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  1. Article: The emergence of phonological dispersion through interaction: an exploratory secondary analysis of a communicative game.

    Roberts, Gareth / Clark, Robin

    Frontiers in psychology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1130837

    Abstract: Introduction: Why is it that phonologies exhibit greater dispersion than we might expect by chance? In earlier work we investigated this using a non-linguistic communication game in which pairs of participants sent each other series of colors to ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Why is it that phonologies exhibit greater dispersion than we might expect by chance? In earlier work we investigated this using a non-linguistic communication game in which pairs of participants sent each other series of colors to communicate a set of animal silhouettes. They found that above-chance levels of dispersion, similar to that seen in vowel systems, emerged as a result of the production and perception demands acting on the participants. However, they did not investigate the process by which this dispersion came about.
    Method: To investigate this we conducted a secondary statistical analysis of the data, looking in particular at how participants approached the communication task, how dispersion emerged, and what convergence looked like.
    Results: We found that dispersion was not planned from the start but emerged as a large-scale consequence of smaller-scale choices and adjustments. In particular, participants learned to reproduce colors more reliably over time, paid attention to signaling success, and shifted towards more extreme areas of the space over time.
    Conclusion: This study sheds light on the role of interactive processes in mediating between human minds and the emergence or larger-scale structure, as well as the distribution of features across the world's languages.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130837
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Co-Occurrence, Extension, and Social Salience: The Emergence of Indexicality in an Artificial Language.

    Li, Aini / Roberts, Gareth

    Cognitive science

    2023  Volume 47, Issue 5, Page(s) e13290

    Abstract: We investigated the emergence of sociolinguistic indexicality using an artificial-language-learning paradigm. Sociolinguistic indexicality involves the association of linguistic variants with nonlinguistic social or contextual features. Any linguistic ... ...

    Abstract We investigated the emergence of sociolinguistic indexicality using an artificial-language-learning paradigm. Sociolinguistic indexicality involves the association of linguistic variants with nonlinguistic social or contextual features. Any linguistic variant can acquire "constellations" of such indexical meanings, though they also exhibit an ordering, with first-order indices associated with particular speaker groups and higher-order indices targeting stereotypical attributes of those speakers. Much natural-language research has been conducted on this phenomenon, but little experimental work has focused on how indexicality emerges. Here, we present three miniature artificial-language experiments designed to break ground on this question. Results show ready formation of first-order indexicality based on co-occurrence alone, with higher-order indexicality emerging as a result of extension to new speaker groups, modulated by the perceived practical importance of the indexed social feature.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Linguistics ; Learning ; Sociological Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2002940-8
    ISSN 1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
    ISSN (online) 1551-6709
    ISSN 0364-0213
    DOI 10.1111/cogs.13290
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  3. Article ; Online: Polygenic risk scores and breast cancer risk prediction.

    Roberts, Eleanor / Howell, Sacha / Evans, D Gareth

    Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland)

    2023  Volume 67, Page(s) 71–77

    Abstract: Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) are a major component of accurate breast cancer risk prediction and have the potential to improve screening and prevention strategies. PRS combine the risk from Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast ... ...

    Abstract Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) are a major component of accurate breast cancer risk prediction and have the potential to improve screening and prevention strategies. PRS combine the risk from Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer in Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and explain over 30% of breast cancer heritability. When incorporated into risk models, the more personalised risk assessment derived from PRS, help identify women at higher risk of breast cancer development and enables the implementation of stratified screening and prevention approaches. This review describes the role of PRS in breast cancer risk prediction including the development of PRS and their clinical application. We have also examined the role of PRS within more well-established risk prediction models which incorporate known classic risk factors and discuss the interaction of PRS with these factors and their capacity to predict breast cancer subtypes. Before PRS can be implemented on a population-wide scale, there are several challenges that must be addressed. Perhaps the most pressing of these is the use of PRS in women of non-White European origin, where PRS have been shown to have attenuated risk prediction both in discrimination and calibration. We discuss progress in developing and applying PRS in non-white European populations. PRS represent a significant advance in breast cancer risk prediction and their further development will undoubtedly enhance personalisation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Risk Factors ; Risk Assessment ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-10
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1143210-x
    ISSN 1532-3080 ; 0960-9776
    ISSN (online) 1532-3080
    ISSN 0960-9776
    DOI 10.1016/j.breast.2023.01.003
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  4. Book: Molecular neuropathology

    Roberts, Gareth W.

