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Article ; Online: Associations between depressive symptoms, socio-economic factors, traumatic exposure and recent intimate partner violence experiences among women in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study.

Machisa, Mercilene / Shamu, Simukai

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 248

Abstract: Background: Population-based research on the cumulative effects of socio-economic conditions and trauma exposures, particularly women's experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) on their mental health in Zimbabwe, has been limited.: Aim: Our ... ...

Abstract	Background: Population-based research on the cumulative effects of socio-economic conditions and trauma exposures, particularly women's experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) on their mental health in Zimbabwe, has been limited. Aim: Our study aimed to determine the associations between depressive symptoms and socio-economic factors, IPV, and traumatic exposures among a nationally representative sample of women from Zimbabwe. Methods: Data was collected from 2905 women who volunteered to participate in a survey that had a multi-stage random sampling design. Depression was measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Traumatic exposures included childhood trauma, life events, and experiences of IPV in the past year. We compared mean depression scores for different categories of variables, conducted linear regression modelling to investigate the bivariate and multivariate associations between variables and depressive symptoms' outcomes, and applied Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to investigate the inter-relationships between variables and depressive symptoms' outcomes. Results: Fifteen percent of women self-reported depressive symptoms (CESD score ≥ 21). Higher depressive symptomatology was associated with lower socio-economic status, experiencing IPV, history of childhood and other traumatic events, experiencing non-partner rape, and HIV positive status. Women who could find money in an emergency and sought informal or professional emotional support were less at risk of severe depressive symptoms. Conversely, seeking informal and formal social support was positively associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Conclusion: This study contributes evidence showing that economic hardship, exposure to traumas including IPV, living with HIV, and low social support have a cumulative negative toll on mental health among Zimbabwean women from the general population. Programmes and services that respond to the mental ill-health effects reported by Zimbabwean women and prevention interventions that tackle the multiple risk factors for depression that we have identified must be prioritised.
MeSH term(s)	Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression/epidemiology ; Economic Factors ; Female ; Humans ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2050444-5
ISSN	1472-6874 ; 1472-6874
ISSN (online)	1472-6874
ISSN	1472-6874
DOI	10.1186/s12905-022-01796-w
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Factors associated with past year physical and sexual intimate partner violence against women in Zimbabwe: results from a national cluster-based cross-sectional survey.

Shamu, Simukai / Shamu, Patience / Machisa, Mercilene

Global health action

2019 Volume 11, Issue sup3, Page(s) 1625594

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Background
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Intimate Partner Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Power, Psychological ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Self Efficacy ; Sexual Partners/psychology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Young Adult ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2540569-X
ISSN	1654-9880 ; 1654-9716
ISSN (online)	1654-9880
ISSN	1654-9716
DOI	10.1080/16549716.2019.1625594
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, attitudes and uptake willingness among young people: gender differences and associated factors in two South African districts.

Shamu, Simukai / Shamu, Patience / Khupakonke, Sikhulile / Farirai, Thato / Chidarikire, Thato / Guloba, Geoffrey / Nkhwashu, Nkhensani

Global health action

2021 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 1886455

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual and Gender Minorities
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2540569-X
ISSN	1654-9880 ; 1654-9880
ISSN (online)	1654-9880
ISSN	1654-9880
DOI	10.1080/16549716.2021.1886455
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Article ; Online: Mental ill health and factors associated with men’s use of intimate partner violence in Zimbabwe

