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  1. Article ; Online: Estimated mercury vapor exposure from amalgams among American pregnant women.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Human & experimental toxicology

    2024  Volume 43, Page(s) 9603271241231945

    Abstract: This study examined the impact of mercury (Hg) vapor exposure from amalgams among all American pregnant women. Amalgam-Hg vapor exposure among 1,665,890 weighted-pregnant women ( ...

    Abstract This study examined the impact of mercury (Hg) vapor exposure from amalgams among all American pregnant women. Amalgam-Hg vapor exposure among 1,665,890 weighted-pregnant women (
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Nutrition Surveys ; Mercury/toxicity ; Dental Amalgam
    Chemical Substances Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL) ; Dental Amalgam (8049-85-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1027454-6
    ISSN 1477-0903 ; 0144-5952 ; 0960-3271
    ISSN (online) 1477-0903
    ISSN 0144-5952 ; 0960-3271
    DOI 10.1177/09603271241231945
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  2. Article ; Online: Constitutional chromosomal anomalies in children, fetal alcohol syndrome, and maternal toxicant exposures: A longitudinal cohort study.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis

    2024  Volume 894, Page(s) 503737

    Abstract: DNA alterations in gametes, which may occur either spontaneously or as a result of exposure to genotoxicants, can lead to constitutional chromosomal anomalies in the offspring. Alcohol is an established genotoxicant. The goal of this hypothesis-testing ... ...

    Abstract DNA alterations in gametes, which may occur either spontaneously or as a result of exposure to genotoxicants, can lead to constitutional chromosomal anomalies in the offspring. Alcohol is an established genotoxicant. The goal of this hypothesis-testing longitudinal cohort study was to evaluate the effect of significant/sustained maternal alcohol exposure on clinically diagnosed constitutional chromosomal anomalies among children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). De-identified eligibility and claim healthcare records, prospectively generated from the 1990-2012 Florida Medicaid system within the Independent Healthcare Research Database (IHRD), were analyzed. Children examined were continuously eligible with ≥ 8 outpatient office visits during the 96-month period following birth. Among these children, 377 were diagnosed with FAS and 137,135 were not. The incidence rate of chromosomal anomalies involving segregation (trisomy 13, 18, or 21, n = 625), microdeletions (microdeletion syndromes, n = 39), and point mutations (sickle-cell anemia/cystic fibrosis, n = 2570) were examined using frequency risk ratio (RR) and logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for sex, race, residence, socioeconomic/environmental exposure status, and birth date) models. The incidence rates of chromosomal anomalies involving segregation (RR=5.92, aOR=5.85) and microdeletions (RR=41.6, aOR=34.1) were significantly increased in the FAS cohort as compared to the non-diagnosed cohort, but there was no difference in the incidence rate of point mutations (RR=1.14, aOR=1.29). Maternal toxicant exposure should be considered in the etiology of constitutional chromosomal anomaly in offspring.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; United States ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/epidemiology ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Chromosome Disorders ; Chromosome Aberrations
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1879-3592
    ISSN (online) 1879-3592
    DOI 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503737
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  3. Article: Colon Cancer Risk Following Intestinal

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Journal of clinical medicine research

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 6, Page(s) 310–320

    Abstract: Background: The gut microbiome may play an important role in the etiology and progression of colon cancer. The present hypothesis-testing study compared the colon cancer incidence rate among adults diagnosed with intestinal : Methods: De-identified ... ...

    Abstract Background: The gut microbiome may play an important role in the etiology and progression of colon cancer. The present hypothesis-testing study compared the colon cancer incidence rate among adults diagnosed with intestinal
    Methods: De-identified eligibility and claim healthcare records within the Independent Healthcare Research Database (IHRD) from a longitudinal cohort of adults (the overall cohort) enrolled in the Florida Medicaid system between 1990 through 2012 were examined. Adults with ≥ 8 outpatient office visits over 8 years of continuous eligibility were examined. There were 964 adults in the Cdiff cohort and 292,136 adults in the non-Cdiff cohort. Frequency and Cox proportional hazards models were utilized.
    Results: Colon cancer incidence rate in the non-Cdiff cohort remained relatively uniform over the entire study period, whereas a marked increase was observed in the Cdiff cohort within the first 4 years of a Cdiff diagnosis. Colon cancer incidence was significantly increased (about 2.7-fold) in the Cdiff cohort (3.11 per 1,000 person-years) compared to the non-Cdiff cohort (1.16 per 1,000 person-years). Adjustments for gender, age, residency, birthdate, colonoscopy screening, family history of cancer, and personal history of tobacco abuse, alcohol abuse/dependence, drug abuse/dependence, and overweight/obesity, as well as consideration of diagnostic status for ulcerative and infection colitis, immunodeficiency, and personal history of cancer did not significantly change the observed results.
    Conclusions: This is the first epidemiological study associating Cdiff with an increased risk for colon cancer. Future studies should further evaluate this relationship.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-29
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2548987-2
    ISSN 1918-3011 ; 1918-3003
    ISSN (online) 1918-3011
    ISSN 1918-3003
    DOI 10.14740/jocmr4919
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  4. Article ; Online: Urine glyphosate exposure and serum sex hormone disruption within the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES).

