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Article: Acute pulmonary oedema.

McRitchie, Robert

2017 Volume 40, Issue 4, Page(s) 126

Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-01
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1075442-8
ISSN	0312-8008
ISSN	0312-8008
DOI	10.18773/austprescr.2017.051
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Article: Nocturia.

McRitchie, Robert

Australian family physician

2012 Volume 41, Issue 8, Page(s) 552; author reply 552

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Nocturia/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Comment ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	423718-3
ISSN	0300-8495
ISSN	0300-8495
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Article ; Online: Non-technical skills and health care provision in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

Scott, John / Revera Morales, Dianali / McRitchie, Andrew / Riviello, Robert / Smink, Douglas / Yule, Steven

Medical education

2016 Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 441–455

Abstract: Context: Health care workers must possess high levels of medical knowledge, technical skills and also non-technical skills (NTS) in order to provide safe, effective and patient-centred care. Although there has been a recent proliferation of NTS ... ...

Abstract	Context: Health care workers must possess high levels of medical knowledge, technical skills and also non-technical skills (NTS) in order to provide safe, effective and patient-centred care. Although there has been a recent proliferation of NTS assessment and training tools developed in high-income countries, little is known about NTS in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face a variety of provider-level and system-level challenges. The aim of this study was to identify the NTS used by providers in LMICs that have been studied, describe how they are assessed and taught, and explain the contextual factors in LMICs that affect their use. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines for primary research publications from January 1994 to December 2013 on evaluation or teaching of NTS used by health care workers in LMICs using MEDLINE, Embase, CIHHAL and Web of Science. Bibliographies of relevant manuscripts were also hand-searched to identify all potentially eligible manuscripts. Results: We identified 21 manuscripts from 17 LMICs involving eight types of health care providers and trainees. These studies covered five NTS categories: decision making, communication, teamwork, leadership and stress management. The most commonly used methods were questionnaires, interviews and observations, and 43% (n = 9) scored > 10 points using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Although many studies highlighted the ways in which overburdened health care systems, lack of provider empowerment and deficiencies in provider training had an impact on providers' use of these NTS, no context-specific assessment or educational tools were identified. Conclusion: There is growing worldwide interest in understanding and teaching critical non-technical skills to health care providers. This review highlights several studies describing a variety of important non-technical skills. However, these skills must be further characterised in order to develop context-specific tools for assessing and teaching NTS that are sensitive to the local challenges that are common across a variety of LMIC contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Clinical Competence/standards ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Communication ; Developing Countries ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Personnel/education ; Health Personnel/standards ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations ; Leadership ; Staff Development ; Stress, Psychological/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	195274-2
ISSN	1365-2923 ; 0308-0110
ISSN (online)	1365-2923
ISSN	0308-0110
DOI	10.1111/medu.12939
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Article ; Online: Metabolomics Analysis of Hormone-Responsive and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Responses to Paclitaxel Identify Key Metabolic Differences.

Stewart, Delisha A / Winnike, Jason H / McRitchie, Susan L / Clark, Robert F / Pathmasiri, Wimal W / Sumner, Susan J

Journal of proteome research

2016 Volume 15, Issue 9, Page(s) 3225–3240

Abstract: To date, no targeted therapies are available to treat triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), while other breast cancer subtypes are responsive to current therapeutic treatment. Metabolomics was conducted to reveal differences in two hormone receptor- ... ...

Abstract	To date, no targeted therapies are available to treat triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), while other breast cancer subtypes are responsive to current therapeutic treatment. Metabolomics was conducted to reveal differences in two hormone receptor-negative TNBC cell lines and two hormone receptor-positive Luminal A cell lines. Studies were conducted in the presence and absence of paclitaxel (Taxol). TNBC cell lines had higher levels of amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, nucleotides, and nucleotide sugars and lower levels of proliferation-related metabolites like choline compared with Luminal A cell lines. In the presence of paclitaxel, each cell line showed unique metabolic responses, with some similarities by type. For example, in the Luminal A cell lines, levels of lactate and creatine decreased while certain choline metabolites and myo-inositol increased with paclitaxel. In the TNBC cell lines levels of glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione increased, whereas lysine, proline, and valine decreased in the presence of drug. Profiling secreted inflammatory cytokines in the conditioned media demonstrated a greater response to paclitaxel in the hormone-positive Luminal cells compared with a secretion profile that suggested greater drug resistance in the TNBC cells. The most significant differences distinguishing the cell types based on pathway enrichment analyses were related to amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways, whereas several biological pathways were differentiated between the cell lines following treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acids/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Female ; Hormones/pharmacology ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Metabolism/drug effects ; Metabolomics/methods ; Paclitaxel/pharmacology ; Paclitaxel/therapeutic use ; Phenobarbital ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Amino Acids ; Hormones ; Paclitaxel (P88XT4IS4D) ; Phenobarbital (YQE403BP4D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2078618-9
ISSN	1535-3907 ; 1535-3893
ISSN (online)	1535-3907
ISSN	1535-3893
DOI	10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00430
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Article ; Online: Correlated metabolomic, genomic, and histologic phenotypes in histologically normal breast tissue.

