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  1. Article ; Online: Neuroscience. Widespread cortical networks underlie memory and attention.

    Gaffan, David

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2005  Volume 309, Issue 5744, Page(s) 2172–2173

    MeSH term(s) Amnesia/physiopathology ; Animals ; Attention/physiology ; Axons/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Macaca ; Memory/physiology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Perceptual Disorders/physiopathology ; Space Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-09-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.1119445
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  2. Article: What is a memory system? Horel's critique revisited.

    Gaffan, D

    Behavioural brain research

    2001  Volume 127, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 5–11

    Abstract: J.A. Horel's critique of what he termed "the hippocampal memory hypothesis" turns out, 23 years later, to have been remarkably discerning and prophetic. There is now an overwhelming weight of evidence to confirm his four key proposals: that selective ... ...

    Abstract J.A. Horel's critique of what he termed "the hippocampal memory hypothesis" turns out, 23 years later, to have been remarkably discerning and prophetic. There is now an overwhelming weight of evidence to confirm his four key proposals: that selective destruction of the hippocampus or fornix does not produce dense global amnesia; that the effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions are not primarily a memory impairment, but an impairment in processing spatial information; that damage to the anterior temporal stem is part of the explanation of dense temporal lobe amnesia; and that the interaction of temporal cortex with prefrontal cortex is essential in memory. This review summarizes the modern evidence that reinforces each of these four proposals. A final section argues that, not only in the case of the hippocampus but also in the case of other temporal and frontal cortical areas that are involved in normal memory, the concept of a "memory system" is harmful.
    MeSH term(s) Amnesia/etiology ; Fornix, Brain/physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Memory/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-09-11
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 449927-x
    ISSN 1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
    ISSN (online) 1872-7549
    ISSN 0166-4328
    DOI 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00360-6
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  3. Article: Against memory systems.

    Gaffan, David

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2002  Volume 357, Issue 1424, Page(s) 1111–1121

    Abstract: The medial temporal lobe is indispensable for normal memory processing in both human and non-human primates, as is shown by the fact that large lesions in it produce a severe impairment in the acquisition of new memories. The widely accepted inference ... ...

    Abstract The medial temporal lobe is indispensable for normal memory processing in both human and non-human primates, as is shown by the fact that large lesions in it produce a severe impairment in the acquisition of new memories. The widely accepted inference from this observation is that the medial temporal cortex, including the hippocampal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex, contains a memory system or multiple memory systems, which are specialized for the acquisition and storage of memories. Nevertheless, there are some strong arguments against this idea: medial temporal lesions produce amnesia by disconnecting the entire temporal cortex from neuromodulatory afferents arising in the brainstem and basal forebrain, not by removing cortex; the temporal cortex is essential for perception as well as for memory; and response properties of temporal cortical neurons make it impossible that some kinds of memory trace could be stored in the temporal lobe. All cortex is plastic, and it is possible that the same rules of plasticity apply to all cortical areas; therefore, memory traces are stored in widespread cortical areas rather than in a specialized memory system restricted to the temporal lobe. Among these areas, the prefrontal cortex has an important role in learning and memory, but is best understood as an area with no specialization of function.
    MeSH term(s) Amnesia/physiopathology ; Animals ; Humans ; Memory/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-08-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0962-8436 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0962-8436 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2002.1110
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    Einzelsignatur: Show issues

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  4. Article: Idiothetic input into object-place configuration as the contribution to memory of the monkey and human hippocampus: a review.

    Gaffan, D

    Experimental brain research

    1998  Volume 123, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 201–209

    Abstract: Memory for object-place configurations appears to be a common function of the hippocampus in the human and monkey brain. The nature of the spatial information which enters into these object-configural memories in the primate, and the location of the ... ...

    Abstract Memory for object-place configurations appears to be a common function of the hippocampus in the human and monkey brain. The nature of the spatial information which enters into these object-configural memories in the primate, and the location of the memories themselves, have remained obscure, however. In the rat, much evidence indicates that the hippocampus processes idiothetic spatial information, an estimate of the animal's current environmental location derived from path integration. I propose that in primates the hippocampus provides idiothetic information about the environmental location of body parts, and that the main function of this information in the primate brain is to become configured with object-identity information provided by temporal lobe cortex outside the hippocampus.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Haplorhini/physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Memory/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-11
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1201-4
    ISSN 1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
    ISSN (online) 1432-1106
    ISSN 0014-4819
    DOI 10.1007/s002210050562
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  5. Article: Episodic and semantic memory and the role of the not-hippocampus.

