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  1. Article ; Online: Drug Cues Trigger Corticolimbic Hyperreactivity in Heroin Users.

    Berridge, Kent C

    The American journal of psychiatry

    2024  Volume 181, Issue 2, Page(s) 95–97

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cues ; Heroin Dependence/complications ; Behavior, Addictive
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 280045-7
    ISSN 1535-7228 ; 0002-953X
    ISSN (online) 1535-7228
    ISSN 0002-953X
    DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.20231000
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  2. Article ; Online: Separating desire from prediction of outcome value.

    Berridge, Kent C

    Trends in cognitive sciences

    2023  Volume 27, Issue 10, Page(s) 932–946

    Abstract: Individuals typically want what they expect to like, often based on memories of previous positive experiences. However, in some situations desire can decouple completely from memories and from learned predictions of outcome value. The potential for ... ...

    Abstract Individuals typically want what they expect to like, often based on memories of previous positive experiences. However, in some situations desire can decouple completely from memories and from learned predictions of outcome value. The potential for desire to separate from prediction arises from independent operating rules that control motivational incentive salience. Incentive salience, or 'wanting', is a type of mesolimbic desire that evolved for adaptive goals, but can also generate maladaptive addictions. Two proof-of-principle examples are presented here to show how motivational 'wanting' can soar above memory-based predictions of outcome value: (i) 'wanting what is remembered to be disgusting', and (ii) 'wanting what is predicted to hurt'. Consequently, even outcomes remembered and predicted to be negatively aversive can become positively 'wanted'. Similarly, in human addictions, people may experience powerful cue-triggered cravings for outcomes that are not predicted to be enjoyable.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Reward ; Motivation ; Learning ; Behavior, Addictive
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2010989-1
    ISSN 1879-307X ; 1364-6613
    ISSN (online) 1879-307X
    ISSN 1364-6613
    DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2023.07.007
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  3. Article ; Online: Comment on Vandaele and Ahmed: Rethinking habits in addiction.

    Berridge, Kent C

    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

    2020  Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 687–688

    MeSH term(s) Behavior, Addictive ; Habits
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 639471-1
    ISSN 1740-634X ; 0893-133X
    ISSN (online) 1740-634X
    ISSN 0893-133X
    DOI 10.1038/s41386-020-00932-0
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  4. Article ; Online: Mapping causal generators of appetitive motivation-hedonic functions in frontal cortex.

    Baldo, Brian A / Berridge, Kent C

    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

    2021  Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 415–416

    MeSH term(s) Feeding Behavior ; Frontal Lobe ; Motivation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type News ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 639471-1
    ISSN 1740-634X ; 0893-133X
    ISSN (online) 1740-634X
    ISSN 0893-133X
    DOI 10.1038/s41386-021-01154-8
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  5. Article ; Online: Affective valence in the brain: modules or modes?

    Berridge, Kent C

    Nature reviews. Neuroscience

    2019  Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) 225–234

    Abstract: How do brain systems evaluate the affective valence of a stimulus - that is, its quality of being good or bad? One possibility is that a neural subsystem, or 'module' (such as a subregion of the brain, a projection pathway, a neuronal population or an ... ...

    Abstract How do brain systems evaluate the affective valence of a stimulus - that is, its quality of being good or bad? One possibility is that a neural subsystem, or 'module' (such as a subregion of the brain, a projection pathway, a neuronal population or an individual neuron), is permanently dedicated to mediate only one affective function, or at least only one specific valence - an idea that is termed here the 'affective modules' hypothesis. An alternative possibility is that a given neural module can exist in multiple neurobiological states that give it different affective functions - an idea termed here the 'affective modes' hypothesis. This suggests that the affective function or valence mediated by a neural module need not remain permanently stable but rather can change dynamically across different situations. An evaluation of evidence for the 'affective modules' versus 'affective modes' hypotheses may be useful for advancing understanding of the affective organization of limbic circuitry.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2034150-7
    ISSN 1471-0048 ; 1471-0048 ; 1471-003X
    ISSN (online) 1471-0048
    ISSN 1471-0048 ; 1471-003X
    DOI 10.1038/s41583-019-0122-8
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  6. Article ; Online: Liking.