Sun, Xuezheng / Stewart, Delisha A / Sandhu, Rupninder / Kirk, Erin L / Pathmasiri, Wimal W / McRitchie, Susan L / Clark, Robert F / Troester, Melissa A / Sumner, Susan J

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) e0193792

Abstract: Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process accompanied by widespread molecular and genomic alterations, both in tumor and in surrounding microenvironment. It is known that tumors have altered metabolism, but the metabolic changes in normal or cancer- ... ...

Abstract	Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process accompanied by widespread molecular and genomic alterations, both in tumor and in surrounding microenvironment. It is known that tumors have altered metabolism, but the metabolic changes in normal or cancer-adjacent, nonmalignant normal tissues and how these changes relate to alterations in gene expression and histological composition are not well understood. Normal or cancer-adjacent normal breast tissues from 99 women of the Normal Breast Study (NBS) were evaluated. Data of metabolomics, gene expression and histological composition was collected by mass spectrometry, whole genome microarray, and digital image, respectively. Unsupervised clustering analysis determined metabolomics-derived subtypes. Their association with genomic and histological features, as well as other breast cancer risk factors, genomic and histological features were evaluated using logistic regression. Unsupervised clustering of metabolites resulted in two main clusters. The metabolite differences between the two clusters suggested enrichment of pathways involved in lipid metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, and migration. Compared with Cluster 1, subjects in Cluster 2 were more likely to be obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, p<0.05), have increased adipose proportion (p<0.01) and associated with a previously defined Active genomic subtype (p<0.01). By the integrated analyses of histological, metabolomics and transcriptional data, we characterized two distinct subtypes of non-malignant breast tissue. Further research is needed to validate our findings, and understand the potential role of these alternations in breast cancer initiation, progression and recurrence.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Breast/metabolism ; Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genomics ; Humans ; Metabolomics ; Middle Aged ; Phenotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0193792
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Article ; Online: Correlated metabolomic, genomic, and histologic phenotypes in histologically normal breast tissue.

Xuezheng Sun / Delisha A Stewart / Rupninder Sandhu / Erin L Kirk / Wimal W Pathmasiri / Susan L McRitchie / Robert F Clark / Melissa A Troester / Susan J Sumner

PLoS ONE, Vol 13, Iss 4, p e

2018 Volume 0193792

Abstract	Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process accompanied by widespread molecular and genomic alterations, both in tumor and in surrounding microenvironment. It is known that tumors have altered metabolism, but the metabolic changes in normal or cancer-adjacent, nonmalignant normal tissues and how these changes relate to alterations in gene expression and histological composition are not well understood. Normal or cancer-adjacent normal breast tissues from 99 women of the Normal Breast Study (NBS) were evaluated. Data of metabolomics, gene expression and histological composition was collected by mass spectrometry, whole genome microarray, and digital image, respectively. Unsupervised clustering analysis determined metabolomics-derived subtypes. Their association with genomic and histological features, as well as other breast cancer risk factors, genomic and histological features were evaluated using logistic regression. Unsupervised clustering of metabolites resulted in two main clusters. The metabolite differences between the two clusters suggested enrichment of pathways involved in lipid metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, and migration. Compared with Cluster 1, subjects in Cluster 2 were more likely to be obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, p<0.05), have increased adipose proportion (p<0.01) and associated with a previously defined Active genomic subtype (p<0.01). By the integrated analyses of histological, metabolomics and transcriptional data, we characterized two distinct subtypes of non-malignant breast tissue. Further research is needed to validate our findings, and understand the potential role of these alternations in breast cancer initiation, progression and recurrence.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years.

Nader, Philip R / Bradley, Robert H / Houts, Renate M / McRitchie, Susan L / O'Brien, Marion

JAMA

2008 Volume 300, Issue 3, Page(s) 295–305

Abstract: Context: Decreased physical activity plays a critical role in the increase in childhood obesity. Although at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is recommended, few longitudinal studies have determined the recent ... ...