Mercilene Machisa / Simukai Shamu

BMC Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2018 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Background Over the years, researchers have relied on data from women victims to understand the profile on male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV studies with male participants in the general population are still emerging in ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Over the years, researchers have relied on data from women victims to understand the profile on male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV studies with male participants in the general population are still emerging in Africa. The contribution of mental ill health to IPV perpetration in the general population that has been documented elsewhere is emergent. Notwithstanding, research with male perpetrators is essential to informing effective prevention programmes and interventions. To contribute to the emerging literature on male perpetrators, we conducted a study to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with IPV perpetration by men in heterosexual relationships. We also modelled pathways to IPV perpetration using data from Zimbabwe. Methods Data were collected through a nationwide survey employing a random and multi-staged sampling method. We recruited and administered a structured questionnaire to 2838 men aged 18 years and above. IPV was measured using an adapted WHO Domestic Violence Questionnaire. Determinants of IPV measured included child abuse, alcohol abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, personal gender attitudes and risky sexual behaviours. Multivariate regression modelling was used to assess factors associated with IPV perpetration. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the underlying pathways to recent IPV perpetration. Results Forty one percent of men had perpetrated IPV in their lifetime and 8.8% percent of men perpetrated IPV in the 12 months before the survey. Older, more educated men, men who binge drank, men who were abused as children or experienced other life traumatic experiences were more likely to perpetrate IPV in lifetime. Depressive symptoms and sexual relationship power (were also associated with lifetime IPV perpetration. IPV perpetration in the last 12 months was associated with binge drinking, PTSD and sexual relationship power. The pathways to IPV perpetration in the last 12 months from child abuse ...
Keywords	Intimate partner violence perpetration ; Mental health ; Gender attitudes and relationship power ; Child abuse ; Men ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360 ; 150
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mental ill health and factors associated with men's use of intimate partner violence in Zimbabwe.

Machisa, Mercilene / Shamu, Simukai

BMC public health

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 376

Abstract: Background: Over the years, researchers have relied on data from women victims to understand the profile on male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV studies with male participants in the general population are still emerging in Africa. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Over the years, researchers have relied on data from women victims to understand the profile on male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV studies with male participants in the general population are still emerging in Africa. The contribution of mental ill health to IPV perpetration in the general population that has been documented elsewhere is emergent. Notwithstanding, research with male perpetrators is essential to informing effective prevention programmes and interventions. To contribute to the emerging literature on male perpetrators, we conducted a study to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with IPV perpetration by men in heterosexual relationships. We also modelled pathways to IPV perpetration using data from Zimbabwe. Methods: Data were collected through a nationwide survey employing a random and multi-staged sampling method. We recruited and administered a structured questionnaire to 2838 men aged 18 years and above. IPV was measured using an adapted WHO Domestic Violence Questionnaire. Determinants of IPV measured included child abuse, alcohol abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, personal gender attitudes and risky sexual behaviours. Multivariate regression modelling was used to assess factors associated with IPV perpetration. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the underlying pathways to recent IPV perpetration. Results: Forty one percent of men had perpetrated IPV in their lifetime and 8.8% percent of men perpetrated IPV in the 12 months before the survey. Older, more educated men, men who binge drank, men who were abused as children or experienced other life traumatic experiences were more likely to perpetrate IPV in lifetime. Depressive symptoms and sexual relationship power (were also associated with lifetime IPV perpetration. IPV perpetration in the last 12 months was associated with binge drinking, PTSD and sexual relationship power. The pathways to IPV perpetration in the last 12 months from child abuse to recent IPV were mediated by comorbid PTSD symptoms, depression binge drinking and sexual relationship power. Conclusions: IPV perpetration was associated with child abuse history, mental ill health, sexual relationship power and personal gender attitudes. Interventions to reduce IPV need to engage men to address gender inequality, mental ill health and reduce alcohol consumption.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/psychology ; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data ; Attitude ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Intimate Partner Violence/psychology ; Intimate Partner Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Power (Psychology) ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-018-5272-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and women's fertility intentions: a multi-country, cross-sectional (I-SHARE) study.

Zhao, Min / O'Hara, Caitlin Alsandria / Sahril, Norhafizah Bte / Liu, Huijun / Pei, Kaiyan / Ivanova, Olena / Larsson, Elin C / Shamu, Simukai / Kpokiri, Eneyi / Cleeve, Amanda / Tucker, Joseph D / Michielsen, Kristien / Zhang, Wei-Hong

