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Article ; Online: Sensitization of Cancer Cells via Non-Viral Delivery of Apoptosis Inducing Proteins Using a Cationic Bolaamphiphile.

Narayanan, Karthikeyan / Khan, Majad / Gopalan, Began / Antony, Jane / Das, Tultul / Yang, Yi Yan / Wan, Andrew C A

2018 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e1800020

Abstract: Cationic bolaamphiphile polymers had been previously studied as efficient delivery system for the delivery of proteins with relatively low toxicity. Here, the authors investigate the use of a protein delivery system based on a cationic bolaamphiphile to ... ...

Abstract	Cationic bolaamphiphile polymers had been previously studied as efficient delivery system for the delivery of proteins with relatively low toxicity. Here, the authors investigate the use of a protein delivery system based on a cationic bolaamphiphile to sensitize cancer cells toward apoptosis-inducing drugs as a novel approach for cancer therapy. The authors demonstrates the efficacy of the system by two strategies. The first strategy involves delivery of a survivin antibody to inhibit survivin activity. Sensitization of MCF-7 cells to doxorubicin is observed by survivin inhibition by antibodies. The IC
MeSH term(s)	Apoptosis/drug effects ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism ; Cations/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; Furans/pharmacology ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism ; MCF-7 Cells ; Pyridones/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Survivin/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Cations ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; Furans ; Pyridones ; Survivin ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; bolaamphiphile ; Doxorubicin (80168379AG)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-11
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2221885-3
ISSN	1860-7314 ; 1860-6768
ISSN (online)	1860-7314
ISSN	1860-6768
DOI	10.1002/biot.201800020
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Article ; Online: Targeting Warburg Effect in Cancers with PEGylated Glucose.

Narayanan, Karthikeyan / Erathodiyil, Nandanan / Gopalan, Began / Chong, Shiya / Wan, Andrew C A / Ying, Jackie Y

Advanced healthcare materials

2016 Volume 5, Issue 6, Page(s) 696–701

Abstract: In highly proliferative cancer cells, energy is predominantly produced by a high rate of glycolysis, followed by lactic acid fermentation, despite the availability of oxygen - an observation known as the Warburg effect. As a consequence, cells employing ... ...

Abstract	In highly proliferative cancer cells, energy is predominantly produced by a high rate of glycolysis, followed by lactic acid fermentation, despite the availability of oxygen - an observation known as the Warburg effect. As a consequence, cells employing this glycolytic pathway require high uptake of glucose and increased metabolic rates to maintain their proliferation. It has been hypothesized that by blocking glucose uptake using modified glucose molecules, apoptosis in the cancer cells can be induced. In this study, it has been showed that several poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified glucose compounds could reduce cell proliferation in various cancer cell lines by a phenomenon that blocked the availability of the glucose transporters and reduced AKT1 (serine/threonine-specific protein kinase) activation. Xenograft cancer models that are intravenously administered with glucose-conjugated branched PEG (GBrP) daily for 14 d show little tumor development, as compared to the control group without GBrP treatment. The toxicological effects and the pharmacokinetics of the PEGylated glucose are studied in rodents. The PEGylated glucose exerts no systemic toxicity at 40 mg kg(-1) dosage. However, doses above 80 mg kg(-1) show dose-dependent toxicity in all the organs analyzed. The present results suggest PEGylated glucose as a promising "metabolic therapy" approach for the treatment of cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Glucose/chemistry ; Glucose/pharmacology ; Glucose/therapeutic use ; Glucose Transporter Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors ; Glucose Transporter Type 1/metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; MCF-7 Cells ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Transplantation, Heterologous
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Glucose Transporter Type 1 ; Polyethylene Glycols (30IQX730WE) ; AKT1 protein, human (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Caspase 3 (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2649576-4
ISSN	2192-2659 ; 2192-2640
ISSN (online)	2192-2659
ISSN	2192-2640
DOI	10.1002/adhm.201500613
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Article: Therapeutic effect of a multi-targeted imidazolium compound in hepatocellular carcinoma

Gopalan, Began / Karthikeyan Narayanan / Lang Zhuo / Ting Lu / Yugen Zhang / Zhiyuan Ke

Biomaterials. 2014 Aug., v. 35, no. 26

2014

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed lethal cancers in the world. We previously showed two imidazolium salts (IBN-1 and IBN-9) with a moderate efficacy for HCC. Here we report a more potent imidazolium compound IBN-65 (1- ... ...