Abstract	Context: Decreased physical activity plays a critical role in the increase in childhood obesity. Although at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is recommended, few longitudinal studies have determined the recent patterns of physical activity of youth. Objective: To determine the patterns and determinants of MVPA of youth followed from ages 9 to 15 years. Design, setting, and participants: Longitudinal descriptive analyses of the 1032 participants in the 1991-2007 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development birth cohort from 10 study sites who had accelerometer-determined minutes of MVPA at ages 9 (year 2000), 11 (2002), 12 (2003), and 15 (2006) years. Participants included boys (517 [50.1%]) and girls (515 [49.9%]); 76.6% white (n = 791); and 24.5% (n = 231) lived in low-income families. Main outcome measure: Mean MVPA minutes per day, determined by 4 to 7 days of monitored activity. Results: At age 9 years, children engaged in MVPA approximately 3 hours per day on both weekends and weekdays. Weekday MVPA decreased by 37 minutes per year [corrected], while weekend MVPA decreased by 39 minutes per year [corrected]. By age 15 years, adolescents were only engaging in MVPA for 50 minutes per weekday [corrected] and 36 minutes per weekend day [corrected]. Boys were more active than girls, spending 18 and 14 more minutes per day [corrected] in MVPA on the weekdays and weekends, respectively. The rate of decrease in MVPA was the same for boys and girls. The estimated age at which girls crossed below the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA per day was approximately 13.2 years for weekday [corrected] activity compared with boys at 14.9 years [corrected], and for weekend activity, girls crossed below the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA at 12.7 years [corrected] compared with boys at 13.6 years [corrected]. Conclusion: In this study cohort, measured physical activity decreased significantly between ages 9 and 15 years.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Exercise/physiology ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Income ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-07-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2958-0
ISSN	1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
ISSN (online)	1538-3598
ISSN	0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
DOI	10.1001/jama.300.3.295
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Article: Endothelin-1 produces heterogeneous regional haemodynamic effects in conscious rabbits.

Roberts-Thomson, P / McRitchie, R J / Chalmers, J P

Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993)

1996 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) 145–169

Abstract: Blood flow in the renal artery, superior mesenteric artery and infra-renal abdominal aorta of conscious rabbits was measured by Doppler ultrasound. Arterial pressure, heart rate and blood flow responses were assessed following 0.2 and 0.8 nmol/kg ... ...

Abstract	Blood flow in the renal artery, superior mesenteric artery and infra-renal abdominal aorta of conscious rabbits was measured by Doppler ultrasound. Arterial pressure, heart rate and blood flow responses were assessed following 0.2 and 0.8 nmol/kg intravenous endothelin-1. The effects of the following antagonists on these responses were examined: phentolamine, propranolol, scopolamine, captopril, nifedipine, indomethacin, the V1-vasopressin receptor antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP and the competitive nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro L-arginine (NOLA). Hindlimb resistance and arterial pressure responded in two phases, initial vasodilatation followed by vasoconstriction. Renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction occurred without initial vasodilatation. Following 0.2 nmol/kg endothelin-1, arterial pressure decreased by 18.5 +/- 0.8 mmHg, then increased by 25.2 +/- 1.7 mmHg (n = 27). Heart rate changed reciprocally. Renal resistance increased by 533 +/- 73% (n = 12). Mesenteric resistance increased by 420 +/- 34%. Hindlimb resistance decreased 54 +/- 2% (n = 12, all P < 0.01) then increased slightly (P < 0.05). All changes were greater at 0.8 nmol/kg, particularly the hindlimb vasoconstriction. The only antagonist to alter significantly these responses was NOLA, which in the hindlimb attenuated the vasodilatation and accentuated the vasoconstriction. We conclude that most of the haemodynamic effects of endothelin-1 are direct, but that NO generated by NO synthase causes part of the hindlimb vasodilatation, and that endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction is attenuated by release of NO.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Endothelin-1/antagonists & inhibitors ; Endothelin-1/pharmacology ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Hemodynamics/drug effects ; Hindlimb/blood supply ; Male ; Rabbits ; Renal Circulation/drug effects ; Splanchnic Circulation/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Endothelin-1
Language	English
Publishing date	1996-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604757-9
ISSN	1064-1963 ; 0730-0077
ISSN	1064-1963 ; 0730-0077
DOI	10.3109/10641969609081762
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Article: Endothelin-1 causes a biphasic response in systemic vasculature and increases myocardial contractility in conscious rabbits.

Roberts-Thomson, P / McRitchie, R J / Chalmers, J P

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology

1994 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 100–107

Abstract: We studied the effects of an intravenous (i.v.) bolus of endothelin-1 (ET-1, 0.2 nmol/kg) in conscious rabbits, measuring arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), myocardial contractility, and cardiac output and evaluating direct and indirect ... ...

