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Article ; Online: Examining the Association between Punishment and Reward Sensitivity and Response Inhibition to Previously-Incentivized Cues across Development.

Heffer, Taylor / Flournoy, John C / Baum, Graham L / Somerville, Leah H

2024 Volume 53, Issue 6, Page(s) 1341–1354

Abstract: Processing and learning from affective cues to guide goal-directed behavior may be particularly important during adolescence; yet the factors that promote and/or disrupt the ability to integrate value in order to guide decision making across development ... ...

Abstract	Processing and learning from affective cues to guide goal-directed behavior may be particularly important during adolescence; yet the factors that promote and/or disrupt the ability to integrate value in order to guide decision making across development remain unclear. The present study (N = 1046) assessed individual difference factors (self-reported punishment and reward sensitivity) related to whether previously-rewarded and previously-punished cues differentially impact goal-directed behavior (response inhibition) in a large developmental sample. Participants were between the ages of 8-21 years (M
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Punishment/psychology ; Adolescent ; Female ; Reward ; Male ; Cues ; Young Adult ; Inhibition, Psychological ; Child ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Decision Making ; Adolescent Development ; Goals
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	186743-x
ISSN	1573-6601 ; 0047-2891
ISSN (online)	1573-6601
ISSN	0047-2891
DOI	10.1007/s10964-024-01966-z
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Article: Raising the Stakes for Online Learning: Monetary Incentives Increase Performance in a Computer-Based Learning Task Under Certain Conditions.

Schwab, Jessica F / Somerville, Leah H

Frontiers in psychology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 780301

Abstract: To what extent can external incentives influence students' effort and learning in online course contexts? While cognitive science research has found that monetary incentives can increase goal-directed cognitive effort in certain laboratory tasks, ... ...

Abstract	To what extent can external incentives influence students' effort and learning in online course contexts? While cognitive science research has found that monetary incentives can increase goal-directed cognitive effort in certain laboratory tasks, attempts to use monetary incentives to increase students' academic performance in naturalistic settings has shown mixed results. In two experiments, we tested the influence of a monetary incentive (compared to no external incentive) on immediate and delayed tests of computer-based educational performance (i.e., learning from educational videos). In Experiment 1, participants were assigned to (1) receive monetary incentives for correct quiz responses, or (2) receive no additional incentive for correct responses other than finding out their score, and we found no significant difference in total score across groups (on either immediate or delayed tests of learning). In Experiment 2, we used a within-subjects design to test whether participants performed better when they were provided monetary incentives for correct responses on quiz questions (compared to no external incentive). Here, participants performed significantly better on incentivized quiz questions (on both immediate and delayed tests of learning). Thus, monetary incentives may increase performance in online learning tasks when participants can anchor the "stakes" of an incentive compared to no external incentive. These findings highlight potential benefits of external incentives for promoting effort and learning in online contexts, although further research is needed to determine the most useful educationally-relevant extrinsic incentives, as well as potential negative effects of incentives on long-term intrinsic motivation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780301
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Article ; Online: Searching for Signatures of Brain Maturity: What Are We Searching For?

Somerville, Leah H

Neuron

2016 Volume 92, Issue 6, Page(s) 1164–1167

Abstract: Evidence of continued neurobiological maturation through adolescence is increasingly invoked in discussions of youth-focused policies. This should motivate neuroscientists to grapple with core issues such as the definition of brain maturation, how to ... ...

Abstract	Evidence of continued neurobiological maturation through adolescence is increasingly invoked in discussions of youth-focused policies. This should motivate neuroscientists to grapple with core issues such as the definition of brain maturation, how to quantify it, and how to precisely translate this knowledge to broader audiences.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Development ; Adult ; Brain/growth & development ; Human Development ; Humans ; Public Policy ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	808167-0
ISSN	1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
ISSN (online)	1097-4199
ISSN	0896-6273
DOI	10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.059
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Zs.A 2496: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Systems Neuroscience: The Balancing Act of Behavioral Regulation.

Somerville, Leah H

Current biology : CB

2016 Volume 26, Issue 20, Page(s) R925–R926

Abstract: In the brain, the striatum and prefrontal cortex interact to gauge the value of actions and the self-regulatory demands in a given environment. New research, involving manipulation of the neural circuitry, has revealed multiple routes by which ' ... ...