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Chemosphere

    2023  Volume 316, Page(s) 137796

    Abstract: Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. Numerous in vitro and in vivo model system studies have demonstrated endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) properties associated with glyphosate/GBH exposure. The ... ...

    Abstract Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. Numerous in vitro and in vivo model system studies have demonstrated endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) properties associated with glyphosate/GBH exposure. The present hypothesis-testing study evaluated the potential inverse dose-dependent relationship between increasing urinary glyphosate and decreasing concentrations of blood sex hormones. Demographic and newly available lab test data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed with survey regression modeling (adjusted for age, gender, race, and country of birth) in Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software. A total of 225, 615, 858 weighted-persons (sample n = 2130 persons) were examined for concentrations of urinary glyphosate and serum sex hormones (including: total testosterone, total estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)) among males and females, 6 years-old or older. This study revealed about 82% of the population of the United States examined had detectable urinary concentrations of glyphosate. A significant inverse correlation between concentrations of glyphosate and total estradiol and a trend towards an inverse correlation between concentrations of glyphosate and total testosterone were observed. Concentrations of SHBG and glyphosate did not correlate. Ratios of total testosterone:SHBG and total estradiol:SHBG (estimating the fraction of active sex hormones in the blood) were significantly inversely correlated with urinary concentrations of glyphosate. This epidemiological study associates widespread and ongoing glyphosate/GBH exposures with human endocrine-disruptions. Future studies should examine these phenomena in other databases and other endocrine-related disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Humans ; United States ; Child ; Nutrition Surveys ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism ; Testosterone ; Estradiol ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/analysis ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/metabolism ; Herbicides/analysis ; Glyphosate
    Chemical Substances Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O) ; Estradiol (4TI98Z838E) ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin ; Herbicides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137796
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  5. Article ; Online: Reductions in plasma and urine mercury concentrations following N,N'bis-(2-mercaptoethyl) isophthalamide (NBMI) therapy: a post hoc analysis of data from a randomized human clinical trial.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine

    2023  Volume 37, Issue 2, Page(s) 433–445

    Abstract: Environmental mercury exposure possesses a significant risk to many human populations. At present there are no effective treatments for acute mercury toxicity. A new compound, N,N'bis-(2-mercaptoethyl) isophthalamide (NBMI), a lipophilic chelating agent ... ...

    Abstract Environmental mercury exposure possesses a significant risk to many human populations. At present there are no effective treatments for acute mercury toxicity. A new compound, N,N'bis-(2-mercaptoethyl) isophthalamide (NBMI), a lipophilic chelating agent was created to tightly/irreversibly bind mercury. A post hoc dose-dependent analysis of NBMI therapy was undertaken on data from a randomized controlled NBMI human treatment trial on 36 Ecuadorian gold miners with elevated urinary mercury concentrations. Study subjects were randomly assigned to receive 100 milligram (mg) NBMI/day, 300 mg NBMI/day, or placebo for 14 days. For each study subject daily mg NBMI dose/Kilogram (Kg) bodyweight were determined and plasma and urine mercury concentrations (micrograms (µg)/Liter (L)) on study day 1 (pre-NBMI treatment), 15 (after 14 days of NBMI treatment) and 45 (30 days after NBMI treatment) were correlated with NBMI dosing using the linear regression statistic in SAS. Regression revealed significant inverse correlations between increasing per mg NBMI/Kg bodyweight/day and reduced concentrations of urinary and plasma mercury on study day 15 (reduced by in urine = 18-20 µg/L and plasma = 2 µg/L) and study day 30 (reduced by in urine = 15-20 µg/L and plasma = 4 µg/L) and significant correlations between reductions in mercury concentrations in urine and plasma. Significant 30% reductions in urinary mercury concentrations per mg NBMI/Kg bodyweight/day administered for 14 days were observed. This study supports the dose-dependent ability of NBMI therapy to significantly reduce mercury concentrations, particularly in the urine, in an acutely mercury exposed human population. NBMI therapy should be evaluated in other mercury exposed populations.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mercury/toxicity ; Chelating Agents ; Environmental Exposure ; Antioxidants ; Plasma/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL) ; Chelating Agents ; Antioxidants
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1112688-7
    ISSN 1572-8773 ; 0966-0844
    ISSN (online) 1572-8773
    ISSN 0966-0844
    DOI 10.1007/s10534-023-00560-3
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  6. Article ; Online: Childhood MMR Vaccination Effectiveness Against Rubella: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Global pediatric health

    2022  Volume 9, Page(s) 2333794X221094266

    Abstract: The vaccine effectiveness (VE) of childhood measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine to reduce childhood rubella infections in the US during the 1990s/2000s was undertaken in a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. SAS and StatsDirect software were ... ...