Abstract	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed lethal cancers in the world. We previously showed two imidazolium salts (IBN-1 and IBN-9) with a moderate efficacy for HCC. Here we report a more potent imidazolium compound IBN-65 (1-benzyl-2-phenyl-3-(4-isopropyl)-benzyl-imidazolium chloride) and the associated mechanisms of action in a mouse model of HCC. The IC50 of this compound in various liver cancer cell lines was around 5 μm. IBN-65 dose-dependently arrested cell cycle at G1 phase and was associated with the down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4, -6, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. In addition, IBN-65 induced apoptosis by down-regulating Survivin, Bcl-2 and up-regulating Bax, leading to sequential activation of Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Dysregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling network has been frequently reported in HCC. We found that IBN-65 displayed a profound inhibitory effect on the EGFR/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling at the phosphorylation level. In Huh7 or Hep3B cells, pretreatment with IBN-65 attenuated EGF-induced phosphorylation of both EGFR and the downstream p44/42 MAPK. A siRNA knockdown of EGFR also proved that IBN-65 induced apoptosis mostly through inhibiting downstream EGFR pathway signaling, much less at the receptor level. Infrequent administration of IBN-65 (i.p., 5 mg/kg once weekly for four weeks) to mice bearing the Huh7 cells significantly reduced the tumor volume by 65% without affecting the body weight. Critically, many of the anti-tumor signaling features observed in the HCC cell lines were recaptured in the xenografted tissues. Thus, the metal-free imidazolium compound IBN-65 could be a potential candidate towards therapeutic development for HCC.
Keywords	animal models ; apoptosis ; body weight ; caspase-3 ; caspase-9 ; cell lines ; chlorides ; cyclins ; epidermal growth factor receptors ; hepatoma ; inhibitory concentration 50 ; interphase ; mechanism of action ; mice ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; NAD ADP-ribosyltransferase ; neoplasm cells ; phosphorylation ; pro-apoptotic proteins ; small interfering RNA ; therapeutics ; tissues
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-08
Size	p. 7479-7487.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	603079-8
ISSN	0142-9612
ISSN	0142-9612
DOI	10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.022
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Zs.B 2371: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Therapeutic effect of a multi-targeted imidazolium compound in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Gopalan, Began / Narayanan, Karthikeyan / Ke, Zhiyuan / Lu, Ting / Zhang, Yugen / Zhuo, Lang