BMJ sexual & reproductive health

2024 Volume 50, Issue 2, Page(s) 83–91

Abstract: Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, together with the subsequent social distancing measures, could lead to shifts in family and fertility planning. This study aimed to explore the associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in fertility ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, together with the subsequent social distancing measures, could lead to shifts in family and fertility planning. This study aimed to explore the associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in fertility intentions among an international sample of reproductive-aged women. Methods: A multi-country, cross-sectional study based on data from 10 672 women aged 18-49 years who participated in the International Sexual Health And REproductive Health (I-SHARE) study, which organised an international online survey between July 2020 and February 2021. Factors associated with changes in fertility intentions were explored using multinomial probit regression models. Cluster-robust standard errors were used to calculate model parameters. Results: Of 10 672 included reproductive-aged women, 14.4% reported changing their fertility intentions due to the pandemic, with 10.2% postponement and 4.2% acceleration. Women who had ever been isolated/quarantined were more likely to postpone their fertility intentions (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.41; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.69) compared with those who had not; women who lived with a steady partner were more likely to want children sooner (AOR=1.57; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.23) compared with those who did not; and those who reported a higher frequency of getting angry, feeling frustrated, or worrying about their finances were more likely to postpone their fertility intentions. The main findings were robust in the sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Most women who changed fertility intentions because of the pandemic have postponed intentions to expand their families. The pandemic-induced exposures were associated with these postponements.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Intention ; Pandemics ; Family Planning Services ; Reproductive Health ; Sexual Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Fertility
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2515-2009
ISSN (online)	2515-2009
DOI	10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-201819
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Article ; Online: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, attitudes and uptake willingness among young people

Simukai Shamu / Patience Shamu / Sikhulile Khupakonke / Thato Farirai / Thato Chidarikire / Geoffrey Guloba / Nkhensani Nkhwashu

Global Health Action, Vol 14, Iss

gender differences and associated factors in two South African districts

2021 Volume 1

Abstract: Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is safe and effective in reducing HIV incidence. However, more evidence of PrEP knowledge, willingness and distribution preferences is required for scale-up among young people at-risk. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is safe and effective in reducing HIV incidence. However, more evidence of PrEP knowledge, willingness and distribution preferences is required for scale-up among young people at-risk. Objective: To understand young people PrEP awareness, willingness and roll-out preferences. Methods: Young people (18–24y) were selected through multi-stage sampling in a cross-sectional household survey in low-income communities. Self-administered interviews collected participants’ data about PrEP awareness, attitudes, willingness and HIV-risk practices. Data were descriptively analysed by gender. Regression models assessed factors associated with PrEP awareness and willingness by district. Results: Of the 1917 participants interviewed 44.6% (men = 39.4% vs women = 49%, p = 0.001) were PrEP aware, 49.0% were willing to use PrEP. Participants most preferred PrEP distribution channels were public clinics (51.2%) and hospitals (23.8%). More men than women preferred distribution through schools (11.9% vs7.8%; p = 0.002) and NGOs (8.5%vs5.4%; p = 0.008). The biggest barrier to PrEP willingness was inadequate PrEP knowledge (10.0%) but more men than women disliked taking pills daily (4.1%vs2.0%; p-value = 0.007). Gendered determinants to use PrEP were side effects (51%; men = 47% vs women = 55%; p = 0.001) and pill effectiveness (29.5%; men = 26.4% vs women = 32.6%; p = 0.003). In both districts PrEP knowledge was associated with being female and media use. The associations between PrEP awareness and having multiple sexual partnerships, HIV knowledge, HIV self-test willingness and belonging to social clubs differed by district. PrEP willingness was positively associated with having TB and PrEP knowledge in each district but district differences were observed in media and occupation factors. Conclusions: The study shows young people’s low levels of PrEP awareness. It also shows relatively increased willingness, gendered PrEP awareness and distribution preferences. Promoting ...
Keywords	pre-exposure prophylaxis ; hiv prevention ; condom use ; young people ; south africa ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Relationship power and HIV sero-status

Teurai Rwafa / Simukai Shamu / Nicola Christofides

BMC Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

an analysis of their relationship among low-income urban Zimbabwean postpartum women

