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Article ; Online: Knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals on prescribing errors.

Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Widhiartini, Ida Ayu Alit / Budiarti, Endang

Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology

2021 Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) 357–362

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals on prescribing errors.: Methods: This was a cross-sectional study employing a questionnaire that consisted of 12 items on knowledge and 10 items on ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals on prescribing errors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study employing a questionnaire that consisted of 12 items on knowledge and 10 items on healthcare professionals' attitudes toward errors in prescribing process. The participants responded to the questionnaire with a 5-Likert scale of agreement. The domains assessed in the questionnaire were respondents' knowledge and attitudes on prescribing errors, professionals responsible for the errors, and professionals' competence on drug dose adjustment. Additionally, the questionnaire had two case scenarios to further assess the healthcare professionals' knowledge of prescribing errors. There were 300 questionnaires administered to physicians, nurses, and pharmacists who attended conferences in Denpasar from July to October 2019. Results: There were 30 physicians, 58 nurses, and 69 pharmacists who responded to the survey. A response rate of 52.3% (157/300) was obtained. All healthcare professionals agreed that errors may occur in prescribing, dispensing, and administration process. All healthcare professionals understood that physician is responsible for ensuring drug safety in prescribing process and also supported a standardized form on drugs which may need drug dose personalization. Concerning item on the importance of collaboration in drug dose adjustment, although the healthcare professionals agreed on the statement, they had significant differences on the level agreement on the statement (p=0.029). The healthcare professionals also supported having regular training on drug dose adjustment based on individual patients' regimentation. The healthcare professionals' responses showed that the significant differences found on the statement of healthcare professionals should have competency on personalized dose calculation (p<0.001). All healthcare professionals agreed that physicians should have competency on drug dose adjustment, yet physicians showed less agreement that other health professionals should have the competency. Conclusions: All healthcare professionals understood that medication errors may occur during the prescribing process but showed different attitudes on professionals who had competence in drug dose calculation. They emphasize the need to have a standardized prescription format for medication with dose changes. The respondents also recommend having regular training on medication safety for healthcare professionals.
MeSH term(s)	Attitude ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Chemical Substances	Pharmaceutical Preparations
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-25
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1071737-7
ISSN	2191-0286 ; 0792-6855 ; 0334-1534
ISSN (online)	2191-0286
ISSN	0792-6855 ; 0334-1534
DOI	10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0411
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Article ; Online: Pharmacies and primary care: a global development framework.

Udoh, Arit / Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Akpan, Mary / Galbraith, Kirsten / Bates, Ian

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

2020 Volume 98, Issue 11, Page(s) 809–811

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pharmacies ; Primary Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80213-x
ISSN	1564-0604 ; 0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
ISSN (online)	1564-0604
ISSN	0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
DOI	10.2471/BLT.19.248435
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Article ; Online: The effectiveness and impact on performance of pharmacy-related competency development frameworks: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Udoh, Arit / Bruno-Tomé, Andreia / Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Galbraith, Kirsten / Bates, Ian

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

2021 Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) 1685–1696

Abstract: Background: Competency frameworks for education, training and development are widely used in the health professions, including pharmacy. Published studies suggest that competency frameworks have an impact on professional performance. Professional ... ...

Abstract	Background: Competency frameworks for education, training and development are widely used in the health professions, including pharmacy. Published studies suggest that competency frameworks have an impact on professional performance. Professional performance that is consistent with up-to-date knowledge and skills influences health care quality and patient safety. This review assessed the effectiveness of competency frameworks in facilitating improvement in pharmacists' performance. Method: PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO and Scopus electronic databases were searched to identify relevant literature. The findings of the included studies were synthesised qualitatively, and via a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis evaluated the odds of improved competency behaviour as a proxy measure of impact on pharmacists' performance. Study quality was assessed using 12 criteria adapted from the EPPI-Centre guidelines v0.9.7. The protocol for this review is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42018096580. Results: In total, nine interventional studies were identified for review. The review findings showed observable and significant improvement in pharmacists' performance when competency frameworks are used to appraise performance, identify knowledge gaps, and tailor learning activities. A meta-analysis that involved a total of 348 pharmacists undergoing repeat peer assessment showed pooled odds for improved competency behaviour of 4.41 (95% CI: 1.89-10.29, I Conclusion: These findings suggest competency frameworks facilitate improvement in pharmacists' performance; however, further evaluative studies are needed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2192059-X
ISSN	1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
ISSN (online)	1934-8150
ISSN	1551-7411
DOI	10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.008
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Article ; Online: PERANAN FARMASI KLINIK

