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Article ; Online: Identifying socioeconomic and biophysical factors driving forest loss in protected areas.

Powlen, Kathryn A / Salerno, Jonathan / Jones, Kelly W / Gavin, Michael C

Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

2023 Volume 37, Issue 4, Page(s) e14058

Abstract: Protected areas (PAs) are a commonly used strategy to confront forest conversion and biodiversity loss. Although determining drivers of forest loss is central to conservation success, understanding of them is limited by conventional modeling assumptions. ...

Abstract	Protected areas (PAs) are a commonly used strategy to confront forest conversion and biodiversity loss. Although determining drivers of forest loss is central to conservation success, understanding of them is limited by conventional modeling assumptions. We used random forest regression to evaluate potential drivers of deforestation in PAs in Mexico, while accounting for nonlinear relationships and higher order interactions underlying deforestation processes. Socioeconomic drivers (e.g., road density, human population density) and underlying biophysical conditions (e.g., precipitation, distance to water, elevation, slope) were stronger predictors of forest loss than PA characteristics, such as age, type, and management effectiveness. Within PA characteristics, variables reflecting collaborative and equitable management and PA size were the strongest predictors of forest loss, albeit with less explanatory power than socioeconomic and biophysical variables. In contrast to previously used methods, which typically have been based on the assumption of linear relationships, we found that the associations between most predictors and forest loss are nonlinear. Our results can inform decisions on the allocation of PA resources by strengthening management in PAs with the highest risk of deforestation and help preemptively protect key biodiversity areas that may be vulnerable to deforestation in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Biodiversity ; Mexico ; Population Density ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/cobi.14058
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Article ; Online: A Finite Element Model to Investigate the Stability of Osteochondral Grafts Within a Human Tibiofemoral Joint.

Day, Gavin A / Jones, Alison C / Mengoni, Marlène / Wilcox, Ruth K

Annals of biomedical engineering

2024 Volume 52, Issue 5, Page(s) 1393–1402

Abstract: Osteochondral grafting has demonstrated positive outcomes for treating articular cartilage defects by replacing the damaged region with a cylindrical graft consisting of bone with a layer of cartilage. However, factors that cause graft subsidence are not ...

Abstract	Osteochondral grafting has demonstrated positive outcomes for treating articular cartilage defects by replacing the damaged region with a cylindrical graft consisting of bone with a layer of cartilage. However, factors that cause graft subsidence are not well understood. The aim of this study was to develop finite element (FE) models of osteochondral grafts within a tibiofemoral joint, suitable for an investigation of parameters affecting graft stability. Cadaveric femurs were used to experimentally calibrate the bone properties and graft-bone frictional forces for use in corresponding image-based FE models, generated from µCT scan data. Effects of cartilage defects and osteochondral graft repair were measured by examining contact pressure changes using further in vitro tests. Here, six defects were created in the femoral condyles, which were subsequently treated with osteochondral autografts or metal pins. Matching image-based FE models were created, and the contact patches were compared. The bone material properties and graft-bone frictional forces were successfully calibrated from the initial tests with good resulting levels of agreement (CCC = 0.87). The tibiofemoral joint experiment provided a range of cases that were accurately described in the resultant pressure maps and were well represented in the FE models. Cartilage defects and repair quality were experimentally measurable with good agreement in the FE model pressure maps. Model confidence was built through extensive validation and sensitivity testing. It was found that specimen-specific properties were required to accurately represent graft behaviour. The final models produced are suitable for a range of parametric testing to investigate immediate graft stability.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Finite Element Analysis ; Tibiofemoral Joint ; Cartilage, Articular/diagnostic imaging ; Cartilage, Articular/surgery ; Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging ; Knee Joint/surgery ; Bone and Bones
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185984-5
ISSN	1573-9686 ; 0191-5649 ; 0090-6964
ISSN (online)	1573-9686
ISSN	0191-5649 ; 0090-6964
DOI	10.1007/s10439-024-03464-6
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Article ; Online: Effect of meniscus modelling assumptions in a static tibiofemoral finite element model: importance of geometry over material.