    Abstract The vaccine effectiveness (VE) of childhood measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine to reduce childhood rubella infections in the US during the 1990s/2000s was undertaken in a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. SAS and StatsDirect software were utilized to examine non-identifiable linked eligibility and claim healthcare records prospectively generated from the Florida Medicaid system in the Independent Healthcare Research Database (IHRD). A total of 33 839 children received a single MMR vaccination (vaccinated) and 44 154 children never received a rubella-containing vaccine (unvaccinated) were continuously eligible from 1990 to 2009 for Florida Medicaid within the first 10 years following birth. Cox proportional hazards models determined VE against diagnosed rubella (ICD-9 code: 056.xx). Children receiving MMR were at significantly reduced risk of rubella in unadjusted (VE = 80.7%, 95% confidence interval = 73.7%-85.8%) and adjusted (VE = 78.6%, 95% confidence interval = 70.8%-84.3%) models as compared to unvaccinated children. Between 1991 and 2009, in the combined vaccinated-unvaccinated cohort examined on a yearly basis, a significant inverse correlation between increasing MMR vaccine population coverage and a decreasing incidence rate of diagnosed rubella was observed. This first large-scale population epidemiological study supports the routine use childhood MMR vaccination to significantly reduce childhood rubella infections and also supports its ability to induce "herd immunity." This study, coupled with a recently published epidemiological study showing childhood MMR vaccination significantly reduced measles infections, provide powerful epidemiological evidence strongly supporting MMR vaccination as an effective tool to improve public health.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2785531-4
    ISSN 2333-794X ; 2333-794X
    ISSN (online) 2333-794X
    ISSN 2333-794X
    DOI 10.1177/2333794X221094266
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  7. Article ; Online: Fetal alcohol syndrome and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: A longitudinal cohort study.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Brain & development

    2022  Volume 44, Issue 10, Page(s) 706–714

    Abstract: Background: This hypothesis-testing study evaluated the relationship between fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and neurodevelopmental disorder (ND) diagnoses within the Independent Healthcare Research Database (IHRD).: Methods: De-identified eligibility ... ...

    Abstract Background: This hypothesis-testing study evaluated the relationship between fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and neurodevelopmental disorder (ND) diagnoses within the Independent Healthcare Research Database (IHRD).
    Methods: De-identified eligibility and claim healthcare records prospectively generated from the 1990-2012 Florida Medicaid system were analyzed using SAS software. There were 89,766 children continuously eligible with ≥10 outpatient office visits during the 120 month period following birth in the cohort examined. A total of 321 children were diagnosed with FAS. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 922), tics (n = 551), attention deficit disorder/attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) (n = 20,260), mental retardation (MR) (n = 915), and specific delays in development (SDD) (n = 24,630) incidence rates were examined using frequency risk ratio (RR) and logistic regression models.
    Results: The incidence rate of tics (RR = 5.68), ADD/ADHD (RR = 2.30), MR (RR = 7.83), SDD (RR = 2.88), and ASD (RR = 6.74) were significantly increased among FAS diagnosed children as compared to undiagnosed children. Adjusted (for gender, race, residency, and date of birth) odds ratios (ORs) were significantly increased for tics (OR = 4.87), ADD/ADHD (OR = 3.40), MR (OR = 7.91), SDD (OR = 9.56), and ASD (OR = 6.87) when comparing the FAS diagnosed children to undiagnosed children.
    Conclusion: Tens of thousands of American children with lifetime costs in the billions of US dollars were estimated to be impacted by FAS-associated NDs. These impacts are particularly tragic because FAS is dependent upon lifestyle.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/epidemiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/etiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis ; Tics ; Cohort Studies ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders/epidemiology ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders/etiology ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology ; Intellectual Disability
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604822-5
    ISSN 1872-7131 ; 0387-7604
    ISSN (online) 1872-7131
    ISSN 0387-7604
    DOI 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.08.002
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  8. Article: Reported asthma and dental amalgam exposure among adults in the United States: An assessment of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    SAGE open medicine

    2021  Volume 9, Page(s) 20503121211048677

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2735399-0
    ISSN 2050-3121
    ISSN 2050-3121
    DOI 10.1177/20503121211048677
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  9. Article: Dental Amalgams and the Incidence Rate of Arthritis among American Adults.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders

    2021  Volume 14, Page(s) 11795441211016261

    Abstract: This hypothesis-testing study evaluated the relationship between mercury (Hg)-based dental amalgams and arthritis diagnoses among adults in the United States (US). A total of 86 305 425 weighted-persons with ⩾1 dental amalgam filling surface (DAFS) ( ... ...