    Gaffan, D

    Trends in cognitive sciences

    1997  Volume 1, Issue 7, Page(s) 246–248

    Language English
    Publishing date 1997-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2010989-1
    ISSN 1879-307X ; 1364-6613
    ISSN (online) 1879-307X
    ISSN 1364-6613
    DOI 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01074-7
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  6. Article: Associative and perceptual learning and the concept of memory systems.

    Gaffan, D

    Brain research. Cognitive brain research

    1996  Volume 5, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 69–80

    Abstract: An introductory review is followed by some new experimental data and a final discussion. The primate temporal lobe contains multiple qualitatively distinct memory systems. The functional properties of these memory systems can be explained by reference to ...

    Abstract An introductory review is followed by some new experimental data and a final discussion. The primate temporal lobe contains multiple qualitatively distinct memory systems. The functional properties of these memory systems can be explained by reference to the nature of the afferent information which they process, rather than by reference to any putative specialization in memory processing. In this way, the plasticity of 'memory systems' in associative memory is probably similar in principle to the plasticity of 'perceptual systems' in perceptual learning. Therefore, it is important to consider the relationship between perceptual and associative learning. Two experiments investigated perceptual learning in the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Substantial perceptual learning was observed both with complex scenes and with simple colours. Two hypotheses as to the basis of perceptual learning are discussed. A physiological hypothesis is that training with a particular set of stimuli expands the cortical representation of those stimuli. This can explain the effects in both experiments. A psychological hypothesis is that perceptual learning is produced by learned associations among multiple features of complex stimuli. This can explain the effects in Expt. 1 but not in Expt. 2. The psychological associative hypothesis is therefore redundant. Furthermore, associative learning can itself be viewed as an expansion of the cortical representation of a complex event. Thus, the distinction between perceptual and memory systems will need to be abandoned as deeper understanding of cortical plasticity is achieved.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Association Learning/physiology ; Discrimination Learning/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Reproducibility of Results ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 1996-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1120380-8
    ISSN 1872-6348 ; 0926-6410
    ISSN (online) 1872-6348
    ISSN 0926-6410
    DOI 10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00042-0
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  7. Article: Mediated generalization in discrimination learning by Rhesus monkeys.

    Gaffan, D / Dickinson, A

    Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

    2008  Volume 61, Issue 4, Page(s) 558–568

    Abstract: Monkeys received discrimination training in which the choice of either a simultaneous or a serial compound of two visual images was rewarded before we assessed the monkeys' conditioned preference for one of the images from the compound. This preference ... ...

    Abstract Monkeys received discrimination training in which the choice of either a simultaneous or a serial compound of two visual images was rewarded before we assessed the monkeys' conditioned preference for one of the images from the compound. This preference was reduced or blocked if the other image had been associated with reward rather than nonreward prior to compound training. By contrast, the preference was enhanced if the other image was associated with reward rather than nonreward after compound training. The magnitudes of the blocking and enhancement were unaffected by the temporal structure, simultaneous or serial, of the stimulus compound. These results are discussed in terms of the representation of stimulus compounds, the role of within-compound associations, and the similarities between serial and simultaneous visual compounds as processed by monkeys.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Discrimination Learning ; Generalization, Psychological ; Macaca mulatta
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-10-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 219170-2
    ISSN 1747-0226 ; 1747-0218 ; 0033-555X
    ISSN (online) 1747-0226
    ISSN 1747-0218 ; 0033-555X
    DOI 10.1080/17470210701257693
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  8. Article ; Online: Prefrontal-temporal disconnection impairs recognition memory but not familiarity discrimination.

    Browning, Philip G F / Baxter, Mark G / Gaffan, David

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2013  Volume 33, Issue 23, Page(s) 9667–9674

    Abstract: Neural mechanisms in the temporal lobe are essential for recognition memory. Evidence from human functional imaging and neuropsychology, and monkey neurophysiology and neuropsychology also suggests a role for prefrontal cortex in recognition memory. To ... ...