Yao, Jiacheng / Crockett, John / D'Souza, Mathias / A Day, Gavin / K Wilcox, Ruth / C Jones, Alison / Mengoni, Marlène

Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology

2024

Abstract: Finite element studies of the tibiofemoral joint have increased use in research, with attention often placed on the material models. Few studies assess the effect of meniscus modelling assumptions in image-based models on contact mechanics outcomes. This ...

Abstract	Finite element studies of the tibiofemoral joint have increased use in research, with attention often placed on the material models. Few studies assess the effect of meniscus modelling assumptions in image-based models on contact mechanics outcomes. This work aimed to assess the effect of modelling assumptions of the meniscus on knee contact mechanics and meniscus kinematics. A sensitivity analysis was performed using three specimen-specific tibiofemoral models and one generic knee model. The assumptions in representing the meniscus attachment on the tibia (shape of the roots and position of the attachment), the material properties of the meniscus, the shape of the meniscus and the alignment of the joint were evaluated, creating 40 model instances. The values of material parameters for the meniscus and the position of the root attachment had a small influence on the total contact area but not on the meniscus displacement or the force balance between condyles. Using 3D shapes to represent the roots instead of springs had a large influence in meniscus displacement but not in knee contact area. Changes in meniscus shape and in knee alignment had a significantly larger influence on all outcomes of interest, with differences two to six times larger than those due to material properties. The sensitivity study demonstrated the importance of meniscus shape and knee alignment on meniscus kinematics and knee contact mechanics, both being more important than the material properties or the position of the roots. It also showed that differences between knees were large, suggesting that clinical interpretations of modelling studies using single geometries should be avoided.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2093052-5
ISSN	1617-7940 ; 1617-7959
ISSN (online)	1617-7940
ISSN	1617-7959
DOI	10.1007/s10237-024-01822-w
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Article ; Online: C5 inhibition with eculizumab prevents thrombotic microangiopathy in a case series of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation.

Jones-Carr, Maggie E / Fatima, Huma / Kumar, Vineeta / Anderson, Douglas J / Houp, Julie / Perry, Jackson C / Baker, Gavin A / McManus, Leigh / Shunk, Andrew J / Porrett, Paige M / Locke, Jayme E

The Journal of clinical investigation

2024 Volume 134, Issue 5

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Swine ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Kidney ; Thrombotic Microangiopathies/drug therapy ; Thrombotic Microangiopathies/prevention & control ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	eculizumab (A3ULP0F556) ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3067-3
ISSN	1558-8238 ; 0021-9738
ISSN (online)	1558-8238
ISSN	0021-9738
DOI	10.1172/JCI175996
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Article ; Online: Identifying socioeconomic and biophysical factors driving forest loss in protected areas

Powlen, Kathryn A. / Salerno, Jonathan / Jones, Kelly W. / Gavin, Michael C.

Conservation Biology. 2023 Aug., v. 37, no. 4 p.e14058-

2023

Abstract	Protected areas (PAs) are a commonly used strategy to confront forest conversion and biodiversity loss. Although determining drivers of forest loss is central to conservation success, understanding of them is limited by conventional modeling assumptions. We used random forest regression to evaluate potential drivers of deforestation in PAs in Mexico, while accounting for nonlinear relationships and higher order interactions underlying deforestation processes. Socioeconomic drivers (e.g., road density, human population density) and underlying biophysical conditions (e.g., precipitation, distance to water, elevation, slope) were stronger predictors of forest loss than PA characteristics, such as age, type, and management effectiveness. Within PA characteristics, variables reflecting collaborative and equitable management and PA size were the strongest predictors of forest loss, albeit with less explanatory power than socioeconomic and biophysical variables. In contrast to previously used methods, which typically have been based on the assumption of linear relationships, we found that the associations between most predictors and forest loss are nonlinear. Our results can inform decisions on the allocation of PA resources by strengthening management in PAs with the highest risk of deforestation and help preemptively protect key biodiversity areas that may be vulnerable to deforestation in the future.
Keywords	algorithms ; biodiversity ; deforestation ; forests ; human population ; population density ; risk ; wildlife management ; Mexico
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/cobi.14058
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Optimizing computational methods of modeling vertebroplasty in experimentally augmented human lumbar vertebrae.

Day, Gavin A / Jones, Alison C / Wilcox, Ruth K

JOR spine

2020 Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) e1077

Abstract: Vertebroplasty has been widely used for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures but the efficacy of the technique has been questioned by the outcomes of randomized clinical trials. Finite-element (FE) models allow an investigation into the ... ...