    Abstract This hypothesis-testing study evaluated the relationship between mercury (Hg)-based dental amalgams and arthritis diagnoses among adults in the United States (US). A total of 86 305 425 weighted-persons with ⩾1 dental amalgam filling surface (DAFS) (exposed group) and 32 201 088 weighted-persons with ⩾1 other dental filling surface (ODFS) (no DAFS, unexposed group) were examined in the 2015 to 2016 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). All persons were 20 to 80 years-old with known demographic characteristics and arthritis status. Survey logistic regression and survey frequency modeling in SAS were employed with and without adjustment of covariates. The arthritis rate was significantly increased in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group in the unadjusted (7.68-fold) and adjusted (4.89-fold) models. Arthritis (per 10 000 weighted-person-years) was 6.0-fold significantly increased in the exposed group (6.2) compared to the unexposed group (1.06). A significant bimodal dose-dependent relationship between DAFS and arthritis rate was observed. The arthritis rate increased with increasing DAFS (peak among persons with 4-7 DAFS) and, subsequently, decreased among those with >6 DAFS. A significant decrease in arthritis rate among persons with >13 DAFS as compared to those persons with 4 to 7 DAFS was observed. A significant association between DAFS and arthritis risk and a dose-dependent DAFS associated immune-stimulation/immune-suppression with arthritis risk were observed. An estimated additional $96 835 814 US dollars (USD) are spent on annual medical costs and $184 797 680 USD are lost in annual wages from reported new onset arthritis attributably associated with DAFS (annual total cost = $281 633 494 USD).
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2590933-2
    ISSN 1179-5441
    ISSN 1179-5441
    DOI 10.1177/11795441211016261
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  10. Article ; Online: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Precocious Puberty and Autism Spectrum Disorder.

    Geier, David A / Geier, Mark R

    Hormone research in paediatrics

    2021  Volume 94, Issue 5-6, Page(s) 219–228

    Abstract: Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by persistent deficits in communication, socialization, and stereotypic behaviors. It was previously hypothesized that hormone dysfunction is a frequent occurrence among children diagnosed with an ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by persistent deficits in communication, socialization, and stereotypic behaviors. It was previously hypothesized that hormone dysfunction is a frequent occurrence among children diagnosed with an ASD.
    Objectives: A hypothesis-testing epidemiological study examined the relationship between precocious puberty (PP) (a known disorder of childhood sex hormone dysfunction) and ASD diagnoses.
    Methods: The Independent Healthcare Research Database is composed of de-identified linked eligibility and claims health-care records prospectively generated from the Florida Medicaid system. A cohort of 101,736 children eligible for Florida Medicaid from 1990 to 2009 and continuously eligible with ≥10 outpatient office visits during the 120-month period following birth were examined using SAS and StatsDirect software. There were 1,593 children (15,738 person-years) in the ASD diagnosed cohort utilizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th revision criteria (the International Code for Disease, 9th revision [ICD-9] codes: 299.00 or 299.80) and 100,143 children (996,835 person-years) in the undiagnosed cohort.
    Results: The incidence rate of PP (ICD-9 code: 259.1) was examined using Cox proportional hazards ratio (HR) and frequency models. PP per 10,000 person-years in the ASD cohort (43.2) relative to the undiagnosed cohort (13.7) was significantly increased in frequency modeling (risk ratio = 3.15, p < 0.0001) and Cox proportional HR modeling (adjusted HR = 4.64, p < 0.0001). Further analyses revealed the incidence rate of PP diagnosed after 3 years of age was significantly increased (adjusted HR = 5.16, p < 0.0001) in the ASD cohort relative to the undiagnosed cohort but not for the incidence rate of PP diagnosed before 3 years (adjusted HR = 1.57, p = 0.44).
    Conclusion: This hypothesis-testing study provides strong evidence of an increased incidence rate of PP among children diagnosed with an ASD.
    MeSH term(s) Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Florida ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance Claim Review/statistics & numerical data ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Medicaid ; Puberty, Precocious/epidemiology ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2537278-6
    ISSN 1663-2826 ; 1663-2818
    ISSN (online) 1663-2826
    ISSN 1663-2818
    DOI 10.1159/000519141
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