    Berridge, Kent C / Dayan, Peter

    Current biology : CB

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 24, Page(s) R1555–R1557

    Abstract: Berridge and Dayan outline the psychological and neural basis of the hedonic concept of 'liking' ...

    Abstract Berridge and Dayan outline the psychological and neural basis of the hedonic concept of 'liking', and its relationship with close, but not always consonant, motivational cousin, 'wanting'.
    MeSH term(s) Emotions ; Motivation ; Reward
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.069
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  7. Article ; Online: Incentive motivation: 'wanting' roles of central amygdala circuitry.

    Warlow, Shelley M / Berridge, Kent C

    Behavioural brain research

    2021  Volume 411, Page(s) 113376

    Abstract: The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) mediates positively-valenced reward motivation as well as negatively-valenced fear. Optogenetic or neurochemical stimulation of CeA circuitry can generate intense incentive motivation to pursue and consume a paired ... ...

    Abstract The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) mediates positively-valenced reward motivation as well as negatively-valenced fear. Optogenetic or neurochemical stimulation of CeA circuitry can generate intense incentive motivation to pursue and consume a paired natural food, sex, or addictive drug reward, and even create maladaptive 'wanting what hurts' such as attraction to a shock rod. Evidence indicates CeA stimulations selectively amplify incentive motivation ('wanting') but not hedonic impact ('liking') of the same reward. Further, valence flips can occur for CeA contributions to motivational salience. That is, CeA stimulation can promote either incentive motivation or fearful motivation, even in the same individual, depending on situation. These findings may carry implications for understanding CeA roles in neuropsychiatric disorders involving aberrant motivational salience, ranging from addiction to paranoia and anxiety disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Amygdala/metabolism ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Addictive ; Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism ; Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/physiology ; Cues ; Emotions/physiology ; Fear ; Humans ; Motivation/physiology ; Reward
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 449927-x
    ISSN 1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
    ISSN (online) 1872-7549
    ISSN 0166-4328
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113376
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  8. Article: Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation.

    Berridge, Kent C

    Frontiers in psychology

    2018  Volume 9, Page(s) 1647

    Abstract: This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over emotion have recently risen again. For example, are emotions necessarily ... ...

    Abstract This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over emotion have recently risen again. For example, are emotions necessarily subjective feelings? Do animals have emotions? I review evidence that emotions exist as core psychological processes, which have objectively detectable features, and which can occur either with subjective feelings or without them. Evidence is offered also that studies of emotion in animals can give new insights into human emotions. Beyond emotion, motivation concepts have changed over decades too, and debates still continue. Motivation was once thought in terms of aversive drives, and reward was thought of in terms of drive reduction. Motivation-as-drive concepts were largely replaced by motivation-as-incentive concepts, yet aversive drive concepts still occasionally surface in reward neuroscience today. Among incentive concepts, incentive salience is a core motivation process, mediated by brain mesocorticolimbic systems (dopamine-related systems) and sometimes called 'wanting' (in quotation marks), to distinguish it from cognitive forms of desire (wanting without quotation marks). Incentive salience as 'wanting' is separable also from pleasure 'liking' for the same reward, which has important implications for several human clinical disorders. Ordinarily, incentive salience adds motivational urgency to cognitive desires, but 'wanting' and cognitive desires can dissociate in some conditions. Excessive incentive salience can cause addictions, in which excessive 'wanting' can diverge from cognitive desires. Conversely, lack of incentive salience may cause motivational forms of anhedonia in depression or schizophrenia, whereas a negatively-valenced form of 'fearful salience' may contribute to paranoia. Finally, negative 'fear' and 'disgust' have both partial overlap but also important neural differences.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01647
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  9. Article ; Online: 'Liking' and 'wanting' in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications.