Abstract	Vertebroplasty has been widely used for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures but the efficacy of the technique has been questioned by the outcomes of randomized clinical trials. Finite-element (FE) models allow an investigation into the structural and geometric variation that affect the response to augmentation. However, current specimen-specific FE models are limited due to their poor reproduction of cement augmentation behavior. The aims of this study were to develop new methods of modeling the vertebral body in both a nonaugmented and augmented state. Experimental tests were conducted using human lumbar spine vertebral specimens. These tests included micro-computed tomography imaging, mechanical testing, augmentation with cement, reimaging, and retesting. Specimen-specific FE models of the vertebrae were made comparing different approaches to capturing the bone material properties and to modeling the cement augmentation region. These methods significantly improved the modeling accuracy of nonaugmented vertebrae. Methods that used the registration of multiple images (pre- and post-augmentation) of a vertebra achieved good agreement between augmented models and their experimental counterparts in terms of predictions of stiffness. Such models allow for further investigation into how vertebral variation influences the mechanical outcomes of vertebroplasty.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2572-1143
ISSN (online)	2572-1143
DOI	10.1002/jsp2.1077
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Article ; Online: A roadmap for pyrodiversity science

Steel, Zachary L. / Miller, Jesse E. D. / Ponisio, Lauren C. / Tingley, Morgan W. / Wilkin, Kate / Blakey, Rachel / Hoffman, Kira M. / Jones, Gavin

Journal of Biogeography. 2024 Feb., v. 51, no. 2 p.280-293

2024

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contemporary and projected shifts in global fire regimes highlight the importance of understanding how fire affects ecosystem function and biodiversity across taxa and geographies. Pyrodiversity, or heterogeneity in fire history, is often an ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Contemporary and projected shifts in global fire regimes highlight the importance of understanding how fire affects ecosystem function and biodiversity across taxa and geographies. Pyrodiversity, or heterogeneity in fire history, is often an important driver of biodiversity, though it has been largely overlooked until relatively recently. In this paper, we synthesise previous research to develop a theoretical framework on pyrodiversity–biodiversity relationships and propose future research and conservation management directions. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Pyrodiversity may affect biodiversity by diversifying available ecological niches, stabilising community networks and/or supporting diverse species pools available for post‐fire colonisation. Further, pyrodiversity's effects on biodiversity vary across different spatial, temporal and organismal scales depending on the mobility and other life history traits of the organisms in question and may be mediated by regional eco‐evolutionary factors such as historical fire regimes. Developing a generalisable understanding of pyrodiversity effects on biodiversity has been challenging, in part because pyrodiversity can be quantified in various ways. APPLYING THE PYRODIVERSITY CONCEPT: Exclusion of Indigenous fire stewardship, fire suppression, increased unplanned ignitions and climate change have led to dramatic shifts in fire regimes globally. Such shifts include departures from historic levels of pyrodiversity and add to existing challenges to biodiversity conservation in fire‐prone landscapes. Managers navigating these challenges can be aided by targeted research into observed contemporary pyrodiversity–biodiversity relationships as well as knowledge of historical reference conditions informed by both Indigenous and local ecological knowledge and western science. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS: Several promising avenues exist for the advancement of pyrodiversity science to further both theoretical and practical goals. These lines of investigation include but are not limited to (1) testing the increasing variety of pyrodiversity metrics and analytical approaches; (2) assessing the spatial and temporal scale‐dependence of pyrodiversity's influence; (3) reconstructing historical pyrodiversity patterns and developing methods for predicting and/or promoting future pyrodiversity; and (4) expanding the focus of pyrodiversity science beyond biodiversity to better understand its influence on ecosystem function and processes more broadly.
Keywords	biodiversity ; biodiversity conservation ; biogeography ; climate change ; ecological function ; environmental knowledge ; fire history ; fire suppression ; life history
Language	English
Dates of publication	2024-02
Size	p. 280-293.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.14745
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Development of robust finite element models to investigate the stability of osteochondral grafts within porcine femoral condyles.