Biomaterials

2014 Volume 35, Issue 26, Page(s) 7479–7487

Abstract	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed lethal cancers in the world. We previously showed two imidazolium salts (IBN-1 and IBN-9) with a moderate efficacy for HCC. Here we report a more potent imidazolium compound IBN-65 (1-benzyl-2-phenyl-3-(4-isopropyl)-benzyl-imidazolium chloride) and the associated mechanisms of action in a mouse model of HCC. The IC50 of this compound in various liver cancer cell lines was around 5 μm. IBN-65 dose-dependently arrested cell cycle at G1 phase and was associated with the down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4, -6, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. In addition, IBN-65 induced apoptosis by down-regulating Survivin, Bcl-2 and up-regulating Bax, leading to sequential activation of Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Dysregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling network has been frequently reported in HCC. We found that IBN-65 displayed a profound inhibitory effect on the EGFR/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling at the phosphorylation level. In Huh7 or Hep3B cells, pretreatment with IBN-65 attenuated EGF-induced phosphorylation of both EGFR and the downstream p44/42 MAPK. A siRNA knockdown of EGFR also proved that IBN-65 induced apoptosis mostly through inhibiting downstream EGFR pathway signaling, much less at the receptor level. Infrequent administration of IBN-65 (i.p., 5 mg/kg once weekly for four weeks) to mice bearing the Huh7 cells significantly reduced the tumor volume by 65% without affecting the body weight. Critically, many of the anti-tumor signaling features observed in the HCC cell lines were recaptured in the xenografted tissues. Thus, the metal-free imidazolium compound IBN-65 could be a potential candidate towards therapeutic development for HCC.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Imidazoles/chemistry ; Imidazoles/therapeutic use ; Liver/drug effects ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Imidazoles ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 (EC 2.7.11.24) ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 (EC 2.7.11.24)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	603079-8
ISSN	1878-5905 ; 0142-9612
ISSN (online)	1878-5905
ISSN	0142-9612
DOI	10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.022
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Article ; Online: Effect of flipped teaching on student performance and perceptions in an Introductory Physiology course.

Gopalan, Chaya

Advances in physiology education

2018 Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 28–33

Abstract: ... but required some time to adjust in the beginning of the semester. ...

Abstract	Flipped teaching (FT) has caught educators' attention due to its success in engaging students through pre- and in-class activities. To learn if FT improved student performance, scores from the quizzes and exams of a fully flipped classroom with retrieval exercises were compared with those of five semesters of traditional lecture-based [unflipped (UF)] teaching in an undergraduate sophomore-level physiology course. Student attitude surveys were also evaluated. Student performance on both the quizzes and exams was significantly higher in the FT class in general compared with that of the UF teaching. Interestingly, however, when the individual exam scores were compared between the two styles, the scores for students in the FT were significantly higher for exams 2 and 3, yet lower for exam 1. The shift in performance from exam 1 to exams 2 and 3 is likely explained by the need for time to adjust to the new teaching style. Students reported an overall positive perception of FT in their course evaluations at the end of the semester. In conclusion, FT improved student performance compared with that of lecture-based traditional teaching practice, but required some time to adjust in the beginning of the semester.
MeSH term(s)	Curriculum/trends ; Educational Measurement/methods ; Humans ; Perception ; Physiology/education ; Problem-Based Learning/methods ; Problem-Based Learning/trends ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1024917-5
ISSN	1522-1229 ; 1043-4046
ISSN (online)	1522-1229
ISSN	1043-4046
DOI	10.1152/advan.00051.2018
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Article ; Online: MDA-7/IL-24 suppresses human ovarian carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo

Ramesh Rajagopal / Chada Sunil / Shanker Manish / Gopalan Began

Molecular Cancer, Vol 6, Iss 1, p

2007 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Background Previous studies showed that the human melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7), also known as interleukin-24 (IL-24), has potent antitumor activity against human and murine cancer cells. However, the majority of these ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Previous studies showed that the human melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7), also known as interleukin-24 (IL-24), has potent antitumor activity against human and murine cancer cells. However, the majority of these studies were limited to in vitro testing. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor activity of mda-7/IL-24 against human ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Results In vitro, treatment of ovarian cancer cells with an adenoviral vector carrying the mda-7 gene (Ad-mda7) resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell cycle arrest, leading to apoptosis. We did not observe inhibitory activity in Ad-mda7-treated normal cells. In vivo, treatment of subcutaneous tumor xenografts with Ad-mda7 resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition when compared with that in control groups ( p < 0.001). Molecular analysis of ovarian tumor tissue lysates treated with Ad-mda7 showed that MDA-7 protein expression was associated with activation of the caspase cascade. Conclusion Our results show that treatment of ovarian cancer cells with mda-7/IL-24 results in growth suppression both in vitro and in vivo.
Keywords	Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ; RC254-282 ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Oncology ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: MDA-7/IL-24 suppresses human ovarian carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo.