    (Postgraduate medical science)

    1995  

    Author's details ed. by Gareth W. Roberts
    Series title Postgraduate medical science
    Keywords Brain Diseases / genetics ; Brain Diseases / pathology ; Molecular Biology / methods
    Language English
    Size IX, 189 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Publisher Cambridge Univ. Press
    Publishing place Cambridge
    Publishing country Great Britain
    Document type Book
    HBZ-ID HT007129577
    ISBN 0-521-42558-1 ; 978-0-521-42558-2
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    1996 A 1974 order for loan Magazin

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  5. Article ; Online: What are the factors that determine treatment choices in patients with kidney failure: a retrospective cohort study using data linkage of routinely collected data in Wales.

    Chess, James / Roberts, Gareth / McLaughlin, Leah / Williams, Gail / Noyes, Jane

    BMJ open

    2024  Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) e082386

    Abstract: Objectives: To identify the factors that determine treatment choices following pre-dialysis education.: Design: Retrospective cohort study using data linkage with univariate and multivariate analyses using linked data.: Setting: Secondary care ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: To identify the factors that determine treatment choices following pre-dialysis education.
    Design: Retrospective cohort study using data linkage with univariate and multivariate analyses using linked data.
    Setting: Secondary care National Health Service Wales healthcare system.
    Participants: All people in Wales over 18 years diagnosed with established kidney disease, who received pre-dialysis education between 1 January 2016 and 12 December 2018.
    Main outcome measures: Patient choice of dialysis modality and any kidney replacement therapy started.
    Results: Mean age was 67 years; n=1207 (60%) were male, n=878 (53%) had ≥3 comorbidities, n=805 (66%) had mobility problems, n=700 (57%) had pain symptoms, n=641 (52%) had anxiety or were depressed, n=1052 (61.6%) lived less than 30 min from their treatment centre, n=619 (50%) were on a spectrum of frail to extremely vulnerable. n=424 (25%) chose home dialysis, n=552 (32%) chose hospital-based dialysis, n=109 (6%) chose transplantation, n=231 (14%) chose maximum conservative management and n=391 (23%) were 'undecided'. Main reasons for not choosing home dialysis were lack of motivation/low confidence in capacity to self-administer treatment, lack of home support and unsuitable housing. Patients who choose home dialysis were younger, had lower comorbidities, lower frailty and higher quality of life scores. Multivariate analysis found that age and frailty were predictors of choice, but we did not find any other demographic associations. Of patients who initially chose home dialysis, only n=150 (54%) started on home dialysis.
    Conclusion: There is room for improvement in current pre-dialysis treatment pathways. Many patients remain undecided about dialysis choice, and others who may have chosen home dialysis are still likely to start on unit haemodialysis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis ; Wales ; Retrospective Studies ; Routinely Collected Health Data ; Frailty ; Quality of Life ; State Medicine ; Renal Dialysis ; Renal Insufficiency ; Information Storage and Retrieval
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2599832-8
    ISSN 2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
    ISSN (online) 2044-6055
    ISSN 2044-6055
    DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082386
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  6. Article ; Online: Apportioning sources of chemicals of emerging concern along an urban river with inverse modelling.

    Chrapkiewicz, Kajetan / Lipp, Alex G / Barron, Leon P / Barnes, Richard / Roberts, Gareth G

    The Science of the total environment

    2024  Volume 933, Page(s) 172827

    Abstract: Concentrations of chemicals in river water provide crucial information for assessing environmental exposure and risks from fertilisers, pesticides, heavy metals, illicit drugs, pathogens, pharmaceuticals, plastics and perfluorinated substances, among ... ...