2019 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Background HIV disproportionately infects women in many regions. Zimbabwe is one of the countries, most heavily affected. Unequal gender power relations between men and women can increase women’s vulnerability to HIV. The aim of this paper was ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background HIV disproportionately infects women in many regions. Zimbabwe is one of the countries, most heavily affected. Unequal gender power relations between men and women can increase women’s vulnerability to HIV. The aim of this paper was to determine the relationship between gender power and HIV sero-status among postpartum women in Zimbabwe. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2042 women aged 15–49 years, attending postnatal-care at six public primary health care clinics in low-income urban communities of Harare in 2011. Women were asked about relationship power factors using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included adapted WHO multi-country study items, which measure partner violence perpetrated against women. HIV status data were based on rapid HIV diagnostic tests done during earlier antenatal visits. The analysis was restricted to women with known HIV test results (n = 1951). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the predictors of HIV and relationship power factors. Results HIV prevalence was 15.3% (n = 299/1951). Three quarters of the women (76.9%, n = 1438/1871) reported some level of relationship control in their current/most recent intimate relationship. HIV positive women reported higher levels of control by the male partner in their intimate relationships. In adjusted models, the study found a significant association between relationship-control by the male partner and women’s HIV status (AOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22), and the decision-making dimensions of relationship power. Although there were indications of high male partner control in participants’ intimate relationships, some women still had agency, as they were able to make independent decisions to fall pregnant. These women were less likely to be HIV positive (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29–1.00). Having a partner who ever refused use of a family planning method was associated with increased odds of having a positive HIV status among the postpartum women (AOR ...
Keywords	Gender ; Relationship power ; HIV ; Women ; Zimbabwe ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Relationship power and HIV sero-status: an analysis of their relationship among low-income urban Zimbabwean postpartum women.

Rwafa, Teurai / Shamu, Simukai / Christofides, Nicola

BMC public health

2019 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 792

Abstract: Background: HIV disproportionately infects women in many regions. Zimbabwe is one of the countries, most heavily affected. Unequal gender power relations between men and women can increase women's vulnerability to HIV. The aim of this paper was to ... ...

Abstract	Background: HIV disproportionately infects women in many regions. Zimbabwe is one of the countries, most heavily affected. Unequal gender power relations between men and women can increase women's vulnerability to HIV. The aim of this paper was to determine the relationship between gender power and HIV sero-status among postpartum women in Zimbabwe. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2042 women aged 15-49 years, attending postnatal-care at six public primary health care clinics in low-income urban communities of Harare in 2011. Women were asked about relationship power factors using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included adapted WHO multi-country study items, which measure partner violence perpetrated against women. HIV status data were based on rapid HIV diagnostic tests done during earlier antenatal visits. The analysis was restricted to women with known HIV test results (n = 1951). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the predictors of HIV and relationship power factors. Results: HIV prevalence was 15.3% (n = 299/1951). Three quarters of the women (76.9%, n = 1438/1871) reported some level of relationship control in their current/most recent intimate relationship. HIV positive women reported higher levels of control by the male partner in their intimate relationships. In adjusted models, the study found a significant association between relationship-control by the male partner and women's HIV status (AOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22), and the decision-making dimensions of relationship power. Although there were indications of high male partner control in participants' intimate relationships, some women still had agency, as they were able to make independent decisions to fall pregnant. These women were less likely to be HIV positive (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29-1.00). Having a partner who ever refused use of a family planning method was associated with increased odds of having a positive HIV status among the postpartum women (AOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.20-2.90). Conclusion: Unequal gender power relations continue to be a risk factor for heterosexual transmission of HIV. This suggests that prevention efforts have not successfully resulted in gender equality. HIV prevention interventions should address gender power dynamics to help curb the disproportionate HIV burden among women.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postpartum Period/psychology ; Poverty/statistics & numerical data ; Power (Psychology) ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Partners/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-019-7137-y
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: RCT evaluation of Skhokho: A holistic school intervention to prevent gender-based violence among South African Grade 8s.

Jewkes, Rachel / Gevers, Anik / Chirwa, Esnat / Mahlangu, Pinky / Shamu, Simukai / Shai, Nwabisa / Lombard, Carl

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 10, Page(s) e0223562

Abstract: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02349321. ...

Abstract	Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02349321.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Caregivers ; Child ; Early Intervention, Educational ; Female ; Gender-Based Violence/prevention & control ; Gender-Based Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Schools ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Students ; Teacher Training
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0223562
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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