Gopalan, Began / Shanker, Manish / Chada, Sunil / Ramesh, Rajagopal

Molecular cancer

2007 Volume 6, Page(s) 11

Abstract: Background: Previous studies showed that the human melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7), also known as interleukin-24 (IL-24), has potent antitumor activity against human and murine cancer cells. However, the majority of these studies were ...

Abstract	Background: Previous studies showed that the human melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7), also known as interleukin-24 (IL-24), has potent antitumor activity against human and murine cancer cells. However, the majority of these studies were limited to in vitro testing. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor activity of mda-7/IL-24 against human ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Results: In vitro, treatment of ovarian cancer cells with an adenoviral vector carrying the mda-7 gene (Ad-mda7) resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell cycle arrest, leading to apoptosis. We did not observe inhibitory activity in Ad-mda7-treated normal cells. In vivo, treatment of subcutaneous tumor xenografts with Ad-mda7 resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition when compared with that in control groups (p < 0.001). Molecular analysis of ovarian tumor tissue lysates treated with Ad-mda7 showed that MDA-7 protein expression was associated with activation of the caspase cascade. Conclusion: Our results show that treatment of ovarian cancer cells with mda-7/IL-24 results in growth suppression both in vitro and in vivo.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoviridae/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Biomarkers ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Female ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Interleukins/genetics ; Interleukins/metabolism ; Interleukins/therapeutic use ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology ; Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy ; Signal Transduction ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Interleukins ; interleukin-24 ; Caspases (EC 3.4.22.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-02-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1476-4598
ISSN (online)	1476-4598
DOI	10.1186/1476-4598-6-11
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Article ; Online: Metal-free imidazolium salts inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model.

Gopalan, Began / Ke, Zhiyuan / Zhang, Chunyan / Kng, Yinling / Suhaimi, Nur-Afidah Mohamed / Riduan, Siti Nurhanna / Zhang, Yugen / Zhuo, Lang

Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology

2011 Volume 91, Issue 5, Page(s) 744–751

Abstract: Imidazolium salts (IMSs) are precursors to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are routinely used as ligands or organo-catalysts in synthetic chemistry. We recently identified several IMSs as anti-fibrotic agents in liver fibrosis, which often has a ... ...

Abstract	Imidazolium salts (IMSs) are precursors to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are routinely used as ligands or organo-catalysts in synthetic chemistry. We recently identified several IMSs as anti-fibrotic agents in liver fibrosis, which often has a consequence in the oncogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we investigate the potential anti-tumor property of three IMSs (named IBN-1, IBN-9, and DPIM) in HCC cell lines and in a xenograft mouse model. Our results showed that both IBN-1 and IBN-9 significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and arrested HCC cells in the G1-phase, whereas DPIM did not have any anti-tumor activity. When tested in a Huh7 HCC xenograft mouse model, IBN-1 reduced the tumor volume by 31% (P<0.05), however accompanied by a 9% loss in body weight (P<0.005), suggesting a general toxicity. In contrast, IBN-9 significantly reduced the tumor volume by 45% (P<0.05) and 60% (P<0.01) at doses of 0.6 and 1.5 g/l in drinking water, respectively, without any loss in body weight. Our in vitro and in vivo data suggested that IBN-1 and IBN-9 inhibited the growth of HCC by suppressing the expression of Survivin and Cyclin-dependent kinases. The current study provides a proof of concept for using the metal-free IMSs to develop novel anti-cancer agents.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology ; Cell Cycle/drug effects ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Imidazoles/pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; Salts ; Survivin
Chemical Substances	Birc5 protein, mouse ; Imidazoles ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Repressor Proteins ; Salts ; Survivin ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (EC 2.7.11.22)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80178-1
ISSN	1530-0307 ; 0023-6837
ISSN (online)	1530-0307
ISSN	0023-6837
DOI	10.1038/labinvest.2011.4
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Article: Vitamin E succinate in combination with mda-7 results in enhanced human ovarian tumor cell killing through modulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Shanker, Manish / Gopalan, Began / Patel, Suraag / Bocangel, Dora / Chada, Sunil / Ramesh, Rajagopal

Cancer letters

2007 Volume 254, Issue 2, Page(s) 217–226

Abstract: Adenovirus-mediated mda-7 (Ad-mda7) gene transfer has been shown to induce apoptosis in various human cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Vitamin E succinate (VES) is also known to exhibit antitumor activity against a number of human cancer cell ... ...