    Abstract Concentrations of chemicals in river water provide crucial information for assessing environmental exposure and risks from fertilisers, pesticides, heavy metals, illicit drugs, pathogens, pharmaceuticals, plastics and perfluorinated substances, among others. However, using concentrations measured along waterways (e.g., from grab samples) to identify sources of contaminants and understand their fate is complicated by mixing of chemicals downstream from diverse diffuse and point sources (e.g., agricultural runoff, wastewater treatment plants). To address this challenge, a novel inverse modelling approach is presented. Using waterway network topology, it quantifies locations and concentrations of contaminant sources upstream by inverting concentrations measured in water samples. It is computationally efficient and quantifies uncertainty. The approach is demonstrated for 13 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in an urban stream, the R. Wandle (London, UK). Mixing (the forward problem) was assumed to be conservative, and the location of sources and their concentrations were treated as unknowns to be identified. Calculated CEC source concentrations, which ranged from below detection limit (a few ng/L) up to 1μg/L, were used to predict concentrations of chemicals downstream. Using this approach, >90% of data were predicted within observational uncertainty. Principal component analysis of calculated source concentrations revealed signatures of two distinct chemical sources. First, pharmaceuticals and insecticides were associated with a subcatchment containing a known point source of treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Second, illicit drugs and salicylic acid were associated with multiple sources, interpreted as input from untreated sewage including Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), misconnections, runoff and direct disposal throughout the catchment. Finally, a simple algorithmic approach that incorporates network topology was developed to design sampling campaigns to improve resolution of source apportionment. Inverse modelling of contaminant measurements can provide objective means to apportion sources in waterways from spot samples in catchments on a large scale.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172827
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 949: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: Drift as a Driver of Language Change: An Artificial Language Experiment.

    Ventura, Rafael / Plotkin, Joshua B / Roberts, Gareth

    Cognitive science

    2022  Volume 46, Issue 9, Page(s) e13197

    Abstract: Over half a century ago, George Zipf observed that more frequent words tend to be older. Corpus studies since then have confirmed this pattern, with more frequent words being replaced and regularized less often than less frequent words. Two main ... ...

    Abstract Over half a century ago, George Zipf observed that more frequent words tend to be older. Corpus studies since then have confirmed this pattern, with more frequent words being replaced and regularized less often than less frequent words. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain this: that frequent words change less because selection against innovation is stronger at higher frequencies, or that they change less because stochastic drift is stronger at lower frequencies. Here, we report the first experimental test of these hypotheses. Participants were tasked with learning a miniature language consisting of two nouns and two plural markers. Nouns occurred at different frequencies and were subjected to treatments that varied drift and selection. Using a model that accounts for participant heterogeneity, we measured the rate of noun regularization, the strength of selection, and the strength of drift in participant responses. Results suggest that drift alone is sufficient to generate the elevated rate of regularization we observed in low-frequency nouns, adding to a growing body of evidence that drift may be a major driver of language change.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Language ; Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2002940-8
    ISSN 1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
    ISSN (online) 1551-6709
    ISSN 0364-0213
    DOI 10.1111/cogs.13197
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  8. Article ; Online: Barriers to Home Haemodialysis.