Abstract	In the brain, the striatum and prefrontal cortex interact to gauge the value of actions and the self-regulatory demands in a given environment. New research, involving manipulation of the neural circuitry, has revealed multiple routes by which 'imbalances' in circuit function cause regulation deficits.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Inhibition (Psychology) ; Neurosciences ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Prefrontal Cortex
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.065
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Article ; Online: Linguistic measures of psychological distance track symptom levels and treatment outcomes in a large set of psychotherapy transcripts.

Nook, Erik C / Hull, Thomas D / Nock, Matthew K / Somerville, Leah H

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 13, Page(s) e2114737119

Abstract: SignificanceUsing language to "distance" ourselves from distressing situations (i.e., by talking less about ourselves and the present moment) can help us manage emotions. Here, we translate this basic research to discover that such "linguistic distancing" ...

Abstract	SignificanceUsing language to "distance" ourselves from distressing situations (i.e., by talking less about ourselves and the present moment) can help us manage emotions. Here, we translate this basic research to discover that such "linguistic distancing" is a replicable measure of mental health in a large set of therapy transcripts (
MeSH term(s)	Emotions ; Humans ; Linguistics/methods ; Psychological Distance ; Psychotherapy/methods ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2114737119
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Article ; Online: Shifting qualities of negative affective experience through adolescence: Age-related change and associations with functional outcomes.

Grisanzio, Katherine A / Flournoy, John C / Mair, Patrick / Somerville, Leah H

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

2022 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 278–288

Abstract: Research shows negative affect increases in healthy adolescents, and this normative change is paralleled by increasing risk for the onset of psychopathology. However, research is limited in characterizing qualitative differences in the type of negative ... ...

Abstract	Research shows negative affect increases in healthy adolescents, and this normative change is paralleled by increasing risk for the onset of psychopathology. However, research is limited in characterizing qualitative differences in the type of negative affect experienced beyond the positive-negative valence dimension. In the current study, we establish the relationship between different forms of negative affect and functioning outcomes (i.e., different facets of social functioning and life satisfaction), and examine whether these forms of negative affect are differentially prevalent across late childhood and adolescence. Seven-hundred and 70 participants aged 8-17 years completed self-report measures that assessed a wide range of negative affective experiences. A factor analysis on the negative affect items revealed a four-factor solution that characterized the dimensions of affective experience, with factors reflecting
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Child ; Emotions ; Anger ; Anxiety/psychology ; Sadness/psychology ; Anxiety Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2102391-8
ISSN	1931-1516 ; 1528-3542
ISSN (online)	1931-1516
ISSN	1528-3542
DOI	10.1037/emo0001079
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Article ; Online: Information about others' choices selectively alters risk tolerance and medial prefrontal cortex activation across adolescence and young adulthood.

Braams, Barbara R / Davidow, Juliet Y / Somerville, Leah H

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

2021 Volume 52, Page(s) 101039

Abstract: Adolescence is associated with major changes in the cognitive, emotional and social domains. One domain in which these processes intersect is decision-making. Previous research has shown that individuals' attitudes towards risk and ambiguity shape their ... ...

Abstract	Adolescence is associated with major changes in the cognitive, emotional and social domains. One domain in which these processes intersect is decision-making. Previous research has shown that individuals' attitudes towards risk and ambiguity shape their decision-making, and information about others' choices can influence individuals' decisions. However, it is currently unknown how information about others' choices influences risk and ambiguity attitudes separately, and the degree to which others' choices shape decision-making differentially across development from adolescence to young adulthood. The current study used a computational modeling framework to test how information about others' choices influences these attitudes. Participants, aged 14-22 years, made a series of risky and ambiguous choices while undergoing fMRI scanning. On some trials, they viewed risky or safe choices of others. Results showed that participants aligned their choices toward the choice preferences of others. Moreover, the tendency to align choices was expressed in changes in risk attitude, but not ambiguity attitude. The change in risk attitude was positively related to neural activation in the medial prefrontal cortex. Results did not show age related differences in behavior and corresponding neural activation, indicating that the manner in which adolescents are influenced by peers is not ubiquitous but rather, is highly context-dependent.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Peer Group ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Risk-Taking ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2572271-2
ISSN	1878-9307 ; 1878-9307
ISSN (online)	1878-9307
ISSN	1878-9307
DOI	10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101039
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Article: Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation.

Somerville, Leah H

Current directions in psychological science

2014 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 121–127

Abstract: Relative to childhood, peer relationships take on a heightened importance during adolescence. Might adolescents be highly attuned to information that concerns when and how they are being evaluated, and what their peers think of them? This review ... ...