Desak Ketut Ernawati

Medicina, Vol 38, Iss

2012 Volume 3

Abstract: ...

Abstract	-
Keywords	peranan ; farmasi klinik ; Medicine ; R ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Universitas Udayana
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The development, validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related competency frameworks: A systematic review.

Udoh, Arit / Bruno-Tomé, Andreia / Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Galbraith, Kirsten / Bates, Ian

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

2021 Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) 1697–1718

Abstract: Background: Global reforms in the education of health workers has culminated in the implementation of competency-based education and training (CBET). In line with the CBET model, competency frameworks are now commonplace in the health professions. In ... ...

Abstract	Background: Global reforms in the education of health workers has culminated in the implementation of competency-based education and training (CBET). In line with the CBET model, competency frameworks are now commonplace in the health professions. In pharmacy, these frameworks are used to regulate career entry, benchmark standards of practice and facilitate expertise development. Objective: This systematic review assessed the development, validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related competency frameworks. Method: PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest and PsycINFO electronic databases were searched to identify relevant literature. Additional searching included Google Scholar, electronic sources of grey literature, and the Member Organisation websites of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The findings of this review were synthesised and reported narratively. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42018096580. Results: In total, 53 pharmacy-related frameworks were identified. The majority (n = 38, 72%) were from high income countries in Europe and the Western Pacific region, with only three each from countries in South East Asia (SEA) and Africa. The identified frameworks were developed through a variety of methods that included expert group consultation used alone, or in combination with a literature review, job/role evaluation, or needs assessment. Profession wide surveys and consensus via a nominal group, Delphi, or modified Delphi technique were the primary methods used in framework validation. The competencies in the respective frameworks were generally ranked relevant to practice, thereby confirming validity and applicability. However, variations in competency-related terminologies and descriptors were observed. Disparities on perception of relevance also existed in relation to area of practice, length of experience, and level of competence. For example, pharmaceutical care competencies were typically ranked high in relevance in the frameworks, compared to others such as the research-related competencies. Conclusion: The validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related frameworks highlights their importance in competency-based education and training (CBET). However, the observed disparities in framework terminologies and development methods suggest the need for harmonisation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2192059-X
ISSN	1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
ISSN (online)	1934-8150
ISSN	1551-7411
DOI	10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.014
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Article ; Online: A country-level national needs assessment of the Indonesian pharmacy workforce.

Meilianti, Sherly / Smith, Felicity / Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Pratita, Rasta Naya / Bates, Ian

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

2021 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) 1989–1996

Abstract: Background: Conducting a systematic country-level workforce needs-assessment is a way to develop coherent strategic and justifiable workforce planning.: Objective(s): This article describes a country-level needs-assessment process using a systematic ... ...

