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Article ; Online: Allocating a COVID-19 Vaccine: Balancing National and International Responsibilities.

Lie, Reidar K / Miller, Franklin G

2020 Volume 99, Issue 2, Page(s) 450–466

Abstract: Policy Points In this paper we propose a middle-ground policy for the distribution of an effective COVID-19 vaccine, between a cosmopolitan approach that rejects entirely nation-state priority and unbridled vaccine nationalism that disregards obligations ...

Abstract	Policy Points In this paper we propose a middle-ground policy for the distribution of an effective COVID-19 vaccine, between a cosmopolitan approach that rejects entirely nation-state priority and unbridled vaccine nationalism that disregards obligations to promote an equitable global allocation of an effective vaccine over time. Features of the COVAX partnership, a collaboration among the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop and distribute COVID-19 vaccines make it an appropriate framework for a middle-ground policy.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/economics ; COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution ; Global Health ; Health Care Coalitions/organization & administration ; Health Equity/standards ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; World Health Organization
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632829-5
ISSN	1468-0009 ; 0887-378X
ISSN (online)	1468-0009
ISSN	0887-378X
DOI	10.1111/1468-0009.12494
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Article: Trust in the Doctor-Patient Relationship in Chinese Public Hospitals: Evidence for Hope.

Han, Yangyang / Lie, Reidar K / Li, Zhenlin / Guo, Rui

Patient preference and adherence

2022 Volume 16, Page(s) 647–657

Abstract: Purpose: Trust is an essential component in a successful health care relationship. Doctor-patient trust involves the subjects of both sides, including the direction of patients' trust in physicians (patients' perception) and physicians' trust in ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Trust is an essential component in a successful health care relationship. Doctor-patient trust involves the subjects of both sides, including the direction of patients' trust in physicians (patients' perception) and physicians' trust in patients (physicians' perception). This study aims to assess the status quo and explore suggestions for improving trust between doctors and patients. Patients and methods: In May 2018, we collected data from six representative hospitals in Beijing, China, including 610 questionnaires (310 physicians and 300 patients). Participants were Chinese-speaking, age 14 and older, who expressed their opinions clearly. Kruskal-Wallis Results: Based on the doctor and patient characteristics, the data show that inpatients are trusted more than outpatients, and patients who often visit the clinic are more doubtful of doctors. The family trust is the highest, and social trust is the lowest. In general, the degree of trust between doctors and patients is good, but the score of physicians (Mean=3.87; SD=0.79) is lower than that of patients (Mean=4.05; SD=0.76). Physicians' evaluation of the degree of trust tends to be more negative than patients'. Conclusion: In spite of recent negative press reports, there remains a high degree of trust between patients and doctors in Beijing. Despite this, one should not be complacent. We need to explore the root cause of the trust between doctors and patients from a deeper perspective to promote better medical services to meet the health needs of patients.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-06
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2455848-5
ISSN	1177-889X
ISSN	1177-889X
DOI	10.2147/PPA.S352636
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Article: The Guinea Phase III Ebola Vaccine Trial: Lessons for Research Ethics Review in Public Health Emergencies.

Lie, Reidar K / Wendler, David

IRB

2018 Volume 39, Issue 2, Page(s) 1–7

MeSH term(s)	Clinical Protocols ; Ebola Vaccines ; Ethics, Research ; Guinea ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Ebola Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial, Phase III ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	347743-5
ISSN	0193-7758
ISSN	0193-7758
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Book ; Online: Evidence-based Practice in Medicine and Health Care

Meulen, Ruud / Biller-Andorno, Nikola / Lenk, Christian / Lie, Reidar K.

A Discussion of the Ethical Issues

2005

Author's details	edited by Ruud Meulen, Nikola Biller-Andorno, Christian Lenk, Reidar K. Lie
Keywords	Medicine ; Public health
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Publishing place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Document type	Book ; Online
HBZ-ID	TT050387518
ISBN	978-3-540-22239-2 ; 978-3-540-27133-8 ; 3-540-22239-1 ; 3-540-27133-3
DOI	10.1007/b138662
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article: Ethical issues in human germline gene editing: a perspective from China.

Zhang, Di / Lie, Reidar K

Monash bioethics review

2018 Volume 36, Issue 1-4, Page(s) 23–35

Abstract: The ethical issues associated with germline gene modification and embryo research are some of the most contentious in current international science policy debates. In this paper, we argue that new genetic techniques, such as CRISPR, demonstrate that ... ...