    Lloyd, Aled / Jefferies, Helen / Pyart, Rhodri / Roberts, Gareth

    Blood purification

    2022  Volume 52, Issue 1, Page(s) 86–90

    Abstract: Introduction: Significant variation exists in the prevalence of home haemodialysis (HHD) among UK renal centres. Our centre has a HHD prevalence of 2%, and we aimed to study how many patients who chose HHD as their preferred mode of renal replacement ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Significant variation exists in the prevalence of home haemodialysis (HHD) among UK renal centres. Our centre has a HHD prevalence of 2%, and we aimed to study how many patients who chose HHD as their preferred mode of renal replacement therapy (RRT) went on to receive this treatment and the barriers to starting this treatment.
    Methods: A retrospective single-centre analysis of electronic medical records for all patients who chose HHD at the time of RRT education was performed, and data were collected on patient demographics, comorbidity, frailty, RRT events, and barriers to HHD.
    Results: 116 patients chose HHD as their preferred mode of RRT between 2006 and 2018. Of these patients, 93 required RRT, but only 28 patients ever received HHD. No statistical difference was identified between those patients who only received unit haemodialysis (UHD) and those who went onto receive HHD with respect to age, gender, comorbidity, frailty, and socioeconomic deprivation. Patient choice, change in clinical condition, transplantation, home environment, vascular access problems, and training delays were identified as reasons patients did not start HHD. No documented reason could be found in 9 patients with a breakdown of communication between clinics and peripheral dialysis units attributed as a significant contributor in some of these patients. Of the 26 patients who started HHD after UHD, 19 did so within 1 year of starting UHD.
    Conclusion: Most patients who choose HHD do not receive HHD. Many patients never start HHD because of potentially reversible barriers including inadequate communication among clinicians about patient choices, patients changing their minds once in a dialysis unit, and inadequate timely training support.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hemodialysis, Home/methods ; Renal Dialysis/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Frailty
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605548-5
    ISSN 1421-9735 ; 0253-5068
    ISSN (online) 1421-9735
    ISSN 0253-5068
    DOI 10.1159/000525331
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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  9. Article: The spectral composition of a white light influences its attractiveness to

    Wilson, Roksana / Cooper, Christopher E C / Meah, Rochelle J / Wakefield, Andrew / Roberts, Nicholas W / Jones, Gareth

    Ecology and evolution

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) e9714

    Abstract: Insect attraction to artificial light can potentially facilitate disease transmission by increasing contact between humans and vectors. Previous research has identified specific wavelength bands, such as yellow and red, that are unattractive to biting ... ...

    Abstract Insect attraction to artificial light can potentially facilitate disease transmission by increasing contact between humans and vectors. Previous research has identified specific wavelength bands, such as yellow and red, that are unattractive to biting flies. However, narrow-band, non-white lights are unsuitable for home lighting use as their very poor color rendering is often considered aesthetically undesirable. The creation of a white light that is unattractive to insects has so far remained elusive. White light can be created by combining a number of narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Through choice chamber experiments on
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2635675-2
    ISSN 2045-7758
    ISSN 2045-7758
    DOI 10.1002/ece3.9714
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  10. Article ; Online: Linguistic Convergence to Observed Versus Expected Behavior in an Alien-Language Map Task.

    Wade, Lacey / Roberts, Gareth

    Cognitive science

    2020  Volume 44, Issue 4, Page(s) e12829

    Abstract: Individuals shift their language to converge with interlocutors. Recent work has suggested that convergence can target not only observed but also expected linguistic behavior, cued by social information. However, it remains uncertain how expectations and ...

    Abstract Individuals shift their language to converge with interlocutors. Recent work has suggested that convergence can target not only observed but also expected linguistic behavior, cued by social information. However, it remains uncertain how expectations and observed behavior interact, particularly when they contradict each other. We investigated this using a cooperative map task experiment, in which pairs of participants communicated online by typing messages to each other in a miniature "alien" language that exhibited variation between alien species. The overall task comprised three phases, in each of which participants were told that they would be paired with a different partner. One member of the pair was given explicit linguistic expectations in each phase, while the software controlled whether or not observed behavior from their partner would be consistent or inconsistent with these expectations. The other participant was given no such expectations, allowing us to control for the role of expectation. Participants converged to both observed and expected linguistic behavior, and convergence was boosted when observation and expectation were aligned. When expected and observed behavior were misaligned, participants updated their expectations, though convergence levels did not drop. Furthermore, participants generalized what they learned about one partner to apparent novel partners of the same alien species. We also discuss individual variation in convergence patterns and the lack of a relationship between linguistic convergence and success at the map task. Findings are consistent with observations outside the laboratory that language users converge toward expected linguistic behavior. They also have broader implications for understanding linguistic accommodation and the influence of social information on linguistic processing and production.
    MeSH term(s) Comprehension ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Linguistics ; Male ; Verbal Behavior ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2002940-8
    ISSN 1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
    ISSN (online) 1551-6709
    ISSN 0364-0213
    DOI 10.1111/cogs.12829
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