Abstract	Background: Conducting a systematic country-level workforce needs-assessment is a way to develop coherent strategic and justifiable workforce planning. Objective(s): This article describes a country-level needs-assessment process using a systematic approach (via the FIP Development Goals (FIP DGs) workforce element) as an analytical framework. The needs-assessment aimed to prioritise gaps toward transforming the pharmacy workforce as a prelude to practice and pharmaceutical services reform in Indonesia. Methods: The needs assessment consisted of three stages: needs identification, needs analysis, and needs prioritisation. The needs (workforce development gaps) were defined as the discrepancies between the perceived workforce challenges and the existing national workforce development projects. Interviews or group discussions were conducted to gather the workforce challenges of individual pharmacists. A structured workshop was conducted to identify workforce challenges and existing organisations' projects, with main stakeholders contributing to pharmacists' development in Indonesia. Perceived challenges findings and identified national workforce projects were mapped to the FIP DGs workforce element. The needs prioritisation was conducted by comparing the proportional mapping to the FIP DGs workforce element. Results: There were forty-three individual pharmacists and 7 principal stakeholder categories that provided information related to perceived workforce challenges; thirty national projects were identified from stakeholders. While this study identified perceived challenges with workforce "competency development" and "pharmacy workforce intelligence," there were no active ongoing national projects mapped to those goals. The framework mapping analysis showed there are workforce development gaps centred on "competency development" initiatives, "advanced and specialist development" initiatives, and strategic pharmacy workforce intelligence data gathering. Additionally, there were policy gaps with initiatives for strengthening "working with others" and a lack of clarity on infrastructure for early-career training strategies and workforce impact. Conclusions: This study prioritises the gaps in developing pharmacists in Indonesia. This process could be used in conducting needs assessment of pharmacy workforce development in other Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).
MeSH term(s)	Indonesia ; Needs Assessment ; Pharmaceutical Services ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy ; Workforce
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2192059-X
ISSN	1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
ISSN (online)	1934-8150
ISSN	1551-7411
DOI	10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.003
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Article ; Online: A national analysis of the pharmacy workforce in Indonesia.

Meilianti, Sherly / Smith, Felicity / Kristianto, Franciscus / Himawan, Roy / Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Naya, Rasta / Bates, Ian

Human resources for health

2022 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 71

Abstract: Background: Pharmacists play a fundamental role in healthcare systems and achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through quality primary healthcare service provision. While the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts a global shortage of health ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pharmacists play a fundamental role in healthcare systems and achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through quality primary healthcare service provision. While the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts a global shortage of health workforce by 2030, mainly affecting low- and middle-income nations (LMICs), limited published literature is found regarding pharmacy workforce capacity in LMICs, including Indonesia. This paper aims to analyse pharmacists' capacity in Indonesia to identify emerging workforce planning gaps for future workforce planning and policies in Indonesia. Method: Several data sources were accessed, including a database from the National Pharmacy Committee and the professional leadership body in Indonesia. Descriptive (frequencies, percentages, and mean), correlational and time-series analysis using curve estimation were conducted. Secondary data on the number of programmes, pharmacy students, pharmacy workforce (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) per province were obtained from the Ministry websites and reports. Result: There were a total of 77 191 registered pharmacists in Indonesia in 2019. The pharmacists' pyramid showed a youth bulge as a general indication of market expansion in the education sector correlating to the pharmacy programme's number and size. There was a variation in pharmacy workforce density and access to pharmacy programmes across islands, which also were strongly correlated. Forecasting estimates that by 2030, women will represent around 86% of pharmacists in Indonesia. More female pharmacists were found working in the hospital and primary healthcare (providing direct services to patients) than male pharmacists. Younger pharmacists worked in the industrial sector, while older pharmacists worked in governmental and educational institutions. Conclusion: This study signposted workforce planning gaps for policy development in Indonesia, including a need to develop structured training to support early career pharmacists in their practice. There is also a need for better access to professional development programmes designed to support female pharmacists return to the regulated workforce following career breaks. National policy to promote equitable distribution and retention of pharmacists is recommended.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Male ; Pharmaceutical Services ; Pharmacies ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy ; Professional Role ; Workforce
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2126923-3
ISSN	1478-4491 ; 1478-4491
ISSN (online)	1478-4491
ISSN	1478-4491
DOI	10.1186/s12960-022-00767-4
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Journal ; Article ; Online: Pharmacies and primary care

Udoh, Arit / Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Akpan, Mary / Galbraith, Kirsten / Bates, Ian

a global development framework

2020

Abstract: ... 809 ... ...