Abstract	Adenovirus-mediated mda-7 (Ad-mda7) gene transfer has been shown to induce apoptosis in various human cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Vitamin E succinate (VES) is also known to exhibit antitumor activity against a number of human cancer cell lines. We hypothesized that a combination of the two agents would produce an enhanced antitumor effect in MDAH2774 human ovarian cancer cells. Treatment of MDAH2774 cells with Ad-mda7 plus VES resulted in enhanced antitumor activity that involved the activation of two apoptotic pathways. Activation of the extrinsic pathway was demonstrated by increased cell-surface Fas expression and cleavage of Bid and caspase-8. Activation of the intrinsic pathway was demonstrated by disruption of mitochondrial potential; and activation of downstream capase-9 and caspase-3 via cytochrome C release. In contrast, the combination of Ad-mda7 plus VES did not show any antitumor activity against normal fibroblasts, indicating selective tumor cell killing. Our in vitro results provide a basis for further preclinical testing of Ad-mda7 plus VES as a potential cancer treatment strategy.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoviridae/physiology ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enterovirus/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukins/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials ; Mitochondrial Membranes/physiology ; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology ; Receptors, Virus/physiology ; Tocopherols ; Vitamin E/analogs & derivatives ; Vitamin E/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Interleukins ; Receptors, Virus ; interleukin-24 ; Vitamin E (1406-18-4) ; Tocopherols (R0ZB2556P8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-09-08
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	195674-7
ISSN	1872-7980 ; 0304-3835
ISSN (online)	1872-7980
ISSN	0304-3835
DOI	10.1016/j.canlet.2007.03.004
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Article: The changing nutrition scenario.

Gopalan, C

The Indian journal of medical research

2013 Volume 138, Issue 3, Page(s) 392–397

Abstract: ... because of improvements in technology and transport, obesity rates began to increase, resulting in a dual burden. Measured ...

Abstract	The past seven decades have seen remarkable shifts in the nutritional scenario in India. Even up to the 1950s severe forms of malnutrition such as kwashiorkar and pellagra were endemic. As nutritionists were finding home-grown and common-sense solutions for these widespread problems, the population was burgeoning and food was scarce. The threat of widespread household food insecurity and chronic undernutrition was very real. Then came the Green Revolution. Shortages of food grains disappeared within less than a decade and India became self-sufficient in food grain production. But more insidious problems arising from this revolution were looming, and cropping patterns giving low priority to coarse grains and pulses, and monocropping led to depletion of soil nutrients and 'Green Revolution fatigue'. With improved household food security and better access to health care, clinical manifestations of severe malnutrition virtually disappeared. But the decline in chronic undernutrition and "hidden hunger" from micronutrient deficiencies was slow. On the cusp of the new century, an added factor appeared on the nutritional scene in India. With steady urban migration, upward mobility out of poverty, and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle because of improvements in technology and transport, obesity rates began to increase, resulting in a dual burden. Measured in terms of its performance in meeting its Millennium Development Goals, India has fallen short. Despite its continuing high levels of poverty and illiteracy, India has a huge demographic potential in the form of a young population. This advantage must be leveraged by investing in nutrition education, household access to nutritious diets, sanitary environment and a health-promoting lifestyle. This requires co-operation from all the stakeholders, including governments, non government organizations, scientists and the people at large.
MeSH term(s)	History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Nutritional Status
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-14
Publishing country	India
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
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Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

Order via subito

More links

Kategorien

In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

Order via subito

More links

Kategorien

In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

Order via subito