Abstract	Relative to childhood, peer relationships take on a heightened importance during adolescence. Might adolescents be highly attuned to information that concerns when and how they are being evaluated, and what their peers think of them? This review evaluates how continuing brain development - which influences brain function - partially explains or reflects adolescents' attunement to social evaluation. Though preliminary, evidence is mounting to suggest that while processing information relevant to social evaluation and the internal states of other people, adolescents respond with greater emotional intensity and corresponding nonlinear recruitment of socioaffective brain circuitry. This review highlights research findings that relate trajectories of brain development and social behavior, and discusses promising avenues of future research that will inform how brain development might lead adolescents sensitized to social evaluation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2026362-4
ISSN	1467-8721 ; 0963-7214
ISSN (online)	1467-8721
ISSN	0963-7214
DOI	10.1177/0963721413476512
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Article ; Online: Asymmetric neural tracking of gain and loss magnitude during adolescence.

Insel, Catherine / Somerville, Leah H

Social cognitive and affective neuroscience

2018 Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) 785–796

Abstract: Adolescence has been characterized as a developmental period of heightened reward seeking and attenuated aversive processing. However, it remains unclear how the neural bases of distinct outcome valuation processes shift during this stage of the lifespan. ...

Abstract	Adolescence has been characterized as a developmental period of heightened reward seeking and attenuated aversive processing. However, it remains unclear how the neural bases of distinct outcome valuation processes shift during this stage of the lifespan. A total of 74 participants ranging in age from 13 to 20 years completed a value-modulated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task in which participants earn low and high magnitude monetary outcomes to test whether gain and loss magnitude tracking-the neural representation of relative value in context-change differentially over this age span. Results revealed that gain and loss magnitude tracking follow asymmetric developmental trajectories. Gain magnitude tracking is elevated in the striatum during early adolescence and then decreases with age. By contrast, loss magnitude tracking in the anterior insula follows a quadratic pattern, undergoing a temporary attenuation during mid-late adolescence. A typical comparison of gain vs loss outcomes (collapsing over magnitude effects) showed robust activity across a suite of brain regions sensitive to value based on prior work including the ventral striatum, but they exhibited no changes with age. These findings suggest that value coding subprocesses follow divergent developmental paths across adolescence, which may contribute to normative shifts in adolescent motivated behavior.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Aging/psychology ; Arousal/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Feedback, Psychological ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motivation ; Neuroimaging ; Reward ; Ventral Striatum/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2236933-8
ISSN	1749-5024 ; 1749-5016
ISSN (online)	1749-5024
ISSN	1749-5016
DOI	10.1093/scan/nsy058
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Article ; Online: Examining the Causal Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Emotion Regulation and Its Neural Mechanisms.

Shermohammed, Maheen / Kordyban, Laurel E / Somerville, Leah H

Journal of cognitive neuroscience

2020 Volume 32, Issue 7, Page(s) 1289–1300

Abstract: Cognitive reappraisal (CR) is a strategy used to regulate emotions that is thought to be effective but effortful, relying on higher-order cognitive control systems to engage in active regulation. Sleep deprivation is believed to impair the functioning of ...

Abstract	Cognitive reappraisal (CR) is a strategy used to regulate emotions that is thought to be effective but effortful, relying on higher-order cognitive control systems to engage in active regulation. Sleep deprivation is believed to impair the functioning of these control systems, suggesting that it may impede the ability to implement CR effectively. This study tested the causal effects of sleep deprivation on emotional reactivity and the neurobiological systems underlying CR. We employed a within-subject crossover design in which participants underwent fMRI scanning twice, once when fully rested and once after a night of total sleep deprivation. During scans, participants passively viewed or used CR to down-regulate their emotional response to negative and neutral images. Contrary to hypotheses, both self-reported negative affect ratings and neural responses to the images indicated no difference in the way participants implemented CR when sleep deprived and when fully rested. Meanwhile, neural regions that showed distinct reactivity responses to negative relative to neutral images lost this specificity under deprived conditions. Negative affect ratings and heart rate deceleration, a physiological response typically evoked by aversive pictures, exhibited a similar blunting. Together, these results suggest that, although sleep deprivation may reduce the discrimination between emotional reactivity responses to negative and neutral stimuli, it does not impact CR the way it is presently studied.
MeSH term(s)	Affect ; Cross-Over Studies ; Emotional Regulation ; Emotions ; Humans ; Sleep ; Sleep Deprivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01555
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