Abstract	The ethical issues associated with germline gene modification and embryo research are some of the most contentious in current international science policy debates. In this paper, we argue that new genetic techniques, such as CRISPR, demonstrate that there is an urgent need for China to develop its own regulatory and ethical framework governing new developments in genetic and embryo research. While China has in place a regulatory framework, it needs to be strengthened to include better compliance oversight and explicit criteria for how different types of research should be reviewed by regulatory authorities. We also document a variety of opinions about the new technologies among the public, scholars, and policy makers. China needs to develop its own regulations in coordination with other countries; but it is unlikely that an international consensus will be achieved in this area, given the existing differences in regulations between countries. We should aim at harmonization, not necessarily complete consensus, and the perspective from China is vital when international norms are developed and harmonized. Chinese policy makers and researchers need to be aware of the international discussions, at the same time as the international community is aware of, and accommodates, Chinese positions on important policy options.
MeSH term(s)	Gene Editing/ethics ; Genetics, Medical/ethics ; Human Experimentation/ethics ; Humans ; Professional Misconduct/ethics ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/ethics
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2510076-2
ISSN	1836-6716 ; 1321-2753
ISSN (online)	1836-6716
ISSN	1321-2753
DOI	10.1007/s40592-018-0091-0
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Article ; Online: The Internet Hospital as a Telehealth Model in China: Systematic Search and Content Analysis.

Han, Yangyang / Lie, Reidar K / Guo, Rui

Journal of medical Internet research

2020 Volume 22, Issue 7, Page(s) e17995

Abstract: Background: The internet hospital is an innovative organizational form and service mode under the tide of internet plus in the Chinese medical industry. It is the product of the interaction between consumer health needs and supply-side reform. However, ... ...

Abstract	Background: The internet hospital is an innovative organizational form and service mode under the tide of internet plus in the Chinese medical industry. It is the product of the interaction between consumer health needs and supply-side reform. However, there has still been no systematic summary of its establishment and definition, nor has there been an analysis of its service content. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to understand the definition, establishment, and development status of internet hospitals. Methods: Data on internet hospitals were obtained via the Baidu search engine for results up until January 1, 2019. Based on the results of the search, we obtained more detailed information from the official websites and apps of 130 online hospitals and formed a database for descriptive analysis. Results: By January 2019, the number of registered internet hospitals had expanded to approximately 130 in 25 provinces, accounting for 73.5% of all provinces or province-level municipalities in China. Internet hospitals, as a new telehealth model, are distinct but overlap with online health, telemedicine, and mobile medical. They offer four kinds of services-convenience services, online medical services, telemedicine, and related industries. In general, there is an underlying common treatment flowchart of care in ordinary and internet hospitals. There are three different sponsors-government-led integration, hospital-led, and enterprise-led internet hospitals-for which stakeholders have different supporting content and responsibilities. Conclusions: Internet hospitals are booming in China, and it is the joint effort of the government and the market to alleviate the coexistence of shortages of medical resources and wasted medical supplies. The origin of internet hospitals in the eastern and western regions, the purpose of the establishment initiator, and the content of online and offline services are different. Only further standardized management and reasonable industry freedom can realize the original intention of the internet hospital of meeting various health needs.
MeSH term(s)	China ; Hospitals/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Internet/standards ; Telemedicine/methods
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-29
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2028830-X
ISSN	1438-8871 ; 1439-4456
ISSN (online)	1438-8871
ISSN	1439-4456
DOI	10.2196/17995
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Article: The fair benefits approach revisited.

Lie, Reidar K

The Hastings Center report

2010 Volume 40, Issue 4, Page(s) 3

MeSH term(s)	Biomedical Research/ethics ; Community-Institutional Relations ; Ethics, Research ; Health Resources ; Humans ; Internationality ; Social Justice
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Editorial
ZDB-ID	194940-8
ISSN	1552-146X ; 0093-0334
ISSN (online)	1552-146X
ISSN	0093-0334
DOI	10.1353/hcr.0.0288
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Article ; Online: Understanding the futility of countries' obligations for health rights: realising justice for the global poor.

Barugahare, John / Lie, Reidar K

BMC international health and human rights

2016 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 15

Abstract: Background: Although health is a right of all individuals without any distinction, the realisation of this right has remained very difficult for the marginalised populations of poor countries. Inequitable distribution of health opportunities globally is ...