Abstract	We studied the effects of an intravenous (i.v.) bolus of endothelin-1 (ET-1, 0.2 nmol/kg) in conscious rabbits, measuring arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), myocardial contractility, and cardiac output and evaluating direct and indirect effects of ET-1 with pacing and pharmacologic antagonists. ET-1 caused a brief initial decrease in BP of 18 +/- 1 mm Hg, followed by a sustained increase of 26 +/- 3 mm Hg (n = 16, p < 0.001). HR increased initially by 60 +/- 11 beats/min and then decreased by 68 +/- 6 beats/min (n = 16, p < 0.001). Left ventricular (LV) dP/dt increased by 2,120 +/- 380 mm Hg/s (n = 5, p < 0.01). LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased by 4 +/- 1 mm Hg (n = 5, p < 0.05). Cardiac output (CO) increased initially by 34 +/- 4% and then decreased by 28 +/- 3% (n = 16, p < 0.001). Total peripheral resistance (TPR) decreased initially by 34 +/- 3% and then increased by 72 +/- 13% (n = 16, p < 0.001). Pacing did not alter the effect of ET-1 on arterial BP, LVdP/dt, or LVEDP. The combination of propranolol and scopolamine significantly reduced the increase and decrease in HR and the increase in LVdP/dt. None of the antagonists significantly altered the effect of ET-1 on TPR. ET-1 causes brief initial vasodilation and increased myocardial contractility, followed by sustained vasoconstriction. The vascular effects appear to be of greater significance than the cardiac effects at the dose used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Cardiac Output/drug effects ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial ; Cardiovascular System/drug effects ; Cardiovascular System/metabolism ; Catheterization, Peripheral ; Endothelins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Endothelins/pharmacology ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Vascular Resistance/drug effects ; Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology ; Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Endothelins ; Vasoconstrictor Agents ; Vasodilator Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391970-5
ISSN	1533-4023 ; 0160-2446
ISSN (online)	1533-4023
ISSN	0160-2446
DOI	10.1097/00005344-199407000-00017
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Zs.A 1471: Show issues

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Article: Experimental hypertension produces diverse changes in the regional vascular responses to endothelin-1 in the rabbit and the rat.

Roberts-Thomson, P / McRitchie, R J / Chalmers, J P

Journal of hypertension

1994 Volume 12, Issue 11, Page(s) 1225–1234

Abstract: Objective: To examine the effects of hypertension on systemic and regional haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1.: Design: Comparison of responses between age-matched control and hypertensive rabbits (two-kidney, two wrapped), and between ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To examine the effects of hypertension on systemic and regional haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1. Design: Comparison of responses between age-matched control and hypertensive rabbits (two-kidney, two wrapped), and between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar-Kyoto rats. Methods: Arterial pressure, heart rate and blood flow responses to 0.2 nmol/kg intravenous endothelin-1 were measured in conscious animals. Blood flow was measured by pulsed ultrasound Doppler in the ascending aorta, distal abdominal aorta, left renal artery and superior mesenteric artery. Results: Endothelin-1 produced qualitatively similar effects in the hypertensive and control animals. In the systemic circulation, brief initial vasodilation preceded sustained vasoconstriction. In the hindlimb, marked vasodilation preceded relatively minor vasoconstriction, and profound vasoconstriction occurred in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds. In the rats but not the rabbits, fleeting vasodilation preceded the renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction. Significant differences between hypertensive and control animals were: accentuation of the pressor effect and heart rate responses in hypertensive animals of both species, and accentuation of hindlimb vasodilation in hypertensive rabbits but not SHR; and attenuation of the depressor effect in SHR but not hypertensive rabbits, attenuation of the mesenteric vasoconstriction in both hypertensive rabbits and rats, and attenuation of renal vasoconstriction in SHR. Conclusions: The increased responses to endothelin-1 of some variables in the hypertensive animals may involve structural changes in the resistance vessels. However, the reduced responses in the mesenteric vasculature of both species and the renal vasculature of the SHR are due to some mechanism other than structural change.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity/drug effects ; Endothelins/blood ; Endothelins/pharmacology ; Hemodynamics/drug effects ; Hindlimb/blood supply ; Hypertension/diagnostic imaging ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; Kidney/blood supply ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Mesenteric Arteries/diagnostic imaging ; Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed ; Vascular Resistance/drug effects ; Vasoconstriction/drug effects ; Vasodilation/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Endothelins
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605532-1
ISSN	1473-5598 ; 0263-6352 ; 0952-1178
ISSN (online)	1473-5598
ISSN	0263-6352 ; 0952-1178
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