Day, Gavin A / Cooper, Robert J / Jones, Alison C / Mengoni, Marlène / Wilcox, Ruth K

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials

2022 Volume 134, Page(s) 105411

Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic rheumatic disease worldwide with knee OA having an estimated lifetime risk of approximately 14%. Autologous osteochondral grafting has demonstrated positive outcomes in some patients, however, ... ...

Abstract	Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic rheumatic disease worldwide with knee OA having an estimated lifetime risk of approximately 14%. Autologous osteochondral grafting has demonstrated positive outcomes in some patients, however, understanding of the biomechanical function and how treatments can be optimised remains limited. Increased short-term stability of the grafts allows cartilage surfaces to remain congruent prior to graft integration. In this study methods for generating specimen specific finite element (FE) models of osteochondral grafts were developed, using parallel experimental data for calibration and validation. Experimental testing of the force required to displace osteochondral grafts by 2 mm was conducted on three porcine knees, each with four grafts. Specimen specific FE models of the hosts and grafts were created from registered μCT scans captured from each knee (pre- and post-test). Material properties were based on the μCT background with a conversion between μCT voxel brightness and Young's modulus. This conversion was based on the results of the separate testing of eight porcine condyles and optimization of specimen specific FE models. The comparison between the experimental and computational push-in forces gave a strong agreement with a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.75, validating the modelling approach. The modelling process showed that homogenous material properties based on whole bone BV/TV calculations are insufficient for accurate modelling and that an intricate description of the density distribution is required. The robust methodology can provide a method of testing different treatment options and can be used to investigate graft stability in full tibiofemoral joints.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cartilage/transplantation ; Cartilage, Articular/diagnostic imaging ; Femur/diagnostic imaging ; Finite Element Analysis ; Knee Joint ; Osteoarthritis ; Swine
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2378381-3
ISSN	1878-0180 ; 1751-6161
ISSN (online)	1878-0180
ISSN	1751-6161
DOI	10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105411
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Article ; Online: Inhibition of Urea Transporter (UT)-B Modulates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglia and N2a Neuroblastoma Cells.

Jones, Aimée C / Pinki, Farhana / Stewart, Gavin S / Costello, Derek A

Neurochemical research

2021 Volume 46, Issue 6, Page(s) 1322–1329

Abstract: Urea is the major nitrogen-containing product of protein metabolism, and the urea cycle is intrinsically linked to nitric oxide (NO) production via the common substrate L-arginine. Urea accumulates in the brain in neurodegenerative states, including ... ...

Abstract	Urea is the major nitrogen-containing product of protein metabolism, and the urea cycle is intrinsically linked to nitric oxide (NO) production via the common substrate L-arginine. Urea accumulates in the brain in neurodegenerative states, including Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Urea transporter B (UT-B, SLC14A1) is the primary transport protein for urea in the CNS, identified most abundantly in astrocytes. Moreover, enhanced expression of the Slc14a1 gene has been reported under neurodegenerative conditions. While the role of UT-B in disease pathology remains unclear, UT-B-deficient mice display behavioural impairment coupled with urea accumulation, NO disruption and neuronal loss. Recognising the role of inflammation in neurodegenerative disease pathology, the current short study evaluates the role of UT-B in regulating inflammatory responses. Using the specific inhibitor UTB
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Inflammation/chemically induced ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Interleukin-6/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Microglia/drug effects ; Microglia/metabolism ; Neuroblastoma/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Pyrimidines/therapeutic use ; Thiophenes/therapeutic use ; Triazoles/therapeutic use ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Urea Transporters
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-6 ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Pyrimidines ; Thiophenes ; Triazoles ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; interleukin-6, mouse ; urea transporter B, mouse ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	199335-5
ISSN	1573-6903 ; 0364-3190
ISSN (online)	1573-6903
ISSN	0364-3190
DOI	10.1007/s11064-021-03283-4
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Article ; Online: A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based application for the treatment of anxiety.

Newman, Michelle G / Jacobson, Nicholas C / Rackoff, Gavin N / Bell, Megan Jones / Taylor, C Barr

Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research

2020 Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 443–454

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Abstract
MeSH term(s)	Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy ; Humans ; Self Report ; Smartphone
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1080323-3
ISSN	1468-4381 ; 1050-3307
ISSN (online)	1468-4381
ISSN	1050-3307
DOI	10.1080/10503307.2020.1790688
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