Abstract	Background: Although health is a right of all individuals without any distinction, the realisation of this right has remained very difficult for the marginalised populations of poor countries. Inequitable distribution of health opportunities globally is a major factor in explaining why this is the case. Whereas the Protection, Promotion and Fulfilment of the health rights of poor country citizens are a joint responsibility of both domestic and external governments, most governments flout their obligations. So far disproportionate effort has been dedicated to reaffirming and interpreting these obligations as opposed to investigating the fundamental question regarding why these obligations have nevertheless remained largely unfulfilled. Further the normative question regarding what ought to be done about the shortcomings of current obligations has been largely ignored. Methods: We conduct a critical content analysis of existing literature on efforts towards the realisation of the health rights of marginalised populations in our attempt to ascertain their capacity to guarantee basic health opportunities to marginalised populations. In our analysis we treat issues of 'health rights' and 'justice in global health' as having unity of purpose - guaranteeing basic health opportunities to the marginalised populations. Results: We identify two sets of reasons for the failure of present obligations for global distributive justice in general: a set of 'superficial reasons' and a set of 'fundamental reasons' which account for the superficial reasons. Discussion: In order to overcome these reasons we propose a strategy which consists in specifying a number of minimum and less-demanding obligations for both external and domestic governments to guarantee to all individuals a certain threshold of health goods and services. We argue that these minimum obligations can be freely accepted and fully complied with or enforced with "a thin system of enforcement" without significant threat to national sovereignty and autonomy. Conclusion: The futility of countries' obligations for the health rights of the global poor as is the case with global distributive injustice is because of lack of political will to specify and enforce such obligations. Minimum obligations should be specified and enforced with a "thin system" which is consistent with principles of national sovereignty and autonomy.
MeSH term(s)	Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Global Health ; Government ; Health Equity ; Health Policy ; Human Rights ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Poverty ; Social Justice ; Social Responsibility
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1472-698X
ISSN (online)	1472-698X
DOI	10.1186/s12914-016-0090-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Should a Country Follow WHO's Guidelines on the Pathway to Universal Health Coverage? A Case Illustration with the Chinese Healthcare System.

Wang, Chunshui / Ng, Vincent H / Lie, Reidar K

Asian bioethics review

2018 Volume 10, Issue 3, Page(s) 171–187

Abstract: The WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage published a comprehensive report titled "Making Fair Choices on the Path to Universal Health Coverage" detailing strategies that countries should adopt when moving towards providing ... ...

Abstract	The WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage published a comprehensive report titled "Making Fair Choices on the Path to Universal Health Coverage" detailing strategies that countries should adopt when moving towards providing healthcare coverage to the entire population. The report provides detailed guidelines on how to expand coverage to more people, what services should be covered, and how to prioritize these healthcare resources in achieving universal healthcare coverage (UHC). The main goal of this WHO report is to ensure fair and equitable access for all population groups within a country during the implementation of UHC. In principle, the group's approach is sound and fair, but we argue that each country must take into account its own unique situations in designing a pathway towards UHC. China has achieved near UHC but did so by an approach that would have been deemed completely unacceptable based on this group's recommendations. In this article, we provide a brief review of the Chinese healthcare system and argue that the implementation of the recommendations in the report is not always feasible. We argue that there are alternate pathways towards achieving UHC and there are good reasons for China's departure from the approach outlined by the WHO report. Nevertheless, we acknowledge substantial inequities still exist for various segments of the population and among the diverse areas of China in accessing healthcare services and make suggestions on how to reduce such inequities within the system.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2602378-7
ISSN	1793-9453 ; 1793-8759
ISSN (online)	1793-9453
ISSN	1793-8759
DOI	10.1007/s41649-018-0052-1
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Article ; Online: The Internet Hospital as a Telehealth Model in China

Han, Yangyang / Lie, Reidar K / Guo, Rui

Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol 22, Iss 7, p e

Systematic Search and Content Analysis

2020 Volume 17995

Abstract: BackgroundThe internet hospital is an innovative organizational form and service mode under the tide of internet plus in the Chinese medical industry. It is the product of the interaction between consumer health needs and supply-side reform. However, ... ...

Abstract	BackgroundThe internet hospital is an innovative organizational form and service mode under the tide of internet plus in the Chinese medical industry. It is the product of the interaction between consumer health needs and supply-side reform. However, there has still been no systematic summary of its establishment and definition, nor has there been an analysis of its service content. ObjectiveThe primary purpose of this study was to understand the definition, establishment, and development status of internet hospitals. MethodsData on internet hospitals were obtained via the Baidu search engine for results up until January 1, 2019. Based on the results of the search, we obtained more detailed information from the official websites and apps of 130 online hospitals and formed a database for descriptive analysis. ResultsBy January 2019, the number of registered internet hospitals had expanded to approximately 130 in 25 provinces, accounting for 73.5% of all provinces or province-level municipalities in China. Internet hospitals, as a new telehealth model, are distinct but overlap with online health, telemedicine, and mobile medical. They offer four kinds of services—convenience services, online medical services, telemedicine, and related industries. In general, there is an underlying common treatment flowchart of care in ordinary and internet hospitals. There are three different sponsors—government-led integration, hospital-led, and enterprise-led internet hospitals—for which stakeholders have different supporting content and responsibilities. ConclusionsInternet hospitals are booming in China, and it is the joint effort of the government and the market to alleviate the coexistence of shortages of medical resources and wasted medical supplies. The origin of internet hospitals in the eastern and western regions, the purpose of the establishment initiator, and the content of online and offline services are different. Only further standardized management and reasonable industry freedom can realize the original intention ...
Keywords	Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	303
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	JMIR Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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