    Morales, Ileana / Berridge, Kent C

    Physiology & behavior

    2020  Volume 227, Page(s) 113152

    Abstract: It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking' and 'wanting' components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance 'liking' include brain hedonic hotspots, which are specialized subregions that are uniquely able to ...

    Abstract It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking' and 'wanting' components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance 'liking' include brain hedonic hotspots, which are specialized subregions that are uniquely able to causally amplify the hedonic impact of palatable tastes. Hedonic hotspots are found in nucleus accumbens medial shell, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula cortex, and brainstem. In turn, a much larger mesocorticolimbic circuitry generates 'wanting' or incentive motivation to obtain and consume food rewards. Hedonic and motivational circuitry interact together and with hypothalamic homeostatic circuitry, allowing relevant physiological hunger and satiety states to modulate 'liking' and 'wanting' for food rewards. In some conditions such as drug addiction, 'wanting' is known to dramatically detach from 'liking' for the same reward, and this may also occur in over-eating disorders. Via incentive sensitization, 'wanting' selectively becomes higher, especially when triggered by reward cues when encountered in vulnerable states of stress, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that some cases of obesity and binge eating disorders may reflect an incentive-sensitization brain signature of cue hyper-reactivity, causing excessive 'wanting' to eat. Future findings on the neurobiological bases of 'liking' and 'wanting' can continue to improve understanding of both normal food reward and causes of clinical eating disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Brain ; Food ; Food Preferences ; Motivation ; Reward
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 3907-x
    ISSN 1873-507X ; 0031-9384
    ISSN (online) 1873-507X
    ISSN 0031-9384
    DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152
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  10. Article ; Online: Optogenetic mapping of feeding and self-stimulation within the lateral hypothalamus of the rat.

    Urstadt, Kevin R / Berridge, Kent C

    PloS one

    2020  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) e0224301

    Abstract: The lateral hypothalamus (LH) includes several anatomical subregions involved in eating and reward motivation. This study explored localization of function across different LH subregions in controlling food intake stimulated by optogenetic ... ...

    Abstract The lateral hypothalamus (LH) includes several anatomical subregions involved in eating and reward motivation. This study explored localization of function across different LH subregions in controlling food intake stimulated by optogenetic channelrhodopsin excitation, and in supporting laser self-stimulation. We particularly compared the tuberal LH subregion, the posterior LH subregion, and the lateral preoptic area. Local diameters of tissue optogenetically stimulated within the LH were assessed by measuring laser-induced Fos plumes and Jun plumes via immunofluorescence surrounding optic fiber tips. Those plume diameters were used to map localization of function for behavioral effects elicited by LH optogenetic stimulation. Optogenetic stimulation of the tuberal subsection of the LH produced the most robust eating behavior and food intake initially, but produced only mild laser self-stimulation in the same rats. However, after repeated exposures to optogenetic stimulation, tuberal LH behavioral profiles shifted toward more self-stimulation and less food intake. By contrast, stimulation of the lateral preoptic area produced relatively little food intake or self-stimulation, either initially or after extended stimulation experience. Stimulation in the posterior LH subregion supported moderate self-stimulation, but not food intake, and at higher laser intensity shifted valence to evoke escape behaviors. We conclude that the tuberal LH subregion may best mediate stimulation-bound increases in food intake stimulated by optogenetic excitation. However, incentive motivational effects of tuberal LH stimulation may shift toward self-stimulation behavior after repeated stimulation. By contrast, the lateral preoptic area and posterior LH do not as readily elicit either eating behavior or laser self-stimulation, and may be more prone to higher-intensity aversive effects.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/physiology ; Motivation/physiology ; Optogenetics ; Preoptic Area/physiology ; Rats ; Reward ; Self Stimulation/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0224301
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