    Abstract Neural mechanisms in the temporal lobe are essential for recognition memory. Evidence from human functional imaging and neuropsychology, and monkey neurophysiology and neuropsychology also suggests a role for prefrontal cortex in recognition memory. To examine the interaction of these cortical regions in support of recognition memory we tested rhesus monkeys with prefrontal-inferotemporal (PFC-IT) cortical disconnection on two recognition memory tasks, a "constant negative" task, and delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS). In the constant negative task monkeys were presented with sets of 100 discrimination problems. In each problem one unrewarded object was presented once every day, and became familiar over the course of several days testing. The other, rewarded object was always novel. In this task monkeys learned to avoid the familiar constant negatives and choose the novel objects, so performance on this task is guided by a sense of familiarity for the constant negatives. Following PFC-IT disconnection monkeys were severely impaired at reacquiring the rule (to avoid familiar items) but were subsequently unimpaired at acquiring new constant negative problems, thus displaying intact familiarity recognition. The same monkeys were impaired in the acquisition of the DNMS task, as well as memory for lists of objects. This dissociation between two tests of recognition memory is best explained in terms of our general hypothesis that PFC-IT interactions support the representation of temporally complex events, which is necessary in DNMS but not in constant negative. These findings, furthermore, indicate that stimulus familiarity can be represented in temporal cortex without input from prefrontal cortex.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Discrimination, Psychological/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Random Allocation ; Recognition, Psychology/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-06-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5759-12.2013
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  9. Article: Role of the amygdala in picture discrimination learning with 24-h intertrial intervals.

    Gaffan, D

    Experimental brain research

    1994  Volume 99, Issue 3, Page(s) 423–430

    Abstract: Six monkeys (Macaca mulatta) learned to discriminate visually between pictures of objects. Each pair of pictures was presented only once per day (24-h intervals between successive trials with the same pair). Choice of the correct picture of a pair ... ...

    Abstract Six monkeys (Macaca mulatta) learned to discriminate visually between pictures of objects. Each pair of pictures was presented only once per day (24-h intervals between successive trials with the same pair). Choice of the correct picture of a pair produced immediate food reward. One set of 20 pairs was learned before operation and a second set of 20 different pairs was learned after the amygdala had been removed bilaterally in three of the monkeys. The amygdalectomized animals were severely retarded in learning the second set. These results confirm earlier results indicating that amygdalectomy impairs visual discrimination learning in tasks where the discriminanda are directly associated with the incentive value of a primary reward, and they show that, contrary to the indication of some previous results, this impairment extends to the case where each picture is seen only once per day.
    MeSH term(s) Amygdala/anatomy & histology ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Discrimination Learning/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Reward
    Language English
    Publishing date 1994
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1201-4
    ISSN 1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
    ISSN (online) 1432-1106
    ISSN 0014-4819
    DOI 10.1007/bf00228978
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  10. Article: Scene-specific memory for objects: a model of episodic memory impairment in monkeys with fornix transection.

    Gaffan, D

    Journal of cognitive neuroscience

    1994  Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) 305–320

    Abstract: Abstract A series of five experiments investigated the relationship between object memory and scene memory in normal and fornix-transected monkeys. An algorithm created formally defined background and objects on a large visual display; the disposition of ...

    Abstract Abstract A series of five experiments investigated the relationship between object memory and scene memory in normal and fornix-transected monkeys. An algorithm created formally defined background and objects on a large visual display; the disposition of some particular objects in particular places in a particular background constitutes a formally defined scene. The animals learned four types of discrimination problem: (1) object-in-place discrimination learning, in which the correct (rewarded) response was to a particular object that always occupied the same place in a particular unique background, (2) place discrimination learning, in which the correct response was to a particular place in a unique background, with no distinctive object at that place, (3) object discrimination learning in unique backgrounds, in which the correct response was to a particular object that could occupy one or the other of two possible places in a unique background, and (4) object discrimination learning in varying backgrounds, in which the correct response was to a particular object that could appear at any place in any background. The severest impairment produced by fornix transection was in object-in-place learning. Fornix transection did not impair object discrimination learning in varying backgrounds. The results from the other two types of learning task showed intermediate severity of impairment in the fornix-transected animals. The idea that fornix transection in the monkey impairs spatial memory but leaves object memory intact is thus shown to be an oversimplification. The impairments of object memory in the present experiments are analogous to the impairments of episodic memory seen in human amnesic patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 1994
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1007410-7
    ISSN 1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
    ISSN (online) 1530-8898
    ISSN 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
    DOI 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.305
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