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit vaccines, to more novel technologies such as DNA or mRNA vaccines. The race is on to find both medicines and vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. As with drugs, vaccine candidates go through pre-clinical testing first before they go through the three phases of clinical trials in humans. Of the over 130 vaccine candidates, 17 are in clinical trials while others are expected to move to clinical testing after the animal studies.
    Keywords coronavirus ; covid-19 ; pandemic ; vaccine development ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher The Pan African Medical Journal
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: The Lipid Virulence Factors of

    Bah, Aïcha / Sanicas, Merlin / Nigou, Jérôme / Guilhot, Christophe / Astarie-Dequeker, Catherine / Vergne, Isabelle

    Cells

    2020  Volume 9, Issue 3

    Abstract: Autophagy is an important innate immune defense mechanism that ... ...

    Abstract Autophagy is an important innate immune defense mechanism that controls
    MeSH term(s) Autophagy/immunology ; Bacterial Proteins/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Lipids/pharmacology ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; Phagocytosis/immunology ; Phagosomes/metabolism ; Phagosomes/microbiology ; Virulence Factors/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Lipids ; Virulence Factors ; phthiocerol dimycocerosate (63642-22-8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2661518-6
    ISSN 2073-4409 ; 2073-4409
    ISSN (online) 2073-4409
    ISSN 2073-4409
    DOI 10.3390/cells9030666
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: The Lipid Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exert Multilayered Control over Autophagy-Related Pathways in Infected Human Macrophages

    Aïcha Bah / Merlin Sanicas / Jérôme Nigou / Christophe Guilhot / Catherine Astarie-Dequeker / Isabelle Vergne

    Cells, Vol 9, Iss 3, p

    2020  Volume 666

    Abstract: Autophagy is an important innate immune defense mechanism that controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) growth inside macrophages. Autophagy machinery targets Mtb -containing phagosomes via xenophagy after damage to the phagosomal membrane due to the ... ...

    Abstract Autophagy is an important innate immune defense mechanism that controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) growth inside macrophages. Autophagy machinery targets Mtb -containing phagosomes via xenophagy after damage to the phagosomal membrane due to the Type VII secretion system Esx-1 or via LC3-associated phagocytosis without phagosomal damage. Conversely, Mtb restricts autophagy-related pathways via the production of various bacterial protein factors. Although bacterial lipids are known to play strategic functions in Mtb pathogenesis, their role in autophagy manipulation remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that the lipid virulence factors sulfoglycolipids (SLs) and phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIMs) control autophagy-related pathways through distinct mechanisms in human macrophages. Using knock-out and knock-in mutants of Mtb and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) and purified lipids, we found that (i) Mtb mutants with DIM and SL deficiencies promoted functional autophagy via an MyD88-dependent and phagosomal damage-independent pathway in human macrophages; (ii) SLs limited this pathway by acting as TLR2 antagonists; (iii) DIMs prevented phagosomal damage-independent autophagy while promoting Esx-1-dependent xenophagy; (iv) and DIMs, but not SLs, limited the acidification of LC3-positive Mtb compartments. In total, our study reveals an unexpected and intricate role for Mtb lipid virulence factors in controlling autophagy-related pathways in human macrophages, thus providing further insight into the autophagy manipulation tactics deployed by intracellular bacterial pathogens.
    Keywords autophagy ; mycobacterium ; tuberculosis ; lipids ; macrophage ; phagosome ; lysosomes ; innate immunity ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 571 ; 572
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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