Abstract	809 811
Keywords	Perspectives
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-01
Publisher	World Health Organization
Document type	Journal ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Indonesian students' participation in an interprofessional learning workshop.

Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Lee, Ya Ping / Hughes, Jeffery

Journal of interprofessional care

2015 Volume 29, Issue 4, Page(s) 398–400

Abstract: Interprofessional learning activities, such as workshops allow students to learn from, with and about each other. This study assessed the impact on Indonesian health students' attitudes towards interprofessional education (IPE) from participating in a ... ...

Abstract	Interprofessional learning activities, such as workshops allow students to learn from, with and about each other. This study assessed the impact on Indonesian health students' attitudes towards interprofessional education (IPE) from participating in a workshop on medication safety. The students attended a two-day IPE workshop on medication safety. Thirty-five (48.6%) students completed pre-/post-workshop surveys using a modified Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) survey. The post-workshop survey also had a series of open-ended questions. Students' responses to each RIPLS statement pre-/post-workshop were compared, whilst their responses to open-ended questions in post-workshop survey were thematically analysed. Students reported positive attitudinal changes on statements of shared learning and teamwork sub-scale (Wilcoxon p value <0.05). Analysis of the open-ended questions indicated that students perceived the workshop as having improved their understanding on the importance of teamwork and communication skills. This study found that learning with other health students through an IPE workshop improved medical, nursing and pharmacy students' attitudes towards the importance of shared learning, teamwork and communication in healthcare service.
MeSH term(s)	Attitude of Health Personnel ; Communication ; Curriculum ; Health Personnel/education ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Interprofessional Relations ; Patient Care Team/organization & administration ; Students, Medical ; Students, Nursing ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1099758-1
ISSN	1469-9567 ; 0884-3988 ; 1356-1820
ISSN (online)	1469-9567
ISSN	0884-3988 ; 1356-1820
DOI	10.3109/13561820.2014.991911
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Article: Nature and frequency of medication errors in a geriatric ward: an Indonesian experience.

Ernawati, Desak Ketut / Lee, Ya Ping / Hughes, Jeffery David

Therapeutics and clinical risk management

2014 Volume 10, Page(s) 413–421

Abstract: Purpose: To determine the nature and frequency of medication errors during medication delivery processes in a public teaching hospital geriatric ward in Bali, Indonesia.: Methods: A 20-week prospective study on medication errors occurring during the ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To determine the nature and frequency of medication errors during medication delivery processes in a public teaching hospital geriatric ward in Bali, Indonesia. Methods: A 20-week prospective study on medication errors occurring during the medication delivery process was conducted in a geriatric ward in a public teaching hospital in Bali, Indonesia. Participants selected were inpatients aged more than 60 years. Patients were excluded if they had a malignancy, were undergoing surgery, or receiving chemotherapy treatment. The occurrence of medication errors in prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, and administration were detected by the investigator providing in-hospital clinical pharmacy services. Results: Seven hundred and seventy drug orders and 7,662 drug doses were reviewed as part of the study. There were 1,563 medication errors detected among the 7,662 drug doses reviewed, representing an error rate of 20.4%. Administration errors were the most frequent medication errors identified (59%), followed by transcription errors (15%), dispensing errors (14%), and prescribing errors (7%). Errors in documentation were the most common form of administration errors. Of these errors, 2.4% were classified as potentially serious and 10.3% as potentially significant. Conclusion: Medication errors occurred in every stage of the medication delivery process, with administration errors being the most frequent. The majority of errors identified in the administration stage were related to documentation. Provision of in-hospital clinical pharmacy services could potentially play a significant role in detecting and preventing medication errors.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06-03
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2186560-7
ISSN	1178-203X ; 1176-6336
ISSN (online)	1178-203X
ISSN	1176-6336
DOI	10.2147/